Green forest machines

Green forest machines
Environmental Guide
For the environment
Contents
2
For the environment
2
Environment a
consideration early on
4
Eco-friendly solutions
in John Deere
harvesters
6
Eco-friendly technical
solutions in John Deere
forwarders
8
Slash bundler:
Wood energy to counteract
climate change
10
Traces of forest machines
in the environment
– in the atmosphere
and in the forest
12
A healthy forest
is the best alternative
15
Just like agriculture and silviculture, industry and traffic, forest machines also leave
their mark on the environment – in the forest and in the atmosphere. John Deere
does its best to minimize the environmental impact of its forest machines at all life
cycle stages – without compromising other demands like productivity and operational
reliability.
The environmental aspects of forest machines can be influenced already in the
design phase. Carefully thought out technical solutions, material choices and designs, and instructions and training reduce the environmental impacts caused by the
manufacturing, operating and final disposal of forest machines. Ultimately, it is the
operator who decides how he will utilize the technical solutions when working in the
forest.
The usage phase puts the biggest load on nature
The life cycle of a forest machine consists of production of the materials needed to
make the machine, the assembly at the factory, usage, maintenance and servicing,
and final disposal after the usage phase.
Studies indicate that emissions are highest during the usage phase of a forest machine. This is primarily due to the fact that the emissions caused by fuel production
and fuel consumption are calculated as usage-phase emissions. Naturally, the usage
phase also has the biggest impact on the forest environment.
Once a forest machine has reached the end of its useful life, the post-use phase of
the life cycle begins. At that point, it must be determined which parts and components can be reused, which materials can be recycled, and which must be disposed of
in a landfill. John Deere forest machines fully comply with EU directive requirements
concerning the recyclability rate of vehicles.
Involved in development right from the start
The means to mechanize logging were being pursued
already a century ago, but the actual development
curve of forest machines spans fifty years.
John Deere has been involved in the development
and production of forest machines right from the start.
The company’s roots date back to the 1800s, and the
production of forest machines was launched before the
mid-1900s.
Corporate acquisitions and mergers have resulted
in today’s John Deere forest machine manufacturing,
which combines European and North American forest
machine expertise.
3
Environment a consideration early on
Along with forest machine productivity, high
operational reliability, and low operating costs,
minimizing the impact on the environment is
another John Deere attribute that supports its
customers’ competitiveness.
John Deere takes environmental aspects into
consideration early on in the product development phase. Expertise in design reduces the environmental impact of forest machines at all life
cycle phases. John Deere also actively participates
in studies to map forest machines and their usage.
John Deere has invested in minimizing the
environmental impact of the machines during the
usage phase by integrating many of the technical
solutions it has developed.
Life cycle of a forest machine
The life cycle of a forest machine is divided into
five phases: production of materials, manufacturing of the machine, usage of the machine, maintenance and repairs, and the post-use disposal. The
VTT Technical Research Center of Finland has
studied and assessed the environmental impact
of a harvester, forwarder and slash bundler based
on the life cycle concept. The percentages of the
total environmental impact of the different life
cycle phases have been calculated in the study
using both the Eco-indicator 95 and Eco-indicator 99H methods.
Production of materials
The environmental impact of the production and
transportation of materials – steel, cast iron and
rubber, and the components made from them – is
3.0% of the total environmental impact for a harvester, 5.0% for a forwarder, and 5.6% for a slash
bundler. While John Deere has no direct influence on the production processes of raw materials, it can choose raw materials suppliers that take
environmental issues into consideration and have
certified environmental management systems.
Machine manufacturing
Assembly of a forest machine accounts for 2-3%
of the total environmental impact. John Deere
Forestry has invested in environmental management systems for several years and follows a
principle of continuous development in its environmental work. In 1999, the Joensuu factory
was the first machine manufacturer to be awarded
4
ISO 14001 certification for its environmental
management system. In addition to Joensuu, today
the certification also covers John Deere’s product
development and support functions in Tampere,
Finland. Certification requires having an efficient
environmental management system in place for
planning, implementing, auditing and developing
measures that reduce environmental impacts.
Usage
The emissions caused by the production and
consumption of fuel are calculated as usage phase
environmental impacts in the life cycle assessment of the forest machine. Accordingly, the environmental impact of harvester usage accounts
for 93% of the total impact, forwarder usage 88%,
and slash-bundler usage 89%. Emissions are the
biggest factor in the environmental impact of
the life cycle of a forest machine. John Deere’s
product development is constantly pursuing new
technical solutions to reduce the consumption of
fuel and oil. The driving habits of forest machine
operators also have a significant impact on fuel
consumption.
In addition to emissions that tax the environment, the use of forest machines leave traces
in the forest environment. The environmental
impact on the forest does not compare to the total
environmental impact of fuel production and
consumption, but it does have major significance
locally. Forest machine operators can reduce the
environmental impact on the forest through their
own working habits.
Maintenance and repairs
Usage phase maintenance and repairs, such as replacing tires, changing oil, and other service and
wear parts, are also included in the usage phase
assessment. Harvester maintenance and repairs
account for a 2.0% share of the total environmental impact, forwarders 3.0%, and slash-bundlers
3.3%.
Regular, preventive maintenance of forest machines is both eco-efficient and cost-efficient. For
instance, it is easier to change hoses preventatively in the workshop than in the forest. This also
facilitates the proper handling of hazardous waste
through the shop’s waste management system.
End-of-life
vehicles directive
According to the EU directive, the
recyclability rate of an end-of-use
vehicle must be at least 80% and
the recyclability/re-use rate at least
85%. John Deere’s forest machines
are well within the requirements of
the directive with the recyclability
being over 90%. By the year 2015,
the directive under preparation is
calling for an 85% recyclability rate
and a 95% recyclability/re-use rate.
Post-use phase
After the usage phase, components can be reused and materials can be recycled or finally
disposed of in a landfill. With forest machines,
the primary option is to recycle the materials; the
post-use share of the total environmental impact
is minimal.
5
Eco-friendly technical solutions in John Deere harvesters
Proportional lubrication system
for saw unit
The system adjusts lubrication according to saw speed, resulting in reduced
consumption of lubricating oil.
Gas discharge lamps (optio)
The energy consumption of gas discharge lamps is one-third that of normal
lamps. Moreover, gas discharge lamps
offer good illumination and facilitate the
operator’s work and reduce e.g. damage
to the standing trees when working in
low lighting conditions.
TMC and Timbermatic 300
Optimized fuel and hydraulic efficiency
when the parameters are set to the
individual operator’s preferences. The
parameters are operator-specified. John
Deere offers training on how to specify
the parameters.
Stump treatment equipment
Treating stumps can prevent the spread
of root fomes. The stump treatment
agent is sprayed on the stump’s cut
surface through the flange. Silviculture
districts and forest companies recommend the use of Phanerochaete gigantea
fungus in stump treatment. When
handling the stump treatment agent,
the operator must wear a respirator and
protective gloves and follow the mixing
instructions provided.
Color marking
Speeds up the harvester’s work
and thus reduces fuel consumption.
Tires with a rounded shoulder
profile for forest use
The rounded shoulder profile of the tires
is gentle on the forest floor. Extra-wide
tires are available for special conditions.
Eco-tracks can be used in the softest
terrain conditions.
Environmental package
The Finnish Act on Combating Oil Pollution on Land (378/1974) obligates forest
machine operators to prevent oil from
being absorbed into the soil. Accordingly,
an environmental package is available for
John Deere machines. It contains e.g. oilabsorbent cloth or linen to help prevent
oil from seeping into the nature and tools
to remove polluted soil.
6
Viscous fan (optional)
A viscous fan reduces fuel consumption
and noise because the radiator fan is
automatically used only when needed.
Use of biodegradable products
Technically, biodegradable products
can be used in the engine cooling and
hydraulic systems of all John Deere
machines.
Recyclability rate
John Deere diesel engines
Powerful, low-emission engine meeting
emission standards. High torque at low
rpm with very good fuel efficiency.
Longer oil change intervals
Oil change intervals (500 hours) have
been doubled, resulting in reduced oil
consumption.
Hydraulic system
The efficiency-optimized hydraulic system reduces fuel consumption because
the need for cooling is decreased.
Vacuum pump
The pump produces negative pressure
in the hydraulic system, preventing oil
leakage from a damaged hose or open
connector.
Recycling must be technically possible and economically profitable. A
product’s recyclability is measured in terms of its recyclability rate. The
recyclability rate of a forest machine is determined by comparing the weight
of the materials to be recycled to the total weight of the machine. The same
approach is used with respect to the materials to be re-used and those to be
disposed of.
What are harvesters made of?
The solid material composition of forest machines (% of total weight)
Rubber 0.2%, non-recyclable
Composite materials 3.4%,
partially recyclable
Plastics 1.7%, non-recyclable
Battery 0.7%, recyclable
Other materials 3.1%,
partially recyclable
Electronics 1.0%, non-recyclable
Steel 65.5%, recyclable
Tires (rubber + rims)
12.8%, recyclable
Cast iron 11.2%, recyclable
Other metals 0.4%, recyclable
Harvester’s recyclability rate without fuel 92,4%.
92,4 %
Recyclable materials 92,4%
Non-recyclable materials 7,6%
7,6 %
Harvester’s environmental impact during different phases
of the life cycle
93.0%
Usage
3.0%
Production of materials
2.0%
Maintenance and repairs
2.0 %
Manufacturing of machine
0.001% Post-use disposal
100.0% Total
The most significant environmental impact caused by a harvester during its life cycle
is carbon-dioxide emissions, 499 000 kg.
7
Eco-friendly technical solutions in John Deere forwarders
Design of machines and
work lights
The forwarder’s upward-narrowing load space and the
design of the cab ensure good
visibility to the tires and behind
the machine. Good visibility
helps the operator to avoid
damaging the standing trees.
The work lights, e.g. the extra
lights placed at the end of
the load space and the boom
lights, are near the actual
work area.
TimberOffice: TimberNavi (optional)
The harvester and forwarder can drive in the “same tracks.”
Forwarder driving distances can be reduced with the help of timber
and location data entered by the harvester operator. The harvester
operator can also enter terrain data, such as soft soil areas, on the
map. Additionally, the digital map shows the locations of the forested
areas to be preserved.
Hydraulic system
The efficiency-optimized
hydraulic system reduces fuel
consumption because the need
for cooling is decreased.
Vacuum pump
The pump produces negative
pressure in the hydraulic system,
preventing oil leakage from a
damaged hose or open connector.
Viscous fan (optional)
A viscous fan reduces fuel
consumption and noise because
the radiator fan is automatically
used only when needed.
John Deere diesel engines
Powerful, low-emission engine
meeting emission standards.
High torque at low rpm with
very good fuel efficiency.
8
Tires with a rounded
shoulder profile for forest use
The rounded shoulder profile of
the tires is gentle on the forest floor. Extra-wide tires are
available for special conditions.
Eco-tracks can be used in the
softest terrain conditions.
Longer oil change intervals
Oil change intervals
(500 hours) have been doubled,
resulting in reduced oil
consumption.
Hydrostatic power
transmission
Ensures a smooth start
and drive. Can be adjusted
according to the terrain.
John Deere ALS solution
The solution optimizes driving
distances and speed, resulting
in reduced fuel consumption.
The lower lifting height when
loading and unloading also
reduces fuel consumption. The
stabilizing features of the ALS
solution significantly reduce
load swing, resulting in optimal
speed for fuel economy.
Environmental impact assessment
John Deere forwarder’s environmental impact during
different phases of the life cycle
Loader-mounted
scale (optional)
Available for the latest forwarder
models, a loader-mounted scale
helps optimize the load size and
thus minimize terrain-damaging
overloads.
88.0%
Usage
5.0%
Production of materials
4.0%
Maintenance and repairs
3.0%
Manufacturing of machine
0.0%
Post-use disposal
100.0% Total
The most significant environmental impact caused by a forwarder during its life cycle is the
carbon-dioxide emissions, 509,100 kg.
Forwarder’s recyclability rate
92,4 %
Recyclability rate 91.8%
Re-use rate 4.8%
4,8 %
Post-use disposal rate 3.4%
3,4 %
Forwarder’s rearview
camera (optional)
With the rearview camera, the
operator has an unobstructed
rear view – even with a full
load.
Low ground pressure with
balanced bogie solution
Reduces pressure on the soil and
undergrowth. A built-in balancing
unit constantly distributes weight
as evenly as possible between
both bogie wheels.
Bogie design
The generous ground clearance
of John Deere’s wide bogie design makes it easier to maneuver at harvesting sites and thus
reduces ground damage.
9
Slash bundler:
Wood energy to counteract climate change
With energy consumption constantly on the
rise and fossil fuels becoming exhausted, one of
society’s big challenges is to try to control global
warming. Increasing the use and efficiency of
renewable energy sources like biofuels is one
solution to curbing climate change. Biofuels, like
wood and straw, are renewable, bio-based and
carbon dioxide-neutral sources of energy.
John Deere has developed its own solution
for harvesting logging residuals and small trees.
Rather than chipping energy wood in the forest, a slash bundler compresses the residuals into
bundles that are easy to store and to transport.
One bundle = ½ barrel of oil
In the bundling method, the logging residual and
slash left behind by the harvester at the logging
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site are collected and fed into a bundler that sits
on a forwarder chassis; the bundler compresses
the logging residual into cylindrical bundles
called slash logs. The bundling process is continuous and not restricted by the length of the energy
wood. The length of the slash bundle can be optimized to accommodate the transport equipment.
The slash bundler automatically keeps a
real-time record of the number of bundles produced. The bundles are standard sizes, so the
exact amount of fuel being stored is known. One
bundle normally weighs 500-700 kg and contains
about 1 MWh of energy, or the equivalent of
about a half a barrel of oil.
After bundling, a forwarder transports the
slash logs from the forest to the road-side, where
a standard logging truck picks them up and takes
them to the power plant. Thus the transporting of the
bundles doesn’t require special equipment; the slash logs
go through the same logistics chain in the forest as saw
logs and pulpwood.
Storing the bundles is clean and easy. The dense
bundles do not decompose easily so they can be stored
either in the forest or at the power plant for use during
peak periods of energy production. The bundles dry well
also when stacked.
Test results show that the bundling method is very
suitable for different species of trees and a variety of working conditions. Not only has the method brought the
recovery of bioenergy into the spotlight, it has also shed
light on other advantages: the recovery of logging residuals, for instance, significantly reduces the risk of forest
fires.
Forest chip production chains are generally very efficient, consuming about 2–3% of the energy content of
the fuel produced and with low greenhouse gas emissions
(Wihersaari & Palosuo 2000. Puuenergia ja kasvihuonekaasut. Osa 1. VTT Energian raportteja 8/2000) [Wood
energy and greenhouse gases. Part 1. VTT Energy reports
8/2000].
John Deere 1490D Slash Bundler
Gross weight
Engine output
Boom reach
Maximum travel speed
Capacity
22–24 t
136 kW
10 m
22 km/h
10–30 bundles/h
Bundle
Length
3 or 3.2 m
Diameter
70–80 cm
Energy content
1 MWh
Life cycle phases and their
relative environmental impact
The different phases of a John Deere slash bundler and
the percentages of their total environmental impact.
(Eco-indicator 95)
Wood is clean energy
Wood is considered a carbon dioxide-neutral source of fuel
because planted trees have the ability to absorb carbon dioxide
as part of photosynthesis. The carbon dioxide remains in the
tree until the wood decomposes or is burned; it then releases
the same amount of carbon dioxide that was initially absorbed.
Thus the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does not
increase.
Wood-based biofuels include logging residuals from the
forest industry, by-products of the wood-processing industry,
such as bark, sawdust, woodchips and black liquor, and recycled chips. Generally, the by-products of the wood-processing industry are already being utilized quite efficiently, but the
use of logging residuals could be increased substantially.
There are still plenty of opportunities to increase the use
of wood fuels. For example, the goal of the energy and climate
strategies in Finland is to increase the use of wood fuel by 15
million solid cubic meters by the year 2010. The aim is for one
third of this amount, or 5 million solid cubic meters, to come
from forest chips. In 1999 forest chips accounted for less than
3 percent of the wood fuel used in Finland.
88.7%
Usage
5.6%
Production of materials
3.3%
Maintenance and repairs
2.3%
Manufacturing of machine
0.1%
Post-use disposal
100.0% Total
The most significant environmental impact caused during a slash bundler’s life cycle is
the carbon-dioxide emissions, 727,000 kg.
Recyclability rate
The slash bundler sits on a forwarder chassis that has a bundler
component and the necessary automation attached to it. The
recyclability rate of a forwarder is 91.8%, its re-use rate 4.8%,
and its final disposal rate 3.4%, which is very similar to the
recyclability rate of a slash bundler.
11
Traces of forest machines in the environment
– in the atmosphere and in the forest
Forest industry companies, forest owners,
forestry and other regulations, forest and
environmental centers, forest certifications…. Many interests govern the way in
which trees are harvested – also in a proenvironment light. Forest centers annually
survey different harvesting and silviculture
sites through random samplings. These surveys use methods developed by the Forestry
Development Center Tapio in Finland. The
surveys focus on issues like damage to the
terrain and the damage to residual forests in
thinnings.
In addition to the emissions taxing the
environment, the use of forest machines
leaves traces in the forest nature – the
trunks of the remaining trees and roots may
be damaged and other vegetation may suffer
from the ground pressure caused by the
machine and the load, particularly when
the soil is not frozen. A forest machine with
no load puts about the same pressure on the
soil surface as an adult man. This is a result
of carefully thought out factors related to
center of gravity, weight distribution and
tire profiles.
12
The right size machine in the right place
at the right time – i.e. a harvesting plan
developed by the forest owner and takes
environmental aspects into consideration
to reduce the environmental impact. John
Deere offers the market’s widest range of
forest machines to choose from and the
right solution has been developed for different harvesting sites.
The harvesting plan must take into
consideration the forestscapes and important habitats defined in nature conservation
and forestry legislation as well as the groups
of trees and decaying trees saved in clear
felling to support forest biodiversity.
Following a carefully planned driving
path can significantly decrease the traces
left behind in the forest. Not breaking the
ground surface helps to prevent solid materials and nutrients from being washed into
water bodies. Untouched protective zones
on the shores of bodies of water are important in terms of scenery, but they also filter
the water run-off from felling areas.
When logging in predominantly coniferous forests, the prevention of injurious
fungus, such as root fomes, must also be
addressed. Stump treatment is done between May-November. Use of most com-
mon herbicides is safe and easy with harvester
heads, but the instructions provided by the
manufacturer must be followed and the necessary protective gear must be used.
The operator’s professional skills and ability
to estimate and control machine movement
helps minimize damage to the residual forest
and other vegetation. Machines with good
control and ergonomic solutions make the
work of operators easier. TMC and Timbermatic 300 systems, e.g., can help optimize fuel
and hydraulics oil consumption.
It is absolutely forbidden to pollute the
groundwater also in the forest. When handling
oil products used in forest machines, very
close attention must be paid in groundwater
areas and the soil surface must not be damaged unnecessarily when harvesting trees. The
machines have an environmental package for
cleaning oil spills. Waste must be disposed of
properly also at logging sites.
How logging residual recovery
affects the forest environment
The Finnish Forest Research Institute has
studied the effects of logging residual recovery
on the forest soil and environment in Finland
(Finnish Forest Research Institute Research
Papers 816, 2001). Noteworthy between the
study results and the methods that are already standard practice is that the studies assume recovery of all biomass. In fact, about
60-70% of the logging residual is recovered.
The biomass left on the ground consists
primarily of small, nutrient-rich twigs. The
results of the study are presented below.
Forest regeneration and soil nutrients
Thanks to the recovery of logging residuals, the forest regeneration chain can be
accelerated by as much as two years. Optimally, clear felling, soil cultivation, and
reforestation can take place during a single
growing season. This lessens the damage
to the growing saplings by the competing
ground cover. It is estimated that also soil
cultivation and planting work leads to better results in areas without logging residuals
than in areas where logging residuals have
not been recovered.
It can be estimated that the recovery
of logging residuals shortens regeneration time, decreases regeneration costs,
and furthers the mechanization of forest
cultivation.
By contrast, the recovery of fresh logging residuals from clear-felling areas means
that a substantial amount of nutrients are
removed from the growing site. But the
share of this removal of the total nutrient
cycle is not critical in light of a tree’s life
expectancy, which is about 80 years. The
nutrient need of the saplings in the regeneration area is small for years, so the risk
of nutrients being washed away during this
period is substantial. When carried away by
surface water, nutrients can strain neighboring water systems. Some studies show that
recovery of logging residuals from clear-felling areas decreases the growth in length
of planted spruce saplings. The decrease is
the equivalent of an average of two years of
growth. Based on tests conducted in Sweden, it has been concluded that the stunted
growth corresponds to the period when
nitrogen is released from the logging residuals for use by the vegetation. The recovery
of logging residuals has had no noticeable
effect on the growth in the length of pine.
The possible effects of the recovery of
logging residuals on the nutrient cycle of
the forest soil can be offset by fertilizing,
for example, by returning the ash from the
burnt wood to the forest.
Forest biodiversity and forest damage
The effect of the recovery of logging residuals on the forest environment is very small
when compared to the effects of clear felling. The decrease in decomposing wood is
the single main factor decreasing the biodiversity of commercial forests. Some logs are
intentionally left to rot in the forest during
harvesting and are not recovered with the
logging residuals.
A larger-diameter decaying tree is more
important for the biodiversity of the species
than small-diameter treetops and branches,
so it is good to exclude the larger-diameter
decayed wood from the logging of energy
wood. Regardless, some 25-35% of the
small-diameter logging residuals are left in
the forest for logging technology reasons.
Based on studies to date, it seems that the
one-time recovery of logging residuals in
conjunction with clear fellings or thinnings
does not have a permanent impact on the
forest soil of the growing area. The studies are continuing so that the effects can
be evaluated over a period of several tree
generations.
It is estimated that in the short-term the
recovery of logging residuals does not have
a significant effect on insect damage and
disease to the forest. If the logging residuals are recovered from the same area over
several tree generations, the diversity of
mushroom species decreases. Consequently,
it can be assumed that the risk for diseases
would grow. The risk for insect damage
caused by the logging and storing of energy
wood can be reduced by timing the logging
and transporting in accordance with the
regulations concerning the prevention of
forest damage.
Forestscape and recreational
use of forests
The surrounding scenery is fundamental
to the recreational experience of a hiker in
the forest. Most people think that logging
residuals generally reduce the scenic value
of a forest. Moreover, logging residuals
hamper mobility in forests as well as berry
and mushroom picking. People like a forestscape that is easily accessible. The recovery
of logging residuals from the felling area
improves the visual quality of the landscape
and makes it easier to move about in the
forest.
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14
A healthy forest is the best alternative
Knowledge of the environment is one of biggest competitive factors for machine contractors in the
logging business. John Deere offers a wide selection of forest machines – different solutions for different
logging sites. Technical solutions play a very supportive role in the reduction of emissions and environmental impact on the forest habitat. The eco-awareness of the forest machine operator is another very
important factor. It is ultimately up to the operator to decide how he will utilize the technical solutions
when working at a logging site. Healthy, vital and diverse forests are the best alternative for everyone
operating in the forest industry.
When it comes to environmental issues, the right attitude is critical. Operators also need up-to-date
information on environmental issues and they need to know how the way they perform the job can
minimize the impact the environment.
Forest machine owners can choose accessories that boost efficiency and productivity and also
reduce the environmental impact. The best solutions and working methods for the environment are
often the most cost effective.
John Deere harvesters
John Deere 770D is a small and agile harvester
for thinning and for regeneration harvesting of
small diameter trees.
John Deere 1070D is a harvester suitable for
later thinning and can handle lighter regeneration harvesting with ease.
John Deere 1110D is a versatile all-around performer for thinning and regeneration harvesting,
and is also suitable for soft-soil conditions.
John Deere 1410D is a powerful forwarder with
big load capacity, thus requiring fewer site-tostorage hauling trips. The 1410 is suitable for regeneration harvesting as well as later harvesting.
John Deere 1270D is productive and reliable
machine for thinning and regeneration harvesting. The 1270 model is currently the world’s most
popular harvester.
John Deere 1710D is a powerful forwarder designed to work under extreme conditions. It can
handle long driving distances with a full load.
John Deere 1470D is designed for the toughest
regeneration harvesting applications in stands
with the heaviest trees and challenging terrain.
John Deere slash bundler
Additional information:
John Deere Forestry Oy
P.O. Box 474
FI-33101 Tampere
Tel. +358 20 584 162
Finland
www.deere.fi
[email protected]
John Deere 1490D is a slash bundler that collects, compresses and bales logging residual for
transportation. The integrated TMC unit controls and monitors the bundling process.
John Deere forwarders
John Deere 810D is the least environmentally
taxing of all forwarders on the market. Superb
weight distribution and balance make this forwarder suitable for use also on soft terrain.
John Deere 1010D is used for thinning and for
regeneration harvesting. Its six wheels give it
extreme agility, making it easy to avoid damaging
trees even in thinning work.
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Compositor/Typeworks/Lönnberg Painot 2006