Výroba pevných biopaliv z vinného réví

Utilization of waste wood after vineyard pruning via production of solid bio-fuels
O. Mužík1, J. Souček2, Z. Abrham1
1
Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Economy of Agricultural technological systems division,
Drnovska 507, 16101 PRAHA, Czech Republic
2
Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Energy and logistics of technological systems and biomass
utilization for non-food purposes division, Drnovska 507, 16101 PRAHA, Czech Republic
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Summary
This contribution is concerned about possibilities of the solid bio-fuels production from waste wood after the
vineyard pruning. For the experiment the vine cane of four different varieties was used. The vine cane was
chipped by the disc chipping machine PEZZOLATO – 110MB to the average particle size of 7 mm. After drying
to 9.5 % moisture the chipped material from the vine cane was pressed in the form of cylindrical briquettes using
the hydraulic press with solid pressing chamber Briklis HLS 70. Consequently the vine cane briquettes analysis
and combustion test were carried out at the laboratories. The performed measurements have proved that the vine
cane briquettes have comparable energy and mechanical properties as those from energy wood species produced
in the identical devices.
Key words: vine cane, chipping, briquetting, utilization of biomass.
Introduction
There do not exist much possibilities how to purposefully utilize the waste wood after the vineyard pruning (so
called vine cane). Previously the most frequent method of vine cane processing was its removal from the inter
row and consequent ineffective combustion. Besides atmosphere emission burden that method of liquidation is
also at variance with the Act on Waste. Currently the most common is being exploited the vine cane crushing
just at the inter row and left for consequent decay. Other option is its utilization as a raw material for solid biofuels production or as material for composting.
Material and methods
Vine cane production and properties
In the Czech Republic there is currently registered more than 19,000 ha of vineyards of which some 16,000 ha in
period of fertility. Quantity of vine cane production depends on variety, age and in particular on type of line (i.e.
number of shrubs per 1 hectare). Average values are ranging in almost from 0.45 to 1.20 kg per 1 shrub, i.e.
about 3.50 t.ha-1 in average. More accurate figures are given in table 1 where for medium line (ML) and high line
(HL) is presented shrubs number per 1 ha (corresponding with plant spacing) and further the individual varieties
are divided into those with lesser or higher wood production.
Table 1. Waste wood production after vineyard pruning.
Type of
line
Age
[years]
ML1
Number
[pcs.ha-1]
15
Vine variety
[kg.shrub-1]
[t.ha-1]
0.45-0.50
2.0-3.2
Svg , PM
0.60-0.70
2.7-3.2
RV4, RB7, RŠ8
0.70-0.80
2.3-2.6
5
0.90-1.20
3.0-4.0
Tr3, RV4
4 500
5
HL2
13
3 300
6
9
Svg , Sv
1
2
3
4
Waste wood production
5
Average
[t.ha-1]
3.05
3.50
6
medium line, high line, Tramín, Ryzlink vlašský, Sauvignon, Portugal modrý, 7Rulandské bílé, 8Rulandské šedé,
Svatovavřinecké
9
The vine cane volume weight depends on moisture, at 30 –35 % it ranges between 250 - 350 kg.m-3.
Production procedures and determination of vine cane briquettes properties
For the experiment the vine cane of four different variants (MP3, Sv4, Vc5, MT6) was used in approximately
equal ratio. Immediately on the day of harvest – end of February this year – the vine cane was chipped by the
P
chipper PEZZOLATO 110MB. The vine cane moisture was 63 % at the harvest period and the chipped material
specific mass was 480 kg.m-3. The chipper performance and fuel consumption are presented in table 2.
Table 2. Chipper PEZZOLATO 110MB performance and fuel consumption for vine chipping.
Vine variety
MP3, Sv4
Sv4, VČ5
MT6
A
B
C
P
1
Time of chipping
[min.]
25
20
25
Amount of chipped
material1 [kg]
78
66
75
Efficiency of
chipper 1 [kg.h-1]
187
196
180
Fuel consumption2
[l]
0,8
0,6
0,7
Converted to 10 % moisture
Natural 95
3
Modrý Portugal
4
Svatovavřinecké
5
Veltlínské červené ranné
6
Müller Thurgau
2
To determine the chipped material granularity the screen analysis was carried out. Results of this analysis
according to the standard ČSN ISO 9276-1 performed with the sheet sieves with round meshes are presented in
table 3. The structure of chipped material is also shown in Figure 1.
Table 3. Vine cane chipped material granularity according to standard ČSN ISO 9276-1
Particles size
31.5 22.4 16 11.2 8
7 6.3 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 2.8 2.5
xi [mm]
Distribution
density q3i
0.1
6.4
2
1.4
1
10.4 13.6 8.0 36.3 3.8 5.0 2.7 2.7 2.6 1.0 4.5 0.3 1.1 0.5 .05
Fall Sum
down
0.6
100.0
[%]
Figure 1. Chipped vine cane in press Briklis HLS 70.
The chipped material was transported to the roofed facility without heating and stored there on the concrete floor
in a heap of height about 0.5 m. In first two weeks of storage the heap was over-dug twice and then stored in
loose form on the same surface. Within 3 mouths since end of February to end of May the chipped material
gradually dried out from initial 63 % to 9.5 %.
After that the vine cane chipped material of moisture 9.5 % was pressed in the form of cylindrical briquettes
using press Briklis HLS 70. It is a hydraulic press equipped with solid pressing chamber. The preasure was set
up at 450 kPa during the pressing process. The press performance and electricity consumption are listed in table
4.
Table 4. Performance and electricity consumption of press Briklis HLS 70 during the vine cane briquettes pressing.
A
B
C
D
Pressing time
[min.]
20
20
20
15
Briquettes amount
[kg]
17.6
18.0
18.1
14.4
Press performance
[kg.h-1]
52.8
54.0
54.3
57.6
Electricity
consumption [kWh]
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
E
15
13.7
54.8
0.6
Consequently the analysis of vine cane briquettes was carried out at laboratory of the Institute of Chemical
Technology in Prague (ICT) where the briquettes basic energy properties were specified. Content of elements in
material was determined by chromatography method. The combustion heat and heating value figures were
determined by the standard ČSV ISO 1928 and ash content by the standard ČSN ISO 1171.
The briquettes combustion test was conducted in the type combustion device (heat storage stove SK-2 RETAB 8
kW) at laboratory of the Research institute of Agricultural Engineering in Prague (RIAE). During this test
emissions generated within the tested briquettes combustion were determined by the combustion products
analyzer GA 60 MADUR. The combustion test was implemented in compliance with standard ČSN EN 13229
“In-built heating appliances and open fireplace insertions for solid fuels”. The average carbon monoxide
concentration within the measurement as well as other gaseous emissions were converted to 13 % of oxygen
content. By the mentioned standard the average carbon monoxide values have to fulfil the limit values for
appropriate CO emission class as presented in table 5.
Table 5. CO emission classes for local solid fuels appliances according to standard ČSN EN 13229.
Appliance CO class
1
Class 1
Class 2
1mg.mN-3 = 0,0001 %
Appliances with closed door
Limit values of CO emissions classes
(at 13 % O2) [% by volume]
≤ 0,31
> 0,3 ≤ 1,01
Results
The vine cane briquettes density measured for 10 samples has ranged between 760 – 870 kg.m-3. Values above
1,000 kg.m-3 have not been reached for briquettes when pressed by the hydraulic press.
Vine cane briquettes are documented with photographs in Figures 2 and 3.
Figure 2. Pressing of the vine cane briquettes by press Briklis HLS 70.
Figure 3. Vine cane briquettes pressed by press Briklis HLS 70.
The obtained values are comparable with average figures of energy wood species of poplar or willow type when
parameters are converted to dry matter. The ash content in the analyzed samples was slightly increased (3.46 %)
but no one of them exceed value of 4.5 %. The vine cane briquettes analysis results as carried out at the
laboratory of the ICT are presented in table 6.
Table 6. Energy properties and chemical composition of vine cane briquettes.
Indicator
Moisture
Volatile combustion matter
Non-volatile combustion matter
Ash
C
H
N
S
O
Cl
Heat of combustion
Heating value
Ash softening point
Ash melting point
Ash flow point
Unit
% by weight
% by weight
% by weight
% by weight
% by weight
% by weight
% by weight
% by weight
% by weight
% by weight
MJ.kg-1
MJ.kg-1
°C
°C
°C
Value
8.11
69.62
18.81
3.46
44.70
6.42
0.89
0.04
36.38
0.07
17.79
16.20
>1300
>1300
>1300
Results of combustion test are presented in table 7.
Table 7. CO, CO2, NO and NO2 average concentrations in combustion of vine cane briquettes.
Indicator
CO
CO2
NO
NO2
NOx
[mg.m-3]
6255.0
164.4
0.7
165.1
Values measured
[mg.m-3 at 13% O2]
7073.5
185.9
0.8
186.7
[% by vol.]
0.50
6.06
0.01
0.01
Average concentration of the all investigated substances are in compliance with the technical standard ČSN EN
13229 values. Nevertheless the CO emissions have exceeded the permitted amount for class 1 but are in
compliance with class 2 conditions with certain reserve. On contrary, the NOx emissions can be evaluated very
positively. For the utilized combustion device the NOx limit value is not specified with regard to very low heat
performance but according to the Directive No. 13-2002 of the Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic
specifying requirements for allocation of the trade mark “Ecologically Friendly Product” for hot water boiler for
biomass combustion in the system of central heating up to 0.2 MW (Standards ČSN 07 02 40 and ČSN EN 3035) the NOx limit value is 250 mg.mN-3 at 11 % O2 and this value has not been exceeded.
As mechanical and physical-mechanical properties regards the briquettes produced by the hydraulic press Briklis
BHL 70 are comparable with those produced from the energy wood species pressed in the identical device.
Conclusions
Solid bio-fuels production from waste wood after vineyard pruning is an important possibility of vine cane
energy utilization. At the RIAE conducted measurements have proved that the vine cane briquettes have
comparable parameters with those from energy wood species experimentally produced in the identical devices.
Despite some unsolved problems mainly of logistics and economical character it may be concluded that the vine
cane energy utilization could become a perspective alternative of vine cane crushing and deposition just in the
vineyard inter-row in accordance with still more severe legislation.
Published results are part of research project NAZV 1G46082 “Technological systems and economy by
integrated production of vegetable and grapevine”.
2007
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