modifications of the hyphae - isb

Zvyšování
konkurenceschopnosti
studentů oboru botanika
a učitelství biologie
CZ.1.07/2.2.00/15.0316
© 2011 B. Mieslerová, A. Lebeda, (KB PřF UP v Olomouci)
FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY
Thallus - one cell (unicellular fungi, yeast, sporas) or hyphae
Vegetative mycelium and reproductive structures
VEGETATIVE THALLUS
Unicellular fungi (some Chytridiomycota, Oomycota)
Yeast – ovate or spheroid shape or creating a pseudomycelium
(dimorphismus)
Rhizophydium
Candida spherica
Candida parapsilosis
HYPHAE – septate (Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina,
Deuteromycotina)
or aseptate (Oomycota, Chytridiomycota and most of
Zygomycotina)
MODIFICATIONS OF THE HYPHAE
 Rhizoides of Rhizopus
 Appressorium, penetration hyphae and haustorium of parasitic
fungi
 Rhizomorphas
 Sclerocium
 Stroma
 Syrocium
 Ozonium
Rhizoides of
Rhizopus
Appressorium - site of fungal adheration on host surface
Penetration hyphae - organ for penetration of host cuticle
Haustorium – organ for acquiring of nutrients
Appressorium
Stomata
Germling/
germ tube
Rust spore
Apresorium of tomato powdery
mildew Oidium neolycopersici
Germination and penetration
of Bremia lactucae
Penetration peg penetrating to
the host cell
Cells of Arabidopsis sp.
penetrated by haustoria of
Peronospora parasitica
Haustoria of Blumeria graminis
Intracelular hyphae of rust
RHIZOMORPHAS
Strong dark mycelial strands
Armillaria mellea
SCLEROCIUM
 Relatively large, black, and hard form with a thick, protective rind.
 Carry over large reserves of nutrient material from one growing
season to the next, which allow the fungus to produce reproductive
structures
Fruitbodies (= apothecia) of
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum arise from
a hard, black sclerotium
Sclerocia of
Claviceps purpurea
STROMATAS
A dark-coloured, brittle sheet
with the perithecia inside
(Ascomycotina)
Hypoxylon sp.
Cordyceps sp.
OZONIUM
Fibrous layer of yellowish or rusty coloured mycelium
Ozonium
Coprinus sp.
Vegetative mycelium (monocaryotic, dicaryotic, coenocytic)
Basic tissue of fungi is plectenchym - forming by fungal hyphae
Prozenchym
Pseudoparenchym
VEGETATIVE THALLUS PROTOZOA
MYXOMYCOTA, PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA
Plasmodium
Myxomonadas
Myxoamoebas
PLASMODIUM
Reproductive structures of main fungal groups
Group
Sporocarps
Asexual
spores
Site
Product
Myxomycota
Sporangium, aethalium,
plasmodiocarp
Sporangiospores
None
Oomycota
No special structures
Only oogonium
Oosphaera
Zoospores in
sporangia
Chytridiomyco No special structures
ta
Only resistant
sporangium
Zoospores
or gametes
Zoospores in
sporangia
Zygomycotina
No special structures
Only zygospore
Germ
sporangium
spores
Sporangio spores in
sporangia
Ascomycotina
Ascocarp, Ascus
Ascospores
Yeast buds, conidia
in conidiophores
Deuteromycoti none
na
none
Conidia in
conidiophores
Basidiomycoti
na
Basidiospor Aeciospores
es
urediniospores,
conidias
Basidiocarp, Basidium
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – SPORANGIA, CONIDIOPHORES
Oomycota
Phytophthora sp.
sporangium releasing
zoospores
Zygomycotina
Ascomycotina
Chytridiomycota
Chytridium
releasing zoospores
Mucor sp.,
sporangia
Erysiphe sp.
conidiophores
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – AECIA, UREDIA, TELIA
Basidiomycotina
Uredia with
urediospores
Aecia with
aeciospores
Telia with
teliospores
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: SPOROCARPS
Differentiated parts of fungi serving for production of sporas
SLIME MOULDS (MYXOMYCOTA)
Fuligo septica aethalium
Arcyria denudata sporangium
Hemitrichia serpula plasmodiocarp
SPOROCARPS OF TRUE FUNGI
ZYGOMYCOTINA (forming sporocarps only rarely)
Endogone lactiflua, hypogeic
sporocarps growing in the
soil
Glomus geosporum
SPOROCARPS OF ASCOMYCOTINA (ASCOCARPS)
ASCOHYMENIAL TYPES: cleistothecium, perithecium,
apothecium)
Ostiolum with
periphysis
Paraphysis
Asci
Cleistothecium
Perithecium
Sordaria sp.
Apothecium
Sarcoscypha coccinea
ASCOLOCULAR TYPE: Pseudothecium
Venturia sp.
TRUFFLE-LIKE FUNGI
 Position of the fruiting body in the soil
 The spores are produced internally
 The spores are not forcibly released and
rarely are spread by wind or water
 Tuber sp., Peziza, Elaphomyces sp.
 Similar sporocarps has some Basidiomycotina
Elaphomyces sp.
Tuber aestivum
ASCOMYCOTINA (ASCOCARPS)
Containing asci
Operculate, inoperculate
Erysiphe depressa
Prototunicate asci
Morchella conica
Unitunicate asci
Bitunicate asci
SPOROCARPS IN BASIDIOMYCOTINA,
HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES
Basidia and
hyphae
embedded
within
a gelatinous
matrix
Tremella sp.
Auricularia sp.
Basidia in
smooth,
semi-glossy
undersurface
SPOROCARPS IN BASIDIOMYCOTINA, HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES,
HYMENOMYCETIDAE
PILOTHECIUM KRUSTOTHECIUM HOLOTHECIUM
Pileus
Annulus
Stipes
Morphology of
Ramaria sp.
Vagina
Morphology of Amanita muscaria
SPOROCARPS OF BASIDIOMYCOTINA (BASIDIOCARPS)
HYMENOMYCETIDAE
Hymenium covers gills (lamellae) or lines vertical tubes or teeths, or
is spread over a smooth surface (gymnocarpic, hemiangiocarpic)
SPOROCARPS OF BASIDIOMYCOTINA, GASTEROMYCETIDAE
Geastrum sp.
Scleroderma sp.
Cyathus sp.
Phallus
impudicus
SPOROCARPS OF GASTEROMYCETIDAE II.
 Hymenium is not exposed at maturity (angiocarpic), produce
their spores inside the fruiting body
 Basidium is not a spore-gun
Endoperidium
Gleba
Exoperidium
SPOROCARPS OF
GASTEROMYCETIDAE III.
BIRD´S NEST FUNGI
NIDULARIA
Exoperidium
Peridiole with
hymenium inside
Funiculus
with hapteron
SPOROCARPS OF GASTEROMYCETIDAE IV.,
PHALLALES
Cap
Receptaculum
Dictyophora multicolor ,
síťovka
Young
Phallus
impudicus
Tissue
with
basidia
HYMENIUM OF BASIDIOMYCOTINA
Basidia – phragmobasidia, holobasidia
Basidiospores with sterigmata
Cystidy – various types
ANATOMY OF BASIDIOCARPS
Pluteus sp. - trama,
hymenium, and cystids
CYSTIDS – secretory
function (terpens, silids),
occuring in hymenium, in
epidermis of stipes and
pileus.
Lactarius piperatus
LACTIPHERS
Excretion of latex (r.
Lactarius)
Empty (r. Russula)
ANATOMY OF BASIDIOCARPS II.
Generative hyphae
Ligative hyphae
Monomitic system of hyphae
(Generative hyphae)
Dimitic system of hyphae (Generative
and skeletal hyphae)
Amphimitic systém of hyphae
(generative and ligative hyphae)
Skeletal hyphae
Trimitic system of hyphae (generative,
skeletal and ligative hyphae)
Seta of Hymenochaete
DEVELOPMENT OF SPOROCARPS
Iniciation – formation of primordia as a consequence of changes in
vegetative mycelium and environmental conditions
Differentiation – formation of reproductive structures
Development of basidiocarp of Amatina phalloides
A – velum generale, B – velum partiale, C – vagina, D - annulus
Gymnokarpic
development
Hemiangiokarpic
development
Velum partiale
Hemiangiokarpic
develoment
Velum universale
Velum partiale
Angiokarpic development of sporocarp
Geastrum fimbriatum earthball