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Golden age of pharmacy
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• By the end of the Renaissance, pharmacists in
Europe were officially providers of health care
• Activities were watched by the health authorities
and their own professional organizations
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• limited the number of pharmacies
• established qualification for the practice of
pharmacy
• determined, who might open pharmacy and
where
• fixed prices
• inspected pharmacies
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Pharmacopoeia
• a book containing directions for the identification
of drugs and the preparation of compound
medicines, and published by the authority of a
government
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Dispensatorium Valeria Corda
• 1546 Nuremberg
• showed a collection of medical receipts,
selected from the writings of the most eminent
medical authorities
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Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613
Dispensatorium pharmaceuticum Viennense 1729
Dispensatorium pharmaceuticum Pragense 1739
Pharmacopoeia austriaco-provincialis 1770
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Chemistry - alkaloids
• 1804
• F. W. Sertürner
morphine
• 1832
• P. Robiquet
codeine
• 1848
• H.E. Merck
papaverine
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Heroin
• 1874
• Heroin (heroisch – heroic,
powerful)
• Marketed as a non-addictive
morphine substitute and
cough suppressant
• Bayer marketed heroin as a
cure for morphine addiction
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• Caffeine, strychnine, quinine, aconite, atropine,
hyoscyamin....
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Glycosides
• Sugar derivatives
• Digitoxin, digoxin (1869)
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Halogens
• Cl Chlorine
• I Iodine
• Br Bromine
• Chloroform, tincture of iodine, sedatives....
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Pharmaceutical industry
The new drugs
• their manufacture difficult and expensive
• preparation in pharmacist laboratory impossible
• preparation in large-scale more economical
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• Many pharmacists – especially in France and
Germany – became manufacturers of drugs,
especially alkaloids
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Merck
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1668
Friedrich Jacob Merck
Angel Pharmacy
Darmstadt, Germany
• 1816, Emanuel Merck
• 1827 the manufacture of
alkaloids "in bulk”
• 2008 more than 32 thousands
employees
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Chemical industry
• The production of dyestuffs – derived from coal
tar distillates – led to the discoveries of new
chemical compounds
• Chemical manufactures made their
pharmaceutical departments
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Bayer
• 1863 Friedrich Bayer
• 1887 pharmaceutical
division
• Phenacetin intermediate
product in manufacture of
dyestuff
• Sulfonal, Aspirin,
Luminal, Prontosil....
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Pills
• Very popular dosage form
• Ingredients mixed together,
mass was rolled into a pipe,
divided into the required
number of pills, rounded
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Tablets
• William Brockedon (1787-1854)
• Manufacturer of Cumberland leads for pencils
• Patent specification for shaping pills, lozenges,
and Black Lead by Pressure (1844)
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Proprietary medicine
• medical compounds sold under a variety of
names and labels
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The patent and the trademark
• Since 19th century
• Brand names and trademarks gave the owner a
proprietary right to the product and made
possible the growth of drug advertising.
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Advertising
• Ethical drugs – sale restricted only on a
doctor´s prescription - advertising in medical
journals
• OTC – over-the-counter drugs, the subject of
ubiquitous and flamboyant advertising
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The declining art of the apothecary
1. The creation of new drugs, that the individual
pharmacist couldn´t produce
2. Many drugs could be manufactured more
economically and in superior quality by
industry
3. A lot of proprietary medicines made a
pharmacists just a vendors of factory products
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