PiKu 1

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PiKu 1

Training Options and Rootstock Choice
for Modern Sweet Cherry Orchards
Martin Balmer, DLR Rheinpfalz
© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau
Folie 1
6 Reasons for Low Training
Forms and Dwarfing Rootstocks:
Steeply rising wages
Mechanization of
pruning and
thinning
Big companies, few
specialist staff
Need for protection
(frost, hail, rain,
flies)
Poor availability of
seasonal workers
Better application
of pesticides and
leaf fertilizers
Folie 2
Trial 15402:
Training Trial for ‚Samba‘ and
‚Sweetheart‘
Location: Experimental Orchard Oppenheim, loam, vine-growing area
Planting: January 2009
Nr. Variant
Rootstock Distance
Treenumber
1
Spindle, planting material knip tree
PiKu 1
5,0 x 3,0 m
2x6
2
UFO (Upright Fruiting Offshoots)
PiKu 1
5,0 x 3,0 m
2x6
3
Spanish Bush, planting material
whip
PiKu 1
5,0 x 3,5 m
2x6
4
Flat Canopy, planting material
branched 2 years old scion
PiKu 1
5,0 x 4,0 m
2x6
Folie 3
The German Spindle
(in US: Central Leader)
‚Sweetheart‘/PiKu1,
3rd leaf
‚Samba‘/PiKu1,
4th leaf
Folie 4
Training Trial Oppenheim
Planting: January 2009, Rootstock PiKu1, 5.0 by 3.0 m
• „Einfluss verschiedener Erziehungssysteme
auf Ertrag, Qualität, Arbeitsaufwand und Baumgesundheit.“
• Sorten: ‚Samba‘, ‚Sweetheart‘
• Unterlage: PiKu 1
• Abstand: 5 m x 3,5 m
• Design: 6 x 1 Bäume
• Erziehungsformen:
- Spindel
- UFO
- Spanish Bush (modifiziert)
- Flachkrone
Folie 5
The UFO-System
(Upright Fruiting Offshoots)
4th leaf
Folie 6
The “Spanish Bush”
4th leaf
Folie 7
Spanish Bush:
Growth Response to Mechanical Pruning
‚Samba‘/PiKu1,
nach Jahr 6
Folie 8
The Flat Canopy
3rd leaf
8th leaf
Folie 9
Results until 2015
(P. Hilsendegen, M. Balmer, M. Wicke)
Folie 10
Yield per Tree 2012-2015 [kg/tree]
Yield Efficiency 2014 [kg/cm²]
[kg/tree]
60
50
40
Samba
Sweetheart
[kg/cm²]
0,6
kg/B 15
kg/B 14
0,5
kg/B 13
kg/B 12
0,4
kg/cm² 14
30
0,3
20
0,2
10
0,1
0
0
Folie 11
Oppenheim:
Yield per Tree [kg/tree] and
Picking Rate [kg/hour] 2015 (Wicke and Paridon)
kg/tree
kg/tree
25
kg/hour
kg/hour
45
41
40
20
33
35
35
29
30
15
Samba
19
Sweetheart
25
18
10
12
20
15
11
10
5
5
0
13,4
9,8
15,9
20,7
21,8
5,5
6,84
16,7
0
Folie 12
Potential of the Super Slender Axis
(SSA) on the Oppenheim Exp.
Station (Peter Hilsendegen)
Cultivation System: SSA, Stefano Musacchi and Salvi Nurseries
Goal: Intensification with high planting density with regular yields
and big fruit size – justifying the high investment
Planting Material: 1 year old whips
Planting Date: January 2013
Spacing:
3.00 m x 0.54 m (5,556 trees/ha)
Varieties: Axel, Ferrovia, Kordia, Regina (45 trees each)
Rootstock: Gisela 5
Cooperative project:
Salvi/Ferrara, LVG Erfurt, DLR Rheinpfalz
© DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer
Folie 13
Oppenheim
Vers. Nr.: 14419
Pj.: 1/2013
n = 45
3,00 x 0,50m
5.556 B/ha
SSA (Super Slender Axis)
Folie 14
Oppenheim
Vers. Nr.: 14419
Pj.: 1/2013
n = 45
3,00 x 0,50m
6000 B/ha
SSA, Yield
kg per tree kg and tons/ha
[kg/tree]
[t/ha]
Yield 2014-2015
kg/tree 15
kg/tree 14
t/ha 14
t/ha 15
8
30
6
20
4
2
10
0
0
Axel
Ferrovia
Kordia
Regina
Folie 15
Trial 36314:
Training Trial for ‚Samba‘ and ‚Korvik‘
Location: Experimental Orchard of the local growers‘ association of
the middle-Rhine valley, replanting situation
Planting: February 2012
Nr. Variant
Rootstock Distance
Treenumber
1
Spindle, planting material knip tree
Gisela 5
4,25 x 2,0 m
2x7
2
KGB (Kym-Green-Bush), stem hight
60 cm
Gisela 13
4,25 x 2,5 m
2x6
3
UFO (Upright Fruiting Offshoots)
Gisela 13
4,25 x 3,0 m
2x5
4
Fruiting wall, knip trees, slight hand Gisela 5
pruning in year 1+2, from Jahr 3 only
mechanical pruning in August
4,25 x 1,0 m
2 x 12
Folie 16
‚Korvik‘
‚Samba‘
Variant 2:
Kym-Green-Bush
Folie 17
Variant 4:
Fruiting Wall
(‚Korvik‘, 5th leaf)
Folie 18
2015: Yield Efficiency [g/cm²]
(Yield per tree related to TCSA)
200
g/cm²
180
160
140
120
100
80
Samba
60
Korvik
40
20
0
160
92
67
144
163
106
41
129
Folie 19
Yield, 2014+2015 [t/ha],
Picking Rate 2015 [kg/hour]
t/ha '14
t/ha
t/ha '15
kg/Std
kg/hour
20
30
18
25
25
16
20
14
12
10
8
21
20
17
Samba
6
4
Korvik
15
10
5
2
0
0
Folie 20
2015: Size Performance [% >28mm],
Reject Rate [%]
%
100
% >28 mm
100
99
% Reject Rate
98
93
90
88
84
77
80
70
57
60
Samba
50
Korvik
40
30
22,7
22,7
23,3
16,3
20
10
23,3
10
10,1
10,9
0
Folie 21
„In Germany: Is the Spindle still the
best Training Form?“
• Yes, when tree hight is limited consistently and the basic scaffold
can be maintained vigorously.
• For the lower tree forms the flat canopy seems to be interesting,
especially with regard to the picking rate.
• The natural habit of the variety is influencing the result.
• Super slender axis (SSA): positive until now, but: how do trees,
tonnage and quality develop?
• Systems with mechanical pruning: without manual correction cuts
heterogeneous quality (subsequent grading necessary/useful).
• For all training forms more experience is necessary taking into
account economical calculations.
Folie 22
Another Path: Rootstock Choice
Requirements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dwarfing or semi-dwarfing
Good anchorage, no pole necessary
Good precocity, inducing high yields and good fruit size
Positive influence on branching, flat angles
„Eternal“ compatibility
Tolerant to virus and mycoplasm diseases
Easy to propagate
Frost hardy
Not attractive for mice
No (or only few) root suckers
Suitable for replanted land
....
Folie 23
Rootstock Trial Mülheim-Kärlich
„Behaviour of dwarfing and semi-dwarfing cherry rootstocks
under the pedoclimatic conditions of the Middle-Rhinevalley.“
Rootstocks:
Gisela 3
Gisela 5
Tabel
Weiroot 72
PiKu 1
PiKu 4
Krymsk 5
PHL-A
PHL-C
Victor
Varieties:
‚Giorgia‘ und ‚Regina‘
Planting:
December 2002, spacing 4.50 x 2.50 m
Site:
loamy sand with 30% pumice stone, 600 mm yearly
precipitation, new land
Design:
2 cultivars x 10 rootstocks x 3 replications with 3 trees
Folie 24
Gisela 3 /Giorgia, 8 years
Gisela 5 /Regina, 8 years
Folie 25
PiKu1 /Regina, 8 years
PiKu 4, 8 years, root suckers
Folie 26
Victor /Regina, 8 years
Krymsk 5 /Giorgia, 8 years
Folie 27
Vigour after 8 Years, Average
TCSA [cm²], 2003- 2010
160
TCSA, cm²
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PI-KU 4 Gisela 5
2003
PHL-A
2004
PI-KU 1 Krymsk 5 PHL-C
2005
2006
2007
Victor
2008
Gisela 3 Tabel Weiroot
(209/1) Edabriz
72
2009
2010
Folie 28
‘Giorgia’, Cumulative Yield per Tree
2005 – 2011, Mülheim-Kärlich
kg 2005
kg 2006
kg 2007
kg 2008
kg 2009
kg 2010
kg 2011
80
70
kg per tree
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
GiSelA 3 GiSelA 5 PHL-A
PHL-C
PI-KU 1 PI-KU 4
Tabel
Edabriz
Victor
Krymsk Weiroot
5
72
Folie 29
‘Regina’, Cumulative Yield per Tree
2005 – 2011, Mülheim-Kärlich
kg 2005
kg 2006
kg 2007
kg 2008
kg 2009
kg 2010
kg 2011
80
70
kg per tree
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PHL-C
PI-KU 1 PI-KU 4
Tabel
Edabriz
Victor
Krymsk Weiroot
5
72
Folie 30
‚Regina‘ and ‚Giorgia‘, 2010
Yield Efficiency
350
300
g/cm²
250
200
150
100
50
0
PHL-C
PI-KU 1 PI-KU 4
Tabel
Edabriz
Victor
Krymsk Weiroot
5
72
Folie 31
Fruit Weight [g] ‚Giorgia‘ over 6 Years
Rootstock trial Mülheim-Kärlich
Rootstock
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Gisela 3
9.7
10.6
8.9
11.3
10.4
9.2
Gisela 5
9.5
10.2
8.8
11.7
10.4
9.4
PHL-A
8.9
10.5
9.5
11.0
10.2
10.2
PHL-C
8.8
10.6
9.4
10.9
10.6
9.9
PiKu 1
9.3
10.1
9.3
11.5
10.7
10.0
PiKu 4
9.4
10.8
8.6
10.9
10.2
9.1
Tabel
8.9
10.6
8.5
10.9
9.5
8.8
Victor
9.1
10.6
9.2
11.1
10.0
10.2
Krymsk 5
8.4
10.1
9.2
10.9
10.3
9.1
Weiroot 72
8.8
10.4
8.8
11.4
10.2
9.0
Folie 32
Tendancy to root suckers
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
Weiroot 72
Krymsk 5
1 = none
Victor
3 = few
Tabel Edabriz
PI-KU 4
5 = medium
PI-KU 1
7 = high
9 = very high
PHL-C
PHL-A
GiSelA 5
GiSelA 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Folie 33
New Rootstock Trial since 2013
Locatins: Oppenheim, Koblenz, Erfurt
Rootstock
Station
Planting
Origin
Weigi 1
Weihenstephan
2013
Weiroot-Selections x Gießen Sel. 482
Weigi 2
Weihenstephan
2013
Weigi 3
Weihenstephan
2013
Weigi 4
Weihenstephan
2013
Weiroot 720
Weihenstephan
2013
Selection from W 72 (P. cerasus)
Piku 1
Dresden-Pillnitz
2013
P. avium x (P. canescens x P. tomentosa)
Gisela 3
Gießen
2013
P. cerasus ‚Schattenmorelle‘ x P. canescens
Gisela 5
Gießen
2013
Gisela 5 high
grafted
Gießen
2013
Gisela 12
Gießen
2013
P. canescens x P. cerasus ‚Leitzkauer’
Gisela 13
Gießen
2013
G 196/4
Gießen
2013
P. canescens x P. avium ‘Hedelfinger’
Folie 34
Ranking Tree Growth Autumn 2015
Average of ‚Bellise‘ and ‚Regina‘
40
35
34
30
36
32
27
25
TCSA cm²
35
25
25
28
26
23
20
15
15
10
5
0
Folie 35
Generative Data ‚Bellise‘
Cumulated Yield [kg per tree] 2015+2016
10
9
8
kg per tree
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
kg/tree 2015
kg/tree 2016
Folie 36
‚Bellise‘
Yield Efficiency and Small Fruits (<28 mm), 2016
250
30
25
200
g/cm²
150
15
100
% <28 mm
20
10
50
5
0
0
g/cm²
% <28 mm
Folie 37
‚Regina‘
Yield per Tree and Yield Efficiency 2015
4,00
350
3,50
300
250
2,50
200
2,00
150
g/cm²
kg per tree
3,00
1,50
1,11
1,14
100
1,00
0,71
0,53
0,50
0,39
0,34
0,60
0,51
0,44
50
0,20
0,13
0,00
0
kg/Tree
0,50
g/cm²
Folie 38
Vigour of Available Rootstocks, %
(Estimation)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
P. avium
P. mahaleb
Maxma 60
Colt
Gisela 13
Gisela 12
(PiKu 1)
Gisela 3
Gisela 6 Gisela 5
W 720
PiKu 1
Weigi 2
Weigi 1
Folie 39
Thank you for your
attention!
Martin Balmer
[email protected]
www.dlr-rheinpfalz.rlp.de
www.obstbau.rlp.de
www.obstbau.net
... and special thanks
to my colleagues
Peter Hilsendegen
Rolf Wemhöner
Folie 40

PiKu 1

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