Habitats of Central Europe

Habitats of Central
Europe
Altitude:
Altitude: -27 - 4807 m a.s.l.
Temperature:
Temperature: -55 - +50,5 C
Precipitation:
Precipitation: 163 - 4643 mm
Area 10,5 mil km2
Central Europe
Tomáš Kučera, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Czech Republic
Oceanic continental
gradient
Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe
scale 1 : 2,500,000
Bohn et al. 2004
Bohn et al. 2004
Floristic
zonation of
Europe
Number of tree species NA/CE
1:1 Abies
1:1 Larix
3:1 Picea
7:4 Pinus
1:1 Taxus
1:0 Chamaecyparis
1:1 Juniperus
1:0 Taxodium
1:0 Thuja
1:0 Tsuga
Total needleleaved trees
Eastern North America : Central Europe
18 : 9
After Ellenberg 1988
Bohn et al. 2004
1
Broadleaved trees
7:5 Acer
3:2 Alnus
5:4 Betula
1:1 Carpinus
2:2 Crataegus
1:1 Fagus
4:2 Fraxinus
2:1 Ilex
1:1 Malus
5:3 Populus
5:3 Prunus
0:1 Pyrus
20:4 Quercus
4:8 Salix
1:4 Sorbus
2:2 Tilia
3:3 Ulmus
2:0 Amelanchier
1:0 Aralia
1:0 Asinima
6:0 Carya
2:0 Castanea
1:0 Catalpa
2:0 Celtis
1:0 Cercis
1:0 Diospyros
1:0 Gleditschia
1:0 Gymnocladus
Glaciation
of Europe
2:0 Illicium
2:0 Juglans
1:0 Liquidambar
1:0 Liriodendron
2:0 Magnolia
1:0 Morus
2:0 Nyssa
1:0 Ostrya
1:0 Platanus
1:0 Ptelea
1:0 Robinia
4:0 Rhus
1:0 Sassafras
1:0 Zanthoxylon
Total broadleaved trees 106:47 = 2:1
Areas of beech forests in Europe
F. moesiaca
F. orientalis
Altitudinal zonation of CentralCentral-European Mts.
Mts.
Snow belt
Pine
Alpine meadow
belt
Fir, spruce,
beech
Krummholz
Beech
Larch, Arolla
pine
Beech with Oak
Spruce
Oak
Spruce and fir
After Ozenda 1994
Ellenberg 1996
2
Altitude:
Altitude: 150 - 1642 m a.s.l.
Area 78.845 km2
Central Europe:
Czech Republic
Altitudinal
zonation in
CR
Neuhäuslová et al. 1995
Alluvial forests
Bohn et al. 2004
3
Hardwood alluvial forest
Acer campestre
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp.
danubialis
Dm F. excelsior
Prunus padus
Dg Dm Quercus robur
Tilia cordata
Dg
Ulmus laevis
Dg
U. minor
Herbs
Dm
Dm
Dm
Dg
Dm
Aegopodium podagraria
Allium ursinum
Carex brizoides
Circaea lutetiana
Corydalis cava
Festuca gigantea
Ficaria bulbifera
Gagea lutea
Galanthus nivalis
Galium aparine
Geum urbanum
Impatiens noli-tangere
Milium effusum
Urtica dioica
Softwood alluvial forest
Dg
Populus alba
Dg Dm P. nigra
Dg Dm Salix alba
S. fragilis
Sambucus nigra
Herbs
Dm
Aegopodium podagraria
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Calystegia sepium
Dm
Carex acuta
Dm
C. acutiformis
C. riparia
Galium aparine
Glyceria maxima
Humulus lupulus
Iris pseudacorus
Dm
Phalaris arundinacea
Dm
Phragmites australis
Solanum dulcamara
Symphytum officinale
Urtica dioica
Oxbow
lakes
Alder carrs
Rivers,
Rivers,
streams
Calla palustris
Carici elongatae-Alnetum
Alder carrs
Dg Dm
Herbs
Dm
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dm
Dg
Dg
Alnus glutinosa
Betula pubescens
Frangula alnus
Prunus padus subsp. padus
Calamagrostis canescens
Calla palustris
Carex acutiformis
C. elongata
C. riparia
C. vesicaria
Glyceria maxima
Humulus lupulus
Iris pseudacorus
Lycopus europaeus
Lysimachia vulgaris
Peucedanum palustre
Phragmites australis
Rubus saxatilis
Solanum dulcamara
Thelypteris palustris
Spring alder carr
4
Brook
alder carr
Thermophilous oak forests
Dg
Dm
Dg Dm
Dg
Acer campestre
Cornus mas
Crataegus monogyna
Ligustrum vulgare
Quercus petraea s. lat.
Q. pubescens s. lat.
Sorbus torminalis
Viburnum lantana
Lunaria rediviva
Herbs
Dm
Dm
Dm
Anthericum ramosum
Asperula tinctoria
Brachypodium pinnatum
Bupleurum falcatum
Carex humilis
C. michelii
Clinopodium vulgare
Dictamnus albus
Euphorbia cyparissias
Festuca rupicola
Fragaria viridis
Inula ensifolia
Origanum vulgare
Polygonatum odoratum
Primula veris
Securigera varia
Tanacetum corymbosum
Teucrium chamaedrys
Trifolium alpestre
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria
Viola hirta
Lathyro versicoloris-Quercetum pubescentis
Q. pubescens
Primula veris
Oak-hornbeam
forests
Potentilla alba
Trees, shrubs
Acer campestre
Dg Dm Carpinus betulus
Cornus sanguinea
Corylus avellana
Crataegus laevigata
C. monogyna
Lonicera xylosteum
Dm
Quercus petraea s. lat
Dm
Q. robur
Tilia cordata
Herbs
Dg
Dg
C. rapunculoides
Carex montana
Convallaria majalis
Fragaria vesca
Galeobdolon luteum
Galium odoratum
Hepatica nobilis
Hieracium murorum
Lathyrus niger
Maianthemum bifolium
Melampyrum nemorosum
Tanacetum corymbosum
Potentillo albaealbae-Quercetum
5
Spring
aspect
Anemone nemorosa
A. ranunculoides
Asarum europaeum
Ajuga reptans
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Corydalis cava
Dactylis polygama
Festuca gigantea
Ficaria bulbifera
Gagea lutea
Galeobdolon luteum
Hepatica nobilis
Glechoma hederacea
Lathyrus vernus
Melica nutans
Poa nemoralis
Pulmonaria officinalis
Ranunculus repens
Stellaria holostea
Stellaria nemorum
Veronica chamaedrys
Viola reichenbachiana
V. riviniana
Anemone nemorosa
A. ranunculoides
Asarum europaeum
Anthriscus sylvestris
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Corydalis cava
Dactylis polygama
Festuca gigantea
Ficaria bulbifera
Galium sylvaticum –
Hepatica nobilis
Glechoma hederacea
Lathyrus vernus
Melica nutans
Poa nemoralis
Pulmonaria officinalis
Ranunculus repens
Stellaria holostea
Stellaria nemorum
Veronica chamaedrys
Viola reichenbachiana
V. riviniana
Lime Oak
Taxux baccata,
baccata, Křivoklátsko BR
Carex pilosa,
pilosa, Carpathian Mountains
Symphytum tuberosum
Černá rokle, Klapice
Vltava river
Scree LimeLime-Mapple (Fir)
Fir) woods
Lužnice
Milešovka
Aconitum lycoctonum
Mohelno
6
Acidophilous
oak forests
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dm
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg
Křivoklátsko BR
Betula pendula
Frangula alnus
Pinus sylvestris
Quercus petraea s. lat.
Q. robur
Sorbus aucuparia
Betula pendula
B. pubescens
Frangula alnus
Pinus sylvestris
Populus tremula
Quercus petraea
Q. robur
Sorbus aucuparia
Dm
Dm
Avenella flexuosa
Carex brizoides –
Dryopteris
carthusiana
Lysimachia vulgaris
Melampyrum
pratense
Molinia arundinacea
Potentilla erecta
Vaccinium myrtillus
Mooses, lichens
Dg
Cladonia rangiferina
Dicranum polysetum
D. scoparium
Leucobryum glaucum
L. juniperoideum
Pleurozium schreberi
Herbs
Dm
Dg
Pine Oak forests
Herbs
Dm
Dm Dg
Avenella flexuosa
Calluna vulgaris
Vaccinium myrtillus
V. vitis-idaea
© Petr Pokorný
Beech-Fir forests
Dg
Dg Dm
Virgin forest
Abies alba
Acer platanoides
A. pseudoplatanus
Corylus avellana
Daphne mezereum
Fagus sylvatica
Fraxinus excelsior
Lonicera nigra –
L. xylosteum –
Picea abies –
Quercus petraea
Tilia cordata
T. platyphyllos
Ulmus glabra
Fir forests
Galium rotundifolium
Luzula pilosa
Maianthemum bifolium
Calcareous beech forests
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
LuzuloLuzulo-Fagetum nudum,
nudum,
Křivoklátsko BR
Epipactis atrorubens
Cephalanthera damasonium
C. longifolia
C. rubra
Corallorhiza trifida
Epipactis helleborine s. lat.
Neottia nidus-avis
Orthilia secunda
Cephalanthera rubra
7
Mountain spruce forests
Ravine mountain
beech forests
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Aconitum callibotryon
Adenostyles alliariae
Athyrium distentifolium
Chaerophyllum hirsutum
Cicerbita alpina
Circaea alpina
Festuca altissima
Lastrea limbosperma
Lysimachia nemorum
Petasites albus
Phegopteris connectilis
Ranunculus aconitifolius
R. platanifolius
Rumex alpestris
Senecio hercynicus
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Krušné hory Mts.
Mts.
Bohn et al. 2004
Podzolic soil, Jizerské hory
Krušné hory Mts.,
Mts., Klínovec
Dg Dm
Dg
Herbs
Dg
Dm
Dg
Dg
Athyrium alpestre
L9.2 Rašelinné a podmáèené smrèiny
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
51°
50
55
50°
60
Bog Pine
forests
65
49°
70
12°
13°
14°
15°
16°
17°
18°
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dg
Dg
Dm
Picea abies
Sorbus aucuparia
Blechnum spicant
Calamagrostis villosa
Homogyne alpina
Huperzia selago
Luzula sylvatica
Lycopodium annotinum
Soldanella montana
Streptopus amplexifolius
Trientalis europaea
Vaccinium myrtillus
Andromeda polifolia
Betula pubescens
Picea abies
Pinus rotundata
P. sylvestris
19°
Mooses, lichens
Aulacomnium palustre
Dg
Dicranum polysetum
Hylocomium splendens
Dm
Pleurozium schreberi
Dg
Polytrichum commune
P. strictum
Sphagnum capillifolium
S. fallax
S. palustre
S. russowii
Lycopodium annotinum
8
Herbs:
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dm
Dm
Dm
Andromeda polifolia
Calluna vulgaris
Eriophorum vaginatum
Ledum palustre
Menyanthes trifoliata
Molinia caerulea
Oxycoccus palustris
Vaccinium myrtillus
V. uliginosum
V. vitis-idaea
Mooses, lichens
Aulacomnium palustre
Cladonia arbuscula, digitata, C. incrassata, C.
sulphurina
Dicranum polysetum
Dm
Hylocomium splendens
Icmadophila ericetorum
Dm
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum formosum, P. strictum
Dm
Sphagnum capillifolium, Dm S. fallax, Dg Dm S.
Magellanicum, S. palustre, S. russowii
Betula pubescens
Pinus rotundata
Mires: swamp, bog, fen
and moor
foto Clyde Butcher
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Salix aurita
S. cinerea
S. pentandra
Spiraea salicifolia
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dg
Marsh & swamp
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Foto J. Ševčík
Dg
Calla palustris
Caltha palustris
Carex pseudocyperus
Cicuta virosa
Hottonia palustris
Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Menyanthes trifoliata
Peucedanum palustre
Potentilla palustris
Ranunculus lingua
Rumex hydrolapathum
Solanum dulcamara
Thelypteris palustris
9
Inland salt marshes
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Glaux maritima
Dg
Dg Dm
Aster tripolium pannonicus
Bolboschoenus koshewnikowii
B. maritimus
C. melanostachya
C. otrubae
Cirsium brachycephalum
Juncus gerardii
Melilotus macrorrhiza
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani
krumm
cotton
sedge
pool
Raised bog
Transitional mire
Degraded raised bogs
Zonation
Spruce forest
lagg
Peat bog
Krušné hory Mts.
Mts. – Myší
kout (900 m n.m.)
Bog areas and
conservation in
Europe
Bragg & Lindsay 2003
Rehabilitation management of
hydrological regime
Cliffs and boulder
screes
Apatyka, Huperzia selago
10
Limestone pavements
Geodiversity
Sandstone rock wall
Quarries are
neorefugia
Calcareous rock
Rock ledge,
ledge, cleft,
cleft, open
mobile screes
Photo J.Němec
Phyllitis scolopendrium
Open rock
Dg Dm
Czech Karst,
Karst, Prague
Dg Dm
Dm
Dg Dm
Dracocephalum austriacum
NonNon-calcareous rock
Sarmatic-pontic floroelement
Asplenium ruta-muraria
A. trichomanes
A. viride
Cystopteris fragilis
Dryopteris filix-mas
Gymnocarpium robertianum
Hedera helix
Phyllitis scolopendrium
Polypodium vulgare
Polystichum aculeatum
P. lonchitis
Asplenion serpentini
A. adulterinum
A. cuneifolium
Dianthus gratianopolitanus
Hypno-Polypodion vulgaris
Foto M.Chytrý
Woodsia ilvensis
ImpatientiImpatienti-Dryopteridetum filicisfilicis-maris
11
Open screes
Caves
Kamenec 320 m n.m.
Erysimo wittmanniiwittmannii-Hackelion
Huperzia selago
Papaver dubium, Cortusa matthiolli,
Moehringia muscosa, Hacquelia deflexa,
Kernera saxatilis, Cardaminopsis carpatica
Frost hollow
Arctostaphylos uvauva-ursi
Cortusa matthioli
Konvalinkový vrch, skály s rojovníkem
Pochvalovská stráň, Džbán
Skalní převisy na Kokořínsku
Gagea bohemica
Velká Pleš (Křivoklátsko)
Herniaria glabra
Diphasiastrum sp. div
S. perennis
12
Sesleria grasslands
Dry grasslands
Dg Dm
Dm
Dg
Dm
Dg Dm
Dm
Dg Dm
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dm
Androsace elongata
A. septentrionalis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Cerastium brachypetalum
C. glutinosum
C. semidecandrum
Draba nemorosa
Erophila verna
Gagea bohemica
Herniaria glabra
Holosteum umbellatum
Jovibarba globifera
Myosotis ramosissima
M. stricta –
Poa bulbosa
Sedum acre
S. album
S. sexangulare
Dictamnus albus
Diantho moravicimoravici-Seslerietum albicantis
NarrowNarrow-leaved dry
grasslands
Erysimo crepidifolii-Festucetum
valesiacae, Lovoš
Oxytropis pilosa,
pilosa, Stipa
joanis,
joanis, S. capillata
Crambe tataria
Dm
Dm
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dm
Dm Dg
Dm
Dm
Dm Dg
Sand steppe
grasslands
Dg
Dm Dg
Dm Dg
Dg
Dg
Dm Dg
Dm Dg
Dm Dg
Aira caryophyllea
A. praecox
Filago arvensis
Hypochoeris glabra
H. radicata
Myosotis discolor
Plantago arenaria
Sagina procumbens
Spergularia rubra
Vulpia bromoides
V. myuros
Foto P.Pokorný
Dg
Agrostis capillaris
A. vinealis
Alyssum montanum subsp. gmelinii
Armeria vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
Astragalus arenarius
C. praecox
Festuca brevipila
F. filiformis
F. ovina
F. psammophila
Gypsophila fastigiata
Helichrysum arenarium
Jurinea cyanoides
Koeleria glauca
Scirpoides holoschoenus
Verbascum phoeniceum
Pannonian
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg
Dg Dm
Carex stenophylla
C. supina
Cynodon dactylon
Erysimum diffusum
Festuca vaginata subsp. dominii
Linaria genistifolia
Minuartia viscosa
S. viscosa
Stipa borysthenica
Corynephorus canescens
Bzenec
Foto M.Chytý
Thymo angustifolii-Festucetum ovinae
Sand dunes
13
Traditional management
Meadows and pastures
Mesic meadows
Dg
Dm
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dm
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Achillea millefolium
Agrostis capillaris
Arrhenatherum elatius
Avenula pubescens
Bromus hordeaceus
Campanula patula –
Cerastium holosteoides
Crepis biennis
Dactylis glomerata
Daucus carota
Festuca pratensis
F. rubra s. lat.
Galium album
Geranium pratense
Heracleum sphondylium
Knautia arvensis
Leucanthemum vulgare s. lat.
Pastinaca sativa
Poa pratensis s. lat.
Phyteuma orbiculare subsp. orbiculare
Potentilla alba
Saxifraga granulata
Trifolium dubium
T. pratense
Trisetum flavescens
Continental meadows
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg
Dg
Dg
Allium angulosum
Cardamine matthioli
Cnidium dubium
Euphorbia lucida
Filipendula ulmaria subsp. picbaueri –
Gratiola officinalis
Juncus atratus
Foto K. Šumberová
Lathyrus palustris
Lotus glaber
Lythrum virgatum
Dg
Pseudolysimachion maritimum –
Pulegium vulgare
Scutellaria hastifolia
Teucrium scordium –
Thalictrum flavum
T. lucidum
Viola pumila
V. stagnina
Dg
DgDg
Clematis integrifolia
Dg
Dg
Wet meadows
Tephroseris crispa
Cirsium rivulare
14
Iris sibirica
Filipendula ulmaria subsp.
subsp. ulmaria
Chaerophyllum hirsutum
Pond littoral and
bottom stands
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dm
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Bidens cernua
Coleanthus subtilis
Dg Dm
Dm
Dm
Dm
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dg
Dm
Dg
Callitriche palustris, Limosella aquatica
Lindernia procumbens
Cyperus michelianus
Alopecurus aequalis
Callitriche palustris
Carex bohemica
Coleanthus subtilis
Cyperus fuscus –
C. michelianus
Elatine alsinastrum
E. hexandra
E. hydropiper
E. triandra
Eleocharis acicularis
E. ovata
Gnaphalium uliginosum
Juncus bufonius
Limosella aquatica
Lindernia procumbens
Peplis portula
Plantago uliginosa
Potentilla supina
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum
Rorippa palustris –
Spergularia echinosperma
S. rubra
Tillaea aquatica
Annual vegetation
on wet sand
Eleocharis ovata
Juncus bufonius
Molinia arundinacea
Salix rosmarinifolia
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dg
Dg
Dg Dm
Dm
Dg Dm
Dg Dm
Dg
Dg
Dg Dm
Dg
Centunculus minimus
Cyperus flavescens
Gnaphalium uliginosum
Gypsophila muralis
Hypericum humifusum
Illecebrum verticillatum
Isolepis setacea
Juncus bufonius
J. capitatus
J. tenageia
Plantago uliginosa
Radiola linoides
Sagina procumbens
Spergularia rubra
Stellaria uliginosa
15
Atlantic
see
Juncus capitatus
Centunculus minimus
Isolepis setacea
Illecebrum verticillatum
Natura 2000
Biogeographical
zonation
Bird Directive
Habitats Directive
EUR 15+10
905 sites cover 9,5 % of CR
References
Archibold O.W. (1995): Ecology of world vegetation. - Chapman & Hall, London.
Bohn U., Neuhäusl R., Hettwer C., Gollub G., Weber H. [eds.] (2000-2004): Karte der
nat\urlivhen Vegetation Europas. - Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn.
Breckle S.-W. (2003): Walter’s vegetation of the Earth. The ecological systems of the
geo-biosphere. 4th ed. Springer Verlag, New York, etc.
Ellenberg, H. (1996). Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer,
dynamischer und historischer Sicht. 5. Aufl. – Stuttgart (Ulmer) 1096 p. Stuttgart.
Geiger R. (1965): The climate near the ground. - Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
Neuhäuslová Z. et al. (1998): Map of potential natural vegetion of the Czech Republic.
Academia Praha.
http://www.uek.cas.cz/people/kucera
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