seznam_Benefits of Knowing More About Neutrinos Which Pass

10/20/2015
Benefits of Knowing More About Neutrinos Which Pass Through Our Bodies Unnoticed
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Hlavní strana > Zpravodajství > Zajímavosti, ostatní > Hlavní události > 16.10.2015
Podobné příspěvky: Benefits Knowing More About Neutrinos Which Pass Through Bodies Unnoticed
Benefits of Knowing More About Neutrinos Which
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Benefits of Knowing More About Neutrinos Which Pass Through Our Bodies Unnoticed
16. října 2015, 12:00
Bruce Mellado, University of the Witwatersrand | The Epoch Times | Science News
Článek přečten: 3 krát.
The observation that neutrinos have mass, which led to the 2015 Nobel Prize for Physics being awarded
jointly to Japan’s Takaaki Kajita Japan and Canada’s Arthur McDonald, is important for two key reasons.
First, it provides a deeper knowledge of the fundamental tenets of nature. Second, as with any discovery, it
comes with innovation in science and technology. While we know of the existence of neutrinos, not much is
known about them. Neutrinos exist in huge numbers in the universe. That is why understanding neutrinos is
directly relevant to our knowledge of the universe. Now that it has been established that neutrinos have mass,
we have a key to better understanding how mass is distributed in the universe. Neutrinos may also contribute
to understanding why the universe is continuously expanding. It sits on the similar scale as the discovery of
the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider at European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN), and
the future discoveries expected from the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project. Any discovery in
experimental science is the result of titanic efforts to overcome technological difficulties and challenges.
When the neutrino was first postulated in 1930, many thought that it would be mission impossible to detect
them, let alone to study its properties – such as its mass. The relentless need to understand nature better forces
scientists to innovate with which to push the boundaries of science and technology. The efforts exerted to
demonstrate that neutrinos contain mass have bolstered science and technology in Canada and Japan. South
Africa’s support of projects at CERN, the SKA and other efforts already have a similar effect. Boosting
science and technology via large scientific projects brings the added value of human capacity development in
high technology that South Africa is in so much need of.
What Are Neutrinos?
Before answering this question we need to backtrack a bit. Matter is made of atoms. Atoms are made of
positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons travelling very fast around the nuclei. The electromagnetic force holds the electrons in orbit around the nuclei because opposite electric charges attract each
other. Nuclei are very heavy compared to electrons and are composed of protons and neutrons. Neutrinos can
be thought of cousins of the electrons, only neutral. Neutrinos share some of the properties of the electrons –
for instance, the spin. There is one type of neutrino coupled to the electron, which is called electron neutrino.
The electron has an anti-particle, the positron, which has positive electric charge. There is also an electron
anti-neutrino. MORE:
How the Neutrino Could Solve Great Cosmic Mysteries and Win Its Next Nobel Prize
In nature there are other charged particles that are similar to the electron, which are called muons and taus.
These are heavier than the electron. The muons and taus also have two other types of neutrinos respectively.
In total we are aware of three types of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) and their anti-particles.
Why Are Neutrinos Elusive?
Neutrinos do not have electric charge. Therefore, they do not get repelled or attracted to other charged
particles in nature. They interact very weakly with matter so they very rarely leave a trace. Vast amounts of
neutrinos pass through us every day, but we do not feel them because neutrinos hardly ever interact with the
atoms that make up our bodies. Most of the neutrinos that pass through earth come from the sun and are
produced by nuclear fusion. These are called solar neutrinos. The other neutrinos are produced as a result of
the collision of cosmic particles with the Earth’s atmosphere. These are called atmospheric neutrinos.
How Can We Tell That Neutrinos Have Mass?
There are three types of neutrinos. If neutrinos were massless then they would travel forever unencumbered.
If neutrinos have mass then, as they travel, they gradually “disappear” to become a different type of neutrino.
This is referred to as neutrino oscillation and it is a quantum mechanical effect. For instance, the Sun creates
electron neutrinos. By the time neutrinos reach Earth we only observe about one-third of the emitted
neutrinos. The remaining two-thirds of the electron neutrinos becomes muon and tau neutrinos. Through thi
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