Pfiehled mluvnice (Grammar Reference)

Transkript

New Headway CZ Wordlist 25.9.2002 8:12 Stránka 23
Pfiehled mluvnice (Grammar Reference)
1.2 PfiivlastÀovací zájmena
(Possessive adjectives)
UNIT 1
1.1 Sloveso b˘t (Verb to be)
Kladné oznamovací vûty
(Positive)
I
am
He
She
It
is
StaÏené tvary
(Contractions)
What’s
my
your
his
her
its
name?
This is
our
your
their
house?
I’m = I am
He’s = He is
She’s = She is
from the USA. It’s = It is
We
You are
They
We’re = We are
You’re = You are
They’re = They are
Podívej se na v˘slovnost staÏen˘ch tvarÛ
na str. 57
DoplÀovací otázky
(Questions with question words)
am
I
is
he
she
it
Where
are
1.3 Tázací v˘razy (Question words)
What is your phone number? Jaké má‰/te
telefonní ãíslo?
Where are you from? Odkud jsi/jste?
How are you? Jak se má‰/máte?
Pozor! Slovesu b˘t v ãe‰tinû nûkdy odpovídá
sloveso mít.
1.4 Neurãit˘ ãlen a/an
from?
we
you
they
It’s a
ticket.
newspaper.
university.
An pouÏíváme, následuje-li slovo, které má
na zaãátku vyslovovanou samohlásku.
Do ãe‰tiny se pfiekládá jako Odkud jsem?,
Odkud je? atd.
V‰imni si postavení tázacího v˘razu
a pfiedloÏky.
It’s an
apple.
envelope.
English dictionary.
I’m a doctor. NOT
I’m a student. NOT
Je mi 20. – I’m 20.
I’m 20.
I’m 20 years old.
NOT
NOT
What’s = What is
I’m 20 years.
I have 20 years.
I’m doctor.
I’m student.
1.5 Podstatná jména v mnoÏném ãísle
(Plural nouns)
1 Vût‰ina podstatn˘ch jmen v mnoÏném ãísle
pfiibírá koncovku -s.
stamps
keys
cameras
© Oxford University Press 2013
New Headway Elementary • Grammar Reference 23
Koncovka -s se vyslovuje jako /s/ po vyslovené neznûlé souhlásce, tj. /p, t, k, f, T/. Napfi.
stamps
Koncovka –s se vyslovuje jako /z/ po vyslovené znûlé souhlásce, tj. po v‰ech zb˘vajících
souhláskách kromû sykavek, a po samohláskách. Napfi. keys, cameras
2 Podstatná jména zakonãená v písmu na -s,
-ss, -sh, nebo -ch pfiibírají -es, které se
vyslovuje jako /Iz/.
a bus
buses
a class
classes
a wish
wishes
a match
matches
3 Pokud podstatná jméno v písmu konãí na -y,
které následuje po souhlásce, toto -y se mûní
na -i a slovo pak konãí na -ies.
a country countries
a party
parties
Ale pokud podstatná jméno v písmu konãí
na -y, které následuje po samohlásce, toto -y
se nemûní.
a key
keys
a day
days
4 Nûkterá podstatná jména tvofií mnoÏné ãíslo
nepravidelnû. Slovníky upozorÀují na tuto
skuteãnost.
a child /ÍaIld/
children /"ÍIldr@n/
a person /"p3:s@n/ people /"pi:pl/
a woman /"wum@n/ women /"wImIn/
a man /m&n/
men /men/
1.6 âísla 1-20 (Numbers 1-20)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
Podívej se na v˘slovnost ãíslovek na str. 57
24 New Headway Elementary • Grammar Reference
1.7 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions)
Where are you from?
I live in a house in Prague.
He’s from Poland.
What’s this in English/Czech?
UNIT 2
2.1 Sloveso b˘t (Verb to be)
Otázky s tázacími v˘razy
Odpovûdi
(Questions with question words) (Answers)
What
is her surname?
is his job?
is her address?
Where
is she
are you
are they
Who
is Lara?
is she?
She’s our daughter.
How
old
is he?
are you?
Twenty-two.
How
much
is an ice-cream?
One pound 50p.
Anderson.
He’s a policeman.
34, Church Street.
from? Mexico.
Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions)
Is
he
she
it
hot?
Are
you
they
married?
Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers)
Yes, he is. No, she isn’t. Yes, it is.
No, I’m not./No, we aren’t.
Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.
Záporné vûty (Negative)
I
’m not
He
She
It
isn’t
We
You
They
aren’t
from
the States.
StaÏené tvary (Contractions)
I’m not = I am not (I amn’t)
He/She/It isn’t = He/She/It is not
We/You/They aren’t = We/You/They are not
Podívej se na v˘slovnost staÏen˘ch tvarÛ
na str. 57
2.2 PfiivlastÀovací pád (Possessive ’s)
My wife’s name is Judy.
That’s Andrea’s dictionary. (That’s = That is)
Apostrof a pfiipojené s (’s) vyjadfiují, Ïe nûkomu
nûco nebo nûkdo patfií.
2.3 âísla 21–100 (Numbers 21–100)
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
twenty-five
twenty-six
twenty-seven
twenty-eight
twenty-nine
30
31
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
thirty
thirty-one
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one hundred
Podívej se na v˘slovnost ãíslovek na str. 57
of/for
This is a photo of my family.*
It’s good practice for you.
at
I’m at home.*
My father and mother are at work.
I’m at La Guardia Community College.
in/with
I’m in New York.
I’m in a class with eight other students. I live
in an apartment with two American girls.
Central Park is lovely in the snow.*
V‰imni si, jak se ve vûtách oznaãen˘ch (*)
vazba s pfiedloÏkou pfiekládá do ãe‰tiny.
Toto je fotka mé rodiny.
Jsem doma.
Centrální park je úÏasn˘ pod
snûhem/snûhovou pokr˘vkou.
UNIT 3
3.1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ pro 3. osobu ãísla
jednotného (Present Simple he, she, it)
1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ uÏíváme, mluvíme-li
o tvrzení, které je vÏdy pravdivé, nebo
o tvrzení, které je pravdivé v del‰ím ãasové
úseku.
He comes from Switzerland.
She works in a bank.
2 UÏíváme ho také, mluvíme-li o obvyklé
ãinnosti, která se stále nebo pravidelnû
opakuje.
She goes skiing in winter.
He never takes a holiday.
Kladné vûty (Positive)
He
She
It
lives
in Australia.
She
has
a dog.
To have je nepravidelné sloveso.
NOT She haves a dog.
He
She
It
doesn’t
live
in France. doesn’t = does not
Where does
he
she
it
live?
Does
he
she
it
in Australia?
live
in France?
Yes, he does.
No, she doesn’t.
Yes, it does.
3.2 Pravopis 3.osoby jednotného ãísla
(Spelling of the third person singular)
1 Vût‰ina sloves ve 3. os. jedn. ãísla pfiibírá
koncovku -s.
wear
wears /z/
speak
speaks /s/
live
lives /z/
Koncovka -s se vyslovuje jako /s/ nebo /z/
(viz 1.5). Ale slovesa go a do se li‰í od
ostatních a pfiibírají koncovku -es.
go
goes /g@Uz/
do
does /dVz/
2 Slovesa zakonãená v písmu na -s, -sh, -ss
nebo -ch pfiibírají koncovku -es, která se
vyslovuje /Iz/.
finish
finishes
watch
watches
dress
dresses
3 JestliÏe sloveso v písmu konãí na -y, které
následuje po souhlásce, toto -y se mûní
na -i a slovo pak konãí na -ies.
fly
flies
study
studies
JestliÏe sloveso v písmu konãí na -y, které ale
následuje po samohlásce, toto -y se nemûní.
play
plays
4 Sloveso to have je nepravidelné.
have /h&v/
has /h&z/
in/after/for
She lives in Scotland/Russia.
(…ve Skotsku/v Rusku)
She goes skiing in her free time.
(… ve svém volném ãase)
In the evening we have supper. (Veãer …)
A nurse looks after people in hospital.
(Zdravotní sestra se stará v nemocnici o lidi.)
She likes going for walks in summer.
(Ráda v létû chodívá na procházky.)
on/in
Get on the bus. (Nastup/te do tohoto autobusu.)
He lives on an island in the west of Scotland.
(Bydlí na ostrovû na západû Skotska.)
from/to/on
He collects the post from the boat.
(Vybírá po‰tu z lodi.)
He delivers the beer to the pub.
(DováÏí toto pivo do této hospody.)
He drives his children to school.
(Vozí své dûti do ‰koly.)
At ten we go to bed.
(V deset chodíváme do postele.)
He likes listening to music.
(Rád poslouchá hudbu.)
He speaks to people on his radio.
(âasto ve svém rádiu rozmlouvá s rÛzn˘mi
lidmi.)
She’s married to an American.
(Je provdána za Ameriãana.)
for
There’s a letter for you. (…pro tebe/vás.)
He makes breakfast for the guests.
(Pfiipravuje/Dûlá hostÛm/pro hosty snídani.)
He writes for a newspaper.
(Pí‰e do novin/pro noviny.)
as/by/about
He works as an undertaker.
(Pracuje jako zfiízenec pohfiebního ústavu.)
Tourists come by boat.
(Turisté pfiijíÏdûjí lodí.)
It’s about 6.30.
(Je asi pÛl sedmé.)
V nûkter˘ch vûtách se vazba s pfiedloÏkou
v angliãtinû pfiekládá do ãe‰tiny jako vazba
bez pfiedloÏky. Napfi. in the evening – veãer
UNIT 4
4.1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ (Present Simple)
I
You
We
They
start
He
She
It
starts
at 6.30.
I
You
We
They
don’t
He
She
It
doesn’t
don’t
= do not
/d@Unt/
start
at 6.30.
doesn’t
= does not
/dVznt/
Otázky s tázacími v˘razy – doplÀovací otázky
do
/d@/
I
you
we
they
does
/d@z/
he
she
it
When
2 Sometimes a usually mohou také stát
na zaãátku ãi na konci vûty.
Sometimes we play cards.
We play cards sometimes.
Usually I walk to school.
I walk to school usually.
3 Never a always nemohou stát na zaãátku
ãi konci vûty.
NOT Never I go to the theatre.
NOT Always I have tea in the morning.
4.3 Slovesa mít rád/milovat ve spojení
se slovesem konãícím na –ing
(Verbs like/love + verb + –ing)
start?
Sloveso, které obvykle stojí po like a love, je
ve tvaru slovesa konãícího na -ing.
I like cooking.
She loves listening to music.
They like sailing very much.
Do
you
they
have
a camera?
Does
he
she
it
like
Chinese food?
on (v ãe‰tinû pfiedloÏka o, v/ve)
She gets up early on weekdays.
He plays football on Friday mornings.
They never go out on Friday evenings.
Where do you go on holiday?
He lives on the next block.
He hates watching football on television.
No, I don’t. / No, we don’t.
Yes, they do.
Yes, he does.
No, she doesn’t.
Yes, it does.
at (v ãe‰tinû pfiedloÏka o, v/ve)
Do you relax at weekends?
She gets up at six o’clock.
4.2 Tzv. frekvenãní pfiíslovce
(Adverbs of frequency)
0%
never sometimes
nikdy
nûkdy
50%
often
ãasto
usually
obvykle
100%
always
vÏdy
in (v ãe‰tinû pfiedloÏka na nebo v˘raz
bez pfiedloÏky)
He takes photos in (the) spring.
She gets up early in the morning.
We go out in the evening.
1 Tato pfiíslovce obvykle stojí pfied
plnov˘znamov˘m slovesem.
I usually go to bed at about 11.00.
I don’t often go swimming.
She never eats meat.
We always have wine in the evenings.
I sometimes play tennis on Saturdays.
That /D&t/ nebo those /D@Uz/ uÏíváme,
hovofiíme-li o lidech ãi vûcech, které nejsou
blízko nás.
Do you like that picture on the wall?
Who are those children outside?
UNIT 5
5.1 Vazba there is/there are
There
is
are
singulár
= jednotné ãíslo
two books. plurál
= mnoÏné ãíslo
a sofa.
There
isn’t
an armchair. (singulár)
There
aren’t
any flowers.
Zji‰Èovací otázky
(Yes/No questions)
Is
(plurál)
Krátké odpovûdi
(Short answers)
a table?
Yes, there is.
No, there isn’t.
any photos?
Yes, there are.
No, there aren’t.
there
Are
5.2 Kolik …? (How many …?)
How many books do you have?
Many + podstatné jméno v mnoÏném ãísle
5.3 Nûjak˘ (Some/any)
There are some flowers.
Some + podstatné jméno v mnoÏném ãísle
There aren’t any cups.
Any
+ podstatné jméno v mnoÏném ãísle
Otázky (Questions)
Are there any books?
Any
+ podstatné jméno v mnoÏném ãísle
5.4 Tento, tamten, tito, tamti
(this, that, these, those)
in/at/under
It’s the best home in the world. (… na svûtû.)
The front door is at the top of the steps.
(… na podestû schodi‰tû.)
There are magazines under the table.
(… pod stolem.)
on/opposite
There is a photo on the television.
(… na televizi.)
There are two pictures on the wall.
(… na zdi/stûnû.)
The cinema is on the left, opposite the flower
shop. (Kino je nalevo, naproti …)
next to/near/in front of
The bank is next to the supermarket.
(… vedle …)
The bus stop is near the park. (… blízko …)
There is a post box in front of the chemist’s.
(… pfied …)
NOT There is a post box before the chemist’s.
UNIT 6
6.1 ZpÛsobové sloveso mohu,
dovedu/nemohu, nedovedu
(Modal verb can/can’t )
ZpÛsobová slovesa can a can’t mají ve v‰ech
osobách obou ãísel stejn˘ tvar.
Pfii tvorbû otázek a záporu se nepouÏívají tvary
slovesa to do (do, does a don’t, doesn’t) – viz
pfiíklady níÏe.
Po can a can’t následují slovesa ve tvaru infinitivu
(bez infinitivní ãástice to) – napfi. I can swim.
This /DIs/ nebo these /Di:z/ uÏíváme, hovofiíme-li
o lidech ãi vûcech, které jsou blízko nás.
I like this ice-cream.
I want these shoes.
ZpÛsobové sloveso mohl, dovedl/nemohl,
nedovedl jsem (Could/couldn’t)
Could je minul˘m ãasem slovesa can.
ZpÛsobová slovesa could a couldn’t mají
ve v‰ech osobách obou ãísel stejn˘ tvar.
Po could a couldn’t následují slovesa ve tvaru
infinitivu (bez infinitivní ãástice to) – napfi.
I could do it.
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
can
/k@n/
could
/k@d/
= Umí/Dovede/
MÛÏe plavat.
swim.
= Umûli/Dovedli/
Mohli plavat.
can’t
/kA:nt/
couldn’t
/kUdnt/
dance.
NOT He doesn’t can dance.
NOT He didn’t could dance.
What
I
you
he/she/it
we
they
(Yes/No questions)
Can
Could
you
she
they
drive?
cook?
was
/wQz/
We
You
They
were
/w3:/
in Paris yesterday.
in England last year.
I
He/She/It
wasn’t
/wQznt/
We
You
They
weren‘t
/w3:nt/
at school yesterday.
at the party last night.
was
I?
he/she/it?
were
we?
you?
they?
Where
(Yes/No questions)
can
/k@n/
could
/k@d/
I
He/She/It
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
Was
Were
do?
Krátké odpovûdi
(Short answers)
/k&n/, /kUd/
No, I can’t.
No, we couldn’t.
Yes, she can/could.
Yes, they can/could.
NOT Do you can drive?
6.2 Minul˘ ãas slovesa b˘t
(Past Simple – was/were )
Was/were jsou minul˘m ãasem slovesa b˘t pro
am/is/are.
Krátké odpovûdi
(Short answers)
he
she
at work?
No, he wasn’t.
Yes, she was.
you
they
at home?
Yes, I was./Yes, we were.
No, they weren’t.
Narodil/a/o se (was born)
was
he
she
were
you
they
Where
born?
I was born in Manchester in 1980.
NOT I am born in 1980.
They were in England in 1998. (… v Anglii …)
I was at the party. (… na veãírku …)
Yesterday there was a party at my house.
(…v …domû …)
Can I speak to you? (… s tebou …)
She sells pictures for $ 10,000.
(… za 10 000 dolarÛ …)
She paints for two hours until bedtime.
(… dvû hodiny aÏ do doby, kdy …)
UNIT 7
7.1 Minul˘ ãas prost˘ – pravopis
pravideln˘ch sloves
(Past Simple – spelling of regular verbs)
1 BûÏnû pravidelné sloveso pfiibírá koncovku
-ed.
worked
started
JestliÏe sloveso konãí na -e, pfiipojujeme
pouze -d.
lived
loved
2 JestliÏe jednoslabiãné sloveso konãí v písmu
na jednu samohlásku a jednu souhlásku,
zdvojujeme jeho koncovou souhlásku
a pfiipojíme koncovku -ed.
stopped
planned
3 Sloveso, které v písmu konãí na souhlásku,
po níÏ následuje -y, mûní toto -y v -i
a sloveso konãí na -ied.
studied
carried
7.2 Minul˘ ãas prost˘ (Past Simple)
Minul˘ ãas prost˘ vyjadfiuje ukonãen˘ dûj
v minulosti.
I lived in Rome when I was 6.
She started work when she was 8.
Tvar slovesa v minulém ãase prostém je stejn˘
pro v‰echny osoby a obû ãísla.
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
Tvar didn’t + infinitiv (bez to) je stejn˘ ve v‰ech
osobách.
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
move
to London.
go
Did + infinitiv (bez to) pouÏíváme ve v‰ech
osobách.
When
did
/dId/
Where
I
he/she/it
we
you
they
go?
Did
you
she
they
etc.
like
enjoy
the film?
the party?
No, I/we didn’t.
Yes, she did.
No, they didn’t.
Na stranû 58 najdete seznam nepravideln˘ch
sloves.
7.3 V˘razy pro vyjádfiení minulosti
(Past time expressions)
last
night
Saturday
week
month
year
minul˘ t˘den
yesterday
morning
afternoon
evening
vãerej‰í/vãera
odpoledne
moved
to London in 1985.
went
didn’t
/dIdnt/
She thinks about her past life.
(… pfiem˘‰lí o svém …)
She died in a car crash. (…pfii autonehodû.)
He was tired of politics.
(Byl unaven politikou/z politiky.)
People were afraid of her. (Lidé se jí báli.)
Politics was the love of her life.
(… potû‰ením jejího …)
Who is the card from? (Od koho je … ?)
She worked from 6.00 until 10.00.
(… od 6 do 10 …)
What’s on television this evening?
(Co…dávají v televizi?)
I’m on a mobile phone.
(Jsem k dostiÏení na … telefonu.)
We spoke for an hour on the phone.
(… po telefonu.)
Some people try to find love on the internet.
(po internetu/pfies internet.)
We didn’t laugh at his joke.
(Nesmáli jsme se jeho vtipu.)
There was a knock at the door.
(Nûkdo zaklepal na …)
Today’s the third of April.
(Dnes je tfietího dubna.)
UNIT 8
8.1 Minul˘ ãas prost˘ (Past Simple)
Tvar didn’t + infinitiv (bez to) je stejn˘ ve v‰ech
osobách.
I
He/She
We
You
They
didn’t
go out
see Tom
watch TV
last night.
Pfied (ago)
I went to the USA
ten years
two weeks
a month
8.2 V˘razy pro vyjádfiení ãasu
(Time expressions)
in
the twentieth century
1924
the 1990s
winter/summer
the evening/the morning
September
on
10 October
Christmas Day
Saturday
Sunday evening
at
seven o’clock
weekends
night
8.4 Minul˘ ãas prost˘ – v˘slovnost
koncovky -ed
Koncovka -ed se mÛÏe vyslovovat jako /t/, /d/
nebo /Id/.
Jako /t/, následuje-li po vyslovované neznûlé
souhlásce, tj. /p, k, f, T, s, S, Í/. Napfi. worked,
liked, dressed, watched
Jako /d/, následuje-li po vyslovované znûlé
hlásce, tj. po v‰ech zb˘vajících souhláskách
kromû /d/, a po v‰ech samohláskách. Napfi.
lived, planned, carried, played
Jako /Id/, následuje-li po vyslovované souhlásce
/t/ nebo /d/. Napfi. wanted, needed
ago.
UNIT 9
9.1 Poãitatelná a nepoãitatelná podstatná
jména (Count and uncount nouns)
Nûkterá podstatná jména jsou poãitatelná.
a book
two books
an egg
six eggs
Nûkterá podstatná jména jsou nepoãitatelná.
bread
rice
Nûkterá podstatná jména mohou b˘t poãitatelná
i nepoãitatelná.
Do you like ice-cream?
We’d like three ice-creams, please.
9.2 Vazba rád/a bych (Would like)
9.4 Kolik …? (How much … and How many …?)
Would je stejné ve v‰ech osobách obou ãísel.
Would like uÏíváme k vyjádfiení nabídky a Ïádosti.
How much …? pouÏíváme ve spojení
s nepoãitateln˘mi podstatn˘mi jmény.
How much rice/money is there?
There isn’t much rice/money.
I
You
He/She/It
We
They
’d like
a drink.
’d like =
would like
Would
you
he/she/it
they
like a biscuit?
Yes, please.
!NOT Yes, I would.
No, thank you. !NOT No, I wouldn’t.
9.3 Nûjak˘ (some and any)
Some uÏíváme v kladn˘ch oznamovacích vûtách
ve spojení s nepoãitateln˘mi podstatn˘mi
jmény a podstatn˘mi jmény poãitateln˘mi,
která jsou v mnoÏném ãísle.
How many …? pouÏíváme ve spojení
s poãitateln˘mi podstatn˘mi jmény.
How many apples are there?
There aren’t many apples.
I’ve got a book by John Grisham.
(… knihu napsanou …)
Help me with my homework.
(Pomoz/te mi s …)
UNIT 10
10.1 Druh˘ a tfietí stupeÀ pfiídavn˘ch jmen
(adjektiv) (Comparative and superlative
adjectives)
Adjektiva 2.stupeÀ
3.stupeÀ
Jednoslabiãná
adjektiva
old
safe
big
hot
older
safer
bigger
hotter
the oldest
the safest
the biggest*
the hottest*
Adjektiva
konãící
na –y
noisy
dirty
noisier
dirtier
the noisiest
the dirtiest
Dvou- a
tfiíslabiãná
adjektiva
boring
(I know there is some coffee.)
(I know there are some grapes.)
beautiful
Any uÏíváme v otázkách a záporn˘ch vûtách
ve spojení s nepoãitateln˘mi podstatn˘mi
jmény a podstatn˘mi jmény poãitateln˘mi,
která jsou v mnoÏném ãísle.
more
boring
more
beautiful
the most
boring
the most
beautiful
Nepravidelná
adjektiva
good
bad
far
better
worse
further
the best
the worst
the furthest
There is
There are
bread
some
oranges
on the table.
Some uÏíváme v otázkách, jenom kdyÏ o nûco
Ïádáme nebo nûco nabízíme.
Can I have
Would you like
Is there
Does she have
I can’t see
I don’t want
There aren’t
some
any
coffee, please?
grapes?
water?
children?
rice.
mushrooms.
people.
(I don’t know if there is any water.)
(I don’t know if she has any children.)
*Jednoslabiãná pfiídavná jména (adjektiva), která
v písmu konãí na jednu samohlásku a jednu
souhlásku, zdvojují tuto koncovou souhlásku.
You’re older than me.
New York is dirtier than Paris.
Prague is one of the most beautiful cities
in Europe.
10.2 Sloveso mít (have got and have)
Have got a have znamenají totéÏ, tj. Ïe nûco vlastníme, ale li‰í se
v pouÏívan˘ch strukturách.
Have got se ãasto pouÏívá v hovorové fieãi.
have got
have
I
You
We
They
have
He
She
It
has
a cat
a garden.
got
I
You
We
They
haven’t
He
She
It
hasn’t
got
Have
Has
got
have
He
She
It
has
a cat
a garden.
a dog
a garage.
Otázky (Questions)
I
you
we
they
I
You
We
They
I
You
We
They
don’t
He
She
It
doesn’t
have
a dog
a garage.
Otázky (Questions)
any money?
a sister?
he
she
it
Do
Does
I
you
we
they
have
any money?
a sister?
he
she
it
How many children have they got?
How many children do they have?
Yes, I have. /No I haven’t.
Yes, she has./No, she hasn’t.
Yes, I do. /No I don’t.
Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t.
Minul˘ ãas obou tvarÛ have a have got je:
v kladn˘ch vûtách had: He had many brothers and sisters.
v záporn˘ch vûtách didn’t have: He didn’t have any time.
v otázkách did you have: Did he have any money?
The country is quieter than the city.
(… neÏ mûsto)
The house is 50 metres from the sea.
(… od mofie)
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
( … hora svûta/na svûtû)
He spends his time on the banks of the river.
(… na bfiezích fieky)
She came out of the garage. (… z garáÏe)
He drove along the road. (… po cestû)
They ran over the bridge. (… pfies most)
I walked past the pub. (… kolem hospody)
He walked up the hill. (… vy‰el na kopec)
He ran down the hill. (… sebûhl s kopce)
The boat went across the river.*
(… pfieplula (pfies) fieku)
The cat ran through the hedge.*
(… probûhla plotem)
He jumped into the lake. (… do jezera)
* V takto oznaãen˘ch vûtách nemusí b˘t
v ãe‰tinû pfiedloÏka.
10.4 Rozkazy a zákazy (Imperatives)
Rozkazy (Affirmative) Zákazy (Negative)
Turn left.
Drive down the hill.
Don’t turn left.
Don’t worry.
Rozkaz (kladnou instrukci) tvofiíme pomocí
infinitivu bez to. Zákaz tvofiíme pfiidáním don’t
k infinitivu bez to.
Rozkaz a zákaz má stejn˘ tvar ve 2. osobû
jednotného i mnoÏného ãísla.
UNIT 11
11.1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prÛbûhov˘
(Present Continuous)
1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prÛbûhov˘ oznaãuje dûj, kter˘
probíhá právû nyní.
She’s wearing jeans.
I’m studying English.
2 Oznaãuje také dûj, kter˘ probíhá v blízké
budoucnosti.
I’m playing tennis this afternoon.
Jane’s seeing her boyfriend tonight.
Kladné a záporné vûty (Positive and Negative)
I
am
He
She
It
is
We
You
They
are
(not) going
outside.
Otázky (Questions)
am
I
is
he/she/it
are
we
you
they
Where
(Yes/No questions)
Are you having a good time?
Is my English getting better?
Are they having a party?
going?
Krátké odpovûdi
(Short answers)
Yes, we are.
Yes, it is.
No, they aren’t.
Zmûny pravopisu po pfiidání koncovky -ing
ke slovesu (Spelling of verb + -ing)
1 Vût‰ina sloves jenom pfiibírá koncovku -ing.
wear
wearing
go
going
cook
cooking
hold
holding
try/play
trying/playing
2 JestliÏe infinitiv konãí na -e, toto -e odpadá.
write
writing
smile
smiling
take
taking
3 KdyÏ jednoslabiãné sloveso konãí v písmu
na jednu samohlásku a souhlásku, tato
souhláska se zdvojuje.
sit
sitting
get
getting
run
running
4 Pamatuj si, Ïe koncovou souhlásku zdvojují
také nûkterá dvouslabiãná slovesa.
forget/regret
forgetting/regretting
travel/control travelling/controlling
program
programming
Samostatné pfiivlastÀovací zájmeno buì stojí
za podstatn˘m jménem, ke kterému se vztahuje,
nebo stojí zcela samostatnû.
He is a good friend of ours.
This is mine.
11.2 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ a prÛbûhov˘
(Present Simple and Continuous)
Whose…? (âí/Kter˘ …?) je vztaÏné zájmeno,
které se ptá na to, komu nûco ãi nûkdo patfií.
1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ uÏíváme, mluvíme-li
o tvrzení, které má obecnou platnost, nebo
o dûji ãi ãinnosti, které se stále nebo
pravidelnû opakují.
I come from Switzerland.
He works in a bank.
2 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prÛbûhov˘ uÏíváme,
mluvíme-li o dûji nebo ãinnosti, které právû
probíhají, nebo které jsou doãasné, tj. ãasovû
vymezené.
Why are you wearing a suit? You
usually wear jeans.
We are staying at our friend’s place now.
11.3 Zájmena osobní, pfiivlastÀovací a vztaÏná
(Personal, possessive pronouns and
relative Whose…? )
Pfiehled osobních a pfiivlastÀovacích zájmen
Whose is this book?
Whose book is this?
Whose is it?
/hu:z/
It’s
mine.
yours.
hers.
his.
ours.
theirs.
Podívej se na v˘slovnost a pfieklad v‰ech
typÛ zájmen na str. 56
I read in bed.
He’s talking to Mandy.
I’m looking for a jumper.* (Hledám …)
We’ve got this jumper in red.
There’s a girl with fair hair.
I always pay by credit card.*
(Platím kreditní kartou.)
* V tûchto vûtách nemusí b˘t v ãe‰tinû
pfiedloÏka.
Zájmena osobní
Zájm. pfiivlastÀovací
podmûtn˘ pfiedmûtn˘
tvar
tvar
nesamostatná
samostatná
UNIT 12
I
you
he
she
it
we
they
my
your
his
her
its
our
their
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
theirs
12.1 Sloveso b˘t v pfiítomném ãase + going
to (am/is/are + going to)
me
you
him
her
it
us
them
Nesamostatné pfiivlastÀovací zájmeno vÏdy
stojí pfied podstatn˘m jménem, ke kterému
se vztahuje.
This is my car.
Pfied tímto zájmenem ani za ním nikdy
nestojí Ïádn˘ ãlen.
NOT This is a my car. This is my the car.
1 Going to vyjadfiuje, Ïe jsme si nûco
naplánovali a máme v úmyslu ãi vÛli
to udûlat.
She’s going to be a ballet dancer when
she grows up.
We’re going to stay in a villa in France
this summer.
2 âasto není Ïádn˘ rozdíl mezi pfiítomn˘m
ãasem prÛbûhov˘m a going to, hovofiíme-li
o tom, co máme v budoucnu v úmyslu udûlat.
I’m seeing Peter tonight.
I’m going to see Peter tonight.
3 Going to také ãasto uÏíváme, uvûdomíme-li si
na základû pfiítomnosti, Ïe se nûco urãitû
v budoucnosti stane.
Careful! That glass is going to fall!
Do ãe‰tiny se ãasto pfiekládá jako chce, hodlá, chystá se.
Kladné a záporné vûty (Positive and Negative)
I
What’s the weather like?*
(Jaké je poãasí?)
What’s on TV tonight?*
(Co je … v televizi?)
There’s a film on Channel 4.
(... je na kanálu...)
What’s on at the cinema?*
(Co dávají v kinû?)
am
He/She/It is
We
You
They
have a break.
(not) going to
stay at home.
are
I
is
he/she/it
When
are
we
you
they
12.4 Let’s a shall
Chceme-li nûco navrhnout, uÏíváme
shall a let’s (=let us), po kter˘ch stojí
infinitiv bez to. V‰imni si, jak se
pfiekládají.
Otázky (Questions)
am
V‰imni si hlavnû pfiekladu vût
oznaãen˘ch hvûzdiãkou (*).
going to
have a break?
stay at home?
Ve spojení se slovesy pohybu to go a to come pro
vyjádfiení plánÛ v budoucnosti uÏíváme obvykle
pfiítomn˘ ãas prÛbûhov˘.
We’re going to Paris next week.
Joe and Tim are coming for lunch tomorrow.
12.2 Vyjádfiení úãelu pomocí infinitivu
(Infinitive of purpose)
Infinitive (s infinitivní ãásticí to) mÛÏe vyjadfiovat,
proã ãlovûk nûco dûlá.
I’m saving my money to buy a CD player.
(= because I want to buy a CD player.)
We’re going to Paris to have a holiday.
(= because we want to have a holiday.)
NOT
I’m saving my money for to buy a CD player.
I’m saving my money for buy a CD player.
I’m going to Florida in a year’s time. (… za rok)
He’s interested in flying. (… zajímá se o …)
She’s good at singing. (… je dobrá ve …)
She was afraid of cars.* (Bála se aut.)
What shall we do? Co máme dûlat?
Let’s play tennis! Zahrejme si tenis.
UNIT 13
13.1 RÛzné typy otázek
(Question forms)
When did Columbus discover America?
Who did she mary?
What did they have for lunch?
What do you have for breakfast?
Why do you want to learn English?
How does he get to school?
What happens at the end of the story?
Who knows it?
Who was Mother Teresa?
Where are the Andes/the High Tatras?
What can you do?
When would you like to eat?
What have you got in your bag?
How many people are there in the class?
How much does she earn?
How far is it to the centre?
What sort of car do you have?
Which newspaper do you read?
Which colour can we use, blue or green?
Whose CD is this?
13.2 Pfiídavná jména a pfiíslovce
(Adjectives and adverbs)
UNIT 14
Pfiídavná jména popisují vlastnosti podstatného
jména.
a big dog
fantastic films great beer
a careful driver untidy kids
green grass
14.1 Pfiedpfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘
(Present Perfect Simple)
Pfiíslovce se vztahují ke slovesu a popisují míru
ãinnosti.
She ran quickly.
He drives too fast.
Pravidelná pfiíslovce tvofiíme pfiidáním
koncovky -ly k pfiídavnému jménu. Pokud
pfiídavné jméno konãí na -y, toto -y se mûní
na -i pfied koncovkou -ly.
Pfiíd. jméno
Pfiíslovce
quick
bad
careful
immediate
easy
quickly
badly
carefully*
immediately
easily
V‰imni si, Ïe oznaãené pfiídavné jméno (*)
konãí na -l a Ïe pfiidáním koncovky -ly
dojde k jeho zdvojení.
NOT immediatelly
Nûkterá pfiíslovce jsou nepravidelná.
Pfiíd. jméno
Pfiíslovce
good
hard
early
fast
well
hard
early
fast
What’s the story about?
(O ãem je ten pfiíbûh/ta povídka?)
What happens at the end of the story?
(… na konci …)
The train leaves from platform 9.
(… z nástupi‰tû …)
1 Pfiedpfiítomn˘ ãas vyjadfiuje ãinnost nebo dûj,
které se staly nedávno.
She’s travelled to most parts of the world.
Have you ever been in a car accident?
2 KdyÏ chceme vyjádfiit, kdy se tato ãinnost ãi
dûj staly, musíme pouÏít minul˘ ãas prost˘.
She went to Russia two years ago.
I was in a crash when I was 10.
Do ãe‰tiny se oba ãasy pfiekládají pomocí
minulého ãasu.
3 V‰imni si v˘razÛ pro vyjádfiení ãasu, které se
uÏívají ve spojení s minul˘m ãasem.
I left
last night.
yesterday.
in 1990.
at three o’clock.
on Monday.
4 V‰imni si v˘razÛ pro vyjádfiení ãasu, které se
uÏívají ve spojení s pfiedpfiítomn˘m ãasem.
I have already had breakfast.
She has never been to Brno.
He hasn’t answered your email yet.
Have you ever been abroad?
I’ve lived here for 15 years.
We’ve been busy lately/this morning.
Kladné a záporné vûty (Positive and negative)
I
You
We
They
have
He
She
It
has
(not) been
to the States.
StaÏené tvary (Contractions)
I’ve been = I have been
You’ve been = You have been
We’ve been = We have been
They’ve been = They have been
He’s been = He has been
She’s been = She has been
It’s been = It has been
DoplÀovací otázky (Questions with question words)
have
Where
has
I
you
we
they
been?
he
she
it
(Yes/No questions)
Have you been to Russia?
Krátké odpovûdi
(Short answers)
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
14.2 Nûkdy a nikdy (ever and never )
Ever uÏíváme v otázkách a never v záporn˘ch vûtách.
Have you ever been to Hungary?
I’ve never been to Hungary.
14.3 UÏ/je‰tû ne a právû (yet and just )
V kladn˘ch vûtách uÏíváme just.
Yet uÏíváme v záporn˘ch vûtách a v otázkách.
V‰imni si rÛzn˘ch pfiekladÛ yet a postavení just ve vûtách.
Have you done your homework yet? (uÏ)
I haven’t done it yet. (but I am going to). (je‰tû ne)
I have just done it (a short time before now). (právû)
14.4 Odjela a byla (gone and been )
She’s gone to Portugal (and she’s there now). (Odjela …)
She’s been to Portugal (sometime in her life, but now she
has returned). (UÏ byla v …)
She works for a big company. (… pro … firmu.)
Hamlet is a play by Shakespeare. (… napsaná Shakespearem.)
Brad and Marilyn are on honeymoon. (… na líbánkách.)
Wait for me! (Poãkej/te na mne.)

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