Locality

Poverty and Social
Exclusion in Urban Area
Marek Mikulec
Faculty of Social Studies
University of Ostrava
YAC Kuopio
10. 10. 2012
Content
• Introduction
• Poverty
• Social exclusion
– Separation and segregation
• Citadel and ghetto
• Research
• Literature
Introduction
• At the beginning of the second year of
my Ph.D. Study
• Aims of this presentation:
– Briefly introduce situation in the Czech
Republic
– Introduce research
Poverty
• Materially deprivation
• Poverty line – set up how numerous will be
a group of the “poor“
• Measuring poverty
– The poverty line: 60 % of median of equalised
income
• Coefficients:
– 1,00 for the first adult household member
– 0,50 for the second and each additional adult
household member
– 0,30 for each child
(Zelený 2002)
Poverty
• Current situation
– 9 % people below poverty line (News Release –
Eurostat)
– Next 10-20 % of population close to the poverty
line
• Poverty line:
– 111 953 CZK (= 4 496 EUR)/year
– 9 329 CZK (= 374 EUR)/month
(ČSÚ 2011)
• Minimum wage (since 1.1.2007):
– 8 000 CZK (= 321 EUR)/month
(MPSV 2010)
(1 EUR = 24, 9 CZK)
Social exclusion
Social exclusion is defined as a process, in which
the society is significantly polarized. It is a process
of separation of individuals and social collectivities
from the society, which deprives them of rights and
obligations that are associated with membership.
(Mareš, 2006)
• To be “inside” or “outside” (Baum 2004;
Mareš 2006)
Social exclusion
• Multidimensional character
• Bhalla, Lapeyre (1997: 418-420)
distinguished three basic dimension
of social exclusion:
– Economic exclusion
– Social exclusion
– Political exclusion
Separation and segregation
• Voluntary and involuntary separation
of the groups of inhabitants in the
space. (Temelová, Sýkora 2005)
• Separation – citadels (gated
communities) (Marcuse 1997)
• Spatial segregation is one of the
fundamental and visible
manifestations of social exclusion.
(Burjanek 1997)
Ghetto
• Ghetto as a place of disorder and
deprivation?
• Form of social organization (Whyte 1993)
• Alienating from the values of
mainstream society (Dahrendorf 1995)
Research
• Research question: How people living in the
excluded locality (in the city of Ostrava, the
Czech Rep.) create and accept social
order?
• Qualitative research
• Interpretative framework
• Blumer (1969) – exploration and inspection
– exploration: processing literature, relevant
researches; starting the field research; creating
ties in the locality; collecting information about
locality from Police, documents, archives,
district, etc.
Locality
Source: Google Maps
Locality in 1949
Source: NIKM (2009)
Locality in 2009
Source: NIKM (2009)
Locality
• approximately 280 people lives there
• flats are lower category
• houses that are located there, are the
remains of a mining colony
• population – mostly Roma
• high rate of a long term unemployment
• on the official job market
(KC Zárubek http://www.vzajemnesouziti.estranky.cz/clanky/kczarubek.html)
Locality
Source: Google Maps
• First visit in the locality – 3.4.2012
• First night in my flat – 19.9.2012
• Rent: 2 900 CZK / 116 EUR (reduced)
• Energy: 800 CZK / 32 EUR
• Health insurance (compulsory):
1 080 CZK / 43 EUR
• Public transport:
430 CZK / 17 EUR
• Money for food, sport, culture:
1 200 CZK / 48 EUR
My house
Source: Google Street View
Room
Source: own photo
Kitchen
Source: own photo
Literature
• Baum, D. 2004. The process of social exclusion as a specific
process of urbanised modern welfare states. Challenges to a
changing social policy. TiSSA Plenum 2004 and
PreConference of the PhD-Network: "Access for all.
Capabilities, Diversity, and Social Exclusion" August 19 August 24 in St. Petersburg, Russia.
• Bhalla, A., Lapeyre, F. 1997. “Social Exclusion: Towards an
Analytical and Operational Framework”. Development and
Change, 28:413-433.
• Blumer, H. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism. Berkley, Los
Angeles, London: University of California Press.
• Burjanek, A. 1997. „Segregace“ Sociologický časopis 33 (4):
423-434.
• ČSÚ. 2010. Statistická ročenka České republiky 2011. Příjmy
a výdaje obyvatelstva. Sociální zabezpečení. Mezinárodní
srovnání [Online]. 23. 11. 2010 [Quoted: 25.6.2012].
http://www.czso.cz/csu/2011edicniplan.nsf/publ/0001-112010
• Dahrendorf, R. 1995. Report on Wealth Creation and Social
Cohesion in a Free Society. London: Commission on Wealth
Creation and Social Cohesion.
• KC Zárubek. [Online]. [Quoted: 15. 8. 2012].
http://www.vzajemnesouziti.estranky.cz/clanky/kczarubek.html
• Marcuse, P. (1997): „The enclave, the citadel, and the ghetto.
What has changed in the postfordist U.S. city.“ Urban Affairs
Review 33 (2), pp. 228-265.
• Mareš, P. 2006. Faktory sociálního vyloučení. Praha: VÚSP –
výzkumné centrum Brno.
• MPSV (Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs) 2010. [Online]
10.7.2010 [Quoted: 20. 6. 2012] http://www.mpsv.cz/cs/871
• News release – Eurostat. [Online]. [Quoted: 11. 4. 2012].
21/2012; 8. 2. 2012. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
• Temelová, J., Sýkora, L. 2005. Segregace: definice, příčiny,
důsledky, řešení. In Sýkora, L., Temelová, J. 2005. Prevence
prostorové segregace. Praha: UK, MMR.
• Whyte, W. F. 1993 (1943). Street corner society. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
• Zelený, M. 2002. Příjmová chudoba. Pp. 9-29. In Sirovátka,
T., Mareš, P., Večerník, J., Zelený, M. 2002. Monitorování
chudoby v České republice. Úvodní studie. Praha: VÚPSV,
[Online]. [Quoted: 11. 11. 2011].
http://praha.vupsv.cz/Fulltext/Sirchu.pdf
• Source of maps:
– Google Maps
– Google Street View
– NIKM. (2009): Národní inventarizace kontaminovaných
míst. [Online]. [Quoted: 30. 9. 2012]
http://kontaminace.cenia.cz/
Thank you for your attention
[email protected]