Mechanizace zemědělství - Katedra zemědělských strojů

Transkript

9iåHQtNROHJRYp]XQLYHU]LWQtFKDYê]NXPQêFKSUDFRYLãĢYiåHQt
VSRQ]RĜLDGDOãt~þDVWQtFLNRQIHUHQFH
MH MLå SUDYLGOHP ĜDGX OHW åH VH SUDFRYLãWČ XQLYHU]LW D
Yê]NXPQêFK ~VWDYĤ RULHQWRYDQp QD ]HPČGČOVNp VWURMH Y URVWOLQQp
SURGXNFL D WHFKQLNX Y EOt]NêFK RGYČWYtFK NDåGRURþQČ VHWNiYDMt QD
YHONêFK PH]LQiURGQtFK NRQIHUHQFtFK 7\WR NRQIHUHQFH MVRX W]Y
ÄSXWRYQt³ D Y WRPWR URFH MLJDUDQWXMH D RUJDQL]DþQČ ]DMLãĢXMHNDWHGUD
]HPČGČOVNêFK VWURMĤ 7) ý=8 Y 3UD]H 3RGSRURX SĜL RUJDQL]DþQtP
]DMLãWČQtVHQDDNFLWDNpSRGtOtNDWHGUDY\XåLWtVWURMĤ7)ý=8Y 3UD]H
D&KPHODĜVNêLQVWLWXWVURY äDWFL
0H]LRGERUQtN\QDãHKR]DPČĜHQtQHQtMLVWČQXWQp]GĤUD]ĖRYDW
Yê]QDPDQH]DVWXSLWHOQRVWWHFKQLN\YHYêUREQtPSURFHVXDRFKUDQČL
~GUåEČ NUDMLQ\ -H SRWČãLWHOQp åH VL WR XYČGRPXMH ĜDGD ~VSČãQêFK
]HPČGČOVNêFK D ]SUDFRYDWHOVNêFK SRGQLNĤ NWHUp Y ]iMPX ]Y\ãRYiQt
UHQWDELOLW\ YêURE\ D SURGXNWLYLW\ SUiFH SUĤEČåQČ LQRYXMt YêUREQt
WHFKQRORJLH D REQRYXMt VWURMRYê SDUN SRGOH VYČWRYêFK WUHQGĤ 1iã
VSROHþQêSRWHQFLiONWHUêMHKODYQČRULHQWRYiQQDDSOLNRYDQêYê]NXP
MLVWČSĜLVStYiN LQRYDFtPY WpWRREODVWL
9ČWãLQDYČGHFNêFKþOiQNĤREVDåHQêFKYHVERUQtNXREVDKRYČ
Y\FKi]t] ĜHãHQtJUDQWRYêFKSURMHNWĤUĤ]QêFKDJHQWXUDPiSĜtPêYOLY
QD QiVOHGQRX Y\XåLWHOQRVW SR]QDWNĤ Y SUD[L 9ČGHFNp þOiQN\ E\O\
RSRQRYiQ\ D MHMLFK NYDOLWD MH XPRFQČQD WtP åH MH VERUQtN Y\GiYiQ
MDNR ]YOiãWQt Y\GiQt þDVRSLVX 0HFKDQL]DFH ]HPČGČOVWYt NWHUê MH
YHGHQ Y VH]QDPX 5DG\ YOiG\ ý5 SUR YČGX YêYRM D LQRYDFH =D
UHDOL]DFL WRKRWR Y\GiQt MH WĜHED SRGČNRYDW Y\GDYDWHOVWYt 3URIL 3UHVV
VUR
3URSRMHQRVW QDãLFK SUDFRYLãĢ V SUD[t VL XYČGRPXMH ĜDGD
YêUREFĤ D SURGHMFĤ WHFKQLN\ NWHĜt NRQIHUHQFL VSRQ]RUXMt D EH] QLFK
E\~URYHĖQDãHKRVHWNiQtE\ODXUþLWČQLåãt
3RĜiGiQtP NRQIHUHQFH Y äDWFL FKFHPH XSR]RUQLW QD þDVWR
RSRPtMHQpWUDGLþQtVSHFLiOQtSORGLQ\NWHUpPDMtQH]DVWXSLWHOQpPtVWR
MDN Y WX]HPVNp VSRWĜHEČ WDN Y ]DKUDQLþQtP REFKRGČ .DWHGUD
]HPČGČOVNêFK VWURMĤ 7) ý=8 Y 3UD]H Pi V FKPHODĜVNêPL SUDFRYLãWL
GORXKROHWp YČGHFNR-Yê]NXPQp NRQWDNW\ NWHUp MVRX RERXVWUDQQČ
SURVSČãQpDMVRXPMLWRXWRDNFt]KRGQRFHQ\1iYãWČYDNUiORYVNpKR
PČVWDäDWFHQiPUR]ãtĜtRE]RULPLPRUiPHFQDãtRGERUQRVWL
'R EXGRXFQD MH WĜHED DNWLYQČ SRGSRURYDW D V\VWHPDWLFN\
ÄSČVWRYDW³ Yê]NXPQRX YêYRMRYRX D SRUDGHQVNRX þLQQRVW Y REODVWL
]HPČGČOVNpDSĜtEX]QpWHFKQLN\QDQDãLFKSUDFRYLãWtFK.RQWLQXLWXYH
YČGHFNR-Yê]NXPQp SUiFL PXVt ]DMLVWLW NYDOLWQt YêEČU VFKRSQêFK
GRNWRUDQGĤ NWHĜt EXGRX GiOH UR]YtMHW GDQê YČGQt RERU 1DãH
SUDFRYLãWČ PXVt EêW ÄYLGČW³ PH]L RGERUQRX YHĜHMQRVWt NYDOLWQČ
SXEOLNRYDWDUĤ]QêPLIRUPDPLSUH]HQWRYDWYêVOHGN\VYpSUiFHY SUD[L
-HGQRX] FHVWMHLDNWLYQt~þDVWQDYHOHWU]tFKGQHFKQRYpWHFKQLN\D
QDSROQtFKSUH]HQWDFtFK
6DPR]ĜHMPČ UXNX Y UXFH PXVt MtW YêUREQt ]iNODGQD
]HPČGČOVNp WHFKQLN\ QHVPtPH VH VWiW SRX]H ]HPČPL GHDOHUĤ FRå
E\MLVWČRYOLYQLORVP\VOQDãtSUiFH
ÒVSČãQp MHGQiQt NRQIHUHQFH KRGQČ Y]iMHPQêFK
LQVSLUDWLYQtFK QiSDGĤ GR EXGRXFQD D KH]Nê SRE\W Y äDWFL 9iP ]D
FHOê SRĜDGDWHOVNê NROHNWLY NDWHGU\ ]HPČGČOVNêFK VWURMĤ 7) ý=8
Y 3UD]HSĜHMH
GRF,QJ$GROI5\END&6F
YHGRXFtNDWHGU\
.=67)ý=8Y 3UD]H
PUDKDäDWHF– NYČWHQ
MHFKDQL]DFH]HPČGČOVWYt - Zvláštní vydání
9ČGHFNêYêERUFRQIHUHQFH6FLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHH
SURI,QJ9ODGLPtU-XUþD&6F
GRF,QJ$GROI5\END&6F
GRF,QJ3HWU+HĜPiQHN3K'
SURI'U,QJ)UDQWLãHN.XPKiOD
SURI,QJ0LURVODY.DYND'U6F
SURI,QJ/DGLVODY1R]GURYLFNê3K'
SURI,QJ-DQ0DUHþHN'U6F
GRF,QJ3DYHO=HPiQHN3K'
,QJ=GHQČN3DVWRUHN&6FSURIKF
GRF,QJ$QWRQtQ-HOtQHN&6F
,QJ-LĜt.RĜHQ3K'
,QJ0DUWLQ6HGOiþHN
'ČNDQ7)ý=8Y3UD]H
7)ý=8Y3UD]H
7)ý=8Y3UD]HSURUHNWRUý=8
7)ý=8Y3UD]H
7)ý=8Y3UD]H
7)638Y1LWĜH
$)08Y%UQČ
=)08Y%UQČ
9Ò=7 v.v.i. 3UDKD
$)-8YýHVNêFK%XGČMRYLFtFK
&+,VURäDWHF
3URIL3UHVVVUR3UDKD
9ČGHþWtJDUDQWLNRQIHUHQFH 6FLHQWLILFJXDUDQWHHV
SURI'U,QJ)UDQWLãHN.XPKiOD
SURI,QJ-RVHI+ĤOD&6F
GRF,QJ$GROI5\END&6F
SURI,QJ0LURVODY.DYND'U6F
SURI,QJ/DGLVODY1R]GURYLFNê3K'
,QJ,YR+RQ]tN
9ãHFKQ\ SĜtVSČYN\ XYHGHQp v WRPWR VERUQtNX E\O\ ] KOHGLVND MHMLFK YČGHFNp ~URYQČ
RSRQRYiQ\ YČGHFNêPL JDUDQW\ NRQIHUHQFH =D YČFQRX D MD]\NRYRX VSUiYQRVW SĜtVSČYNĤ
RGSRYtGDMtDXWRĜL
Obsah
9<8ä,7,(6$7(/,71(-1$9,*È&,(6 $8723,/272035,635$&29$1Ë
3Ð'<
0,526/$90$&È.0,526/$9ä,7ĕÈ.
1
52=%25(/,0,1$&(3ěË0ċ6Ë3ě,6./,=1,$=35$&29È1Ë&+0(/(
$'2/)5<%.$3(75+(ě0È1(.,92+21=Ë.%2+86/$9-2â7
9
&203$&7,212)0,//('%,20$66
$/(.6$1'(5/,62:6.,$'$0ĝ:,ĉ72&+2:6.,(/:,5$&+2,ē6.$
16
(1(5*(7,&.È352'8.&(3/$17ÈäË5<&+/(526728&Ë&+7232/ģ1$
3/$17Èä,9 /2.$/,7ċ&+/806.È+25$
,92&(/-$.9È&/$99È95$0,/$1)5Ë'-26())52/Ë.
27
6.Ò0$1,(Òý,1.291È5$',$35(635$&29$1,( 3Ð'<1$
892ďĕ29$1,((0,6,Ë&O2 = 3Ð'<'2$7026)e5<
MIROSLAV MACÁK, LADISLAV 12='529,&.é 0$5,È1 %8&
31
+2'127(1,(.9$/,7<35È&(=$9/$ä29$ý$%$8(5/,1($5//
-È1-2%%È*<, -È16,021Ë.
39
=+2'127(1,(.9$/,7<6(-%<35,328ä,7Ë5Ð=1<&+ 9é6(91é&+
Ò6752-(167,(9
-Á1785$13$92/),1'85$3$9(/=(0È1(./$=$56$9,1
46
5(/$7,216+,3%(7:((17,//$*($1'62,/02,6785(,19,1(<$5'
,17(552:6:+(186,1*$9$,/$%/()$500(&+$1,=$7,21
%$5%25$%$'$/Ë.29È-$1ý(59,1.$
51
=$7Ëä(1Ë2.2/1Ë+235267ě('Ë+/8.(03ě,6./,=1,759$/é&+
75$91Ë&+325267ģ
0$5,(âË67.29È9È&/AV VÁVRA
56
9/,91$67$9(1Ë35$&291Ë&+&<./ģ$8720$7,&.é&+6<67e0ģ352
2'./Ë=(1Ë&+/e96.e059<1$(0,6($021,$.8
0,526/$9ý(â3,9$3(75$=$%/28',/29È
63
9é52%$.203267ģ6 5ģ=1282%-(02928+0271267Ë
$0,7$9$52<67$1,6/$9/$85,.
68
$1$/é=$+/$91Ë&+96783ģ1$3ċ6729È1Ë&+0(/(69<8ä,7Ë0
1250$7,91Ë0(72'<
0,526/$9.$9.$9È&/$9&,1,%85.MIROSLAV MIMRA
78
35$â12679 2%-(.7(&+9é.508.8ě(&Ë&+%52-/(5ģ
-$1'2/(-â-26()ä,'2/'ě,&+728)$5-26().1Ëä(.
84
29ċě29È1Ë35267ě('.ģ 3520ċě(1Ë7(3/27<.2032678
67$1,6/$9/$85,.$0,7$9$52<
88
0HFKDQL]DFH]HPČGČOVWYt - =YOiãWQtY\GiQt
327(1&,È/9<8ä,7Ë6(*0(1729e+2.$3$&,71Ë+2ý,'/$3520ċě(1Ë
35ģ&+2'1267,5267/,11e+20$7(5,È/8
-$.8%/(99È&/$9352â(.)5$17,â(..80+È/$0$5,(
:2+/087+29È
92
9<8ä,7Ë'235$91Ë+26<67e086 9é0ċ11é0,1È67$9%$0,
V =(0ċ'ċ/6.e032'1,.8
0,/$1)5Ë'9È&/$9 9È95$,92&(/-$.-26())52/Ë.
98
9<+2'12&(1Ë8.$=$7(/ģ67$983ģ'<9=È9,6/267,1$=+871ċ1Ë
3ģ'<3ě(-(='< =(0ċ'ċ/6.287(&+1,.2U
/8.Èâ67$1ċ. 3(75129È.3$9(/352&+È=.$ .$7(ě,1$
-,5È1.29È
102
9é12629e0$3<1(%2'3=
9È&/$9ä'Ë0$/-,ěË3263Ëâ,/9È&/$9â$)Èě
108
325291È1Ë7(&+12/2*,Ë=$./È'È1Ë325267ģ&8.529eě(3<
3(75â$ě(&21'ě(-â$ě(&
112
5(6($5&+2)&255(/$7,21%(7:((1(/(&75,& 62,/&21'8&7,9,7<
$1'<,(/'
21'ě(-â$ě(&3(75â$ě(&/$',6/$95<â$1
117
9é126$6./,=ĕ29e=75È7<2'5ģ'&8.529eě(3< V $*526/$7,1<
V 52&(
3(75â$ě(&21'ě(-â$ě(&
125
67/$ý,7(/12673ģ'<329<62.é&+'È9.È&+.2032678'23ģ'<
-26()+ģ/$3$9(/+ģ/$-,ěË0$â(.3$9(/.29$ěËý(.
131
9/,9=3ģ62%8=35$&29È1Ë3ģ'<1$-(-Ë=+871ċ1Ë
-$1ý(59,1.$ BARBORA %$'$/Ë.29È-,ěË3263Ëâ,/
136
+2'12&(1Ë.9$/,7<=35$&29È1Ë3ģ'<9 =È9,6/267,1$
529120ċ51267,52=0Ë67ċ1Ë5267/,11é&+=%<7.ģ326./,=1,
3ě('3/2',1<
-,ěË0$â(.0,/$1.528/Ë.='(1ċ..9Ë=-26()+ģ/$3$9(/
352&+È=.$
141
3$5$0(75<9é52%<79$529$1é&+%,23$/,9= 75$91Ë&+325267ģ
'$9,'%/$ä(--,ěË628ý(.0$57,1352&+È=.$
148
,1',.È725<92'1Ë(52=(3ģ'<3ě,3ċ6729È1Ë.8.8ě,&(
-26()+ģ/$3(75129ÁK, PAVEL .29$ěËý(./8.Èâ67$1ċ.
152
+2'127(1,(â758.7Ò5< ý$681$6$'(1,$75$.725$3202&28
021,72529$&,(+26<67e08 1$%È=(*36
0,&+$/9$â(.-È1-2%%È*<9/$',0Ë55$7$-
159
=+2'12&(1Ë$1$/é=<3(91267,&+0(/292',ýģ$-(-,&+Ò&+<7ģ9
7$+83ě,6./,=1,&+0(/(
/8%20Ë59(17$'2/)5<%.$3(75+(ě0È1(.,92+21=Ë.
167
692=%,2/2*,&.<52=/2ä,7(/1é&+2'3$'ģ
9/$67,0,/$/70$110,526/$90,05$
173
9<8ä,7,(.8.85,ý1é&+ 67(%,(/1$(1(5*(7,&.eÒý(/<$ 1,(.725e
32=1$7.<35,,&+63$ď29$1Ë
.2/20$1.5,â72)0$57,1%/$â.20$5(.$1*(/29,ý=8=$1$
&+8'È
178
325291$1,(.9$/,7<35È&(.<35,ý2935,2%5È%$1Ë3Ð'<
3$92/),1'85$-$1785$13$9(/=(0È1(.21'5(-.858&
0$5&(/35Ë67$9.$
186
=+2'12&(1Ë.9$/,7<6(3$5$&(3ěË0(6Ë= &+0(/(3ċ6729$1e+2
1$ 9<62.é&+$1Ë=.é&+.216758.&Ë&+
-$132'6('1Ë.$'2/)5<%.$3(75+(ě0È1(.,92+21=Ë.
193
('8520$;,+'– +$5':$5($1'62)7:$5()25),(/'52%27
&216758&7,21
0,/$1.528/Ë.0$57,1'/28+é-$1528%Ëý(.720Èâ528%Ëý(.
201
7+(86(2)$*5,&8/785$/:$67()25%,2*$6352'8&7,21217+(
(;$03/(2)02'(/,1',9,'8$/)$506
3$75<&-$6$à$*$13$:(à:,(/,&=.2720$6=.'2%(.
206
(&2120,& $1' (1(5*(7,& ()),&,(1&< 2) 352'8&7,21 2) 62<$
%($1,132/,6+&21',7,216
720$6=.'2%(.3$75<&-$6$à$*$13(7(5 â$ě(&
216
:3à<: 7(&+12/2*,, 835$:< 52/, 1$ 32'$712ĝû 32'251(-
:$567:<*/(%< */,1,$67(-1$=$*ĉ6=&=(1,(
-$1-85*$
223
:<.25=<67$1,((1(5*,,=(ħ5Ï'(à2'1$:,$/1<&+:32/6&(
,::<%5$1<&+.5$-$&+8(:/$7$&+-
0$5(.5<1.,(:,&=
230
0ċě(1Ë(/(.75,&.e92',9267,/('.8$0211e+2
-26().583,ý.$/8.$â67$1ċ.%/$+26/$9+$1286(.
236
+2'12&(1Ë 35$&291Ë+2 =$7Ëä(1Ë ě,',ýģ 6752-1Ë&+ 62835$9 3ě,
9<8äË9È1Ë1$9,*$ý1Ë&+6<67e0ģ3ě,35È&,1$32/,
='(1ċ..9Ë=0,/$1.528/Ë.-,ěË0$â(.
241
0ċě(1Ë(1(5*(7,&.e1È52ý1267,'(=,17(*5$&('ě(9,186752-ģ
1,äâË 9é.2129e 6.83,1< 32+È1ċ1é0, 9é92'29é0 +ěË'(/(0
75$.7258
67$1,6/$93(75È6(.3(75129È.
247
(9$/8$7,212)3266,%,/,7<352&(66,1*2)%,2/2*,&$/:$67(%<
%2.$6+,0(7+2'
0,/$10,&+È/(.
252
+2'12&(1Ë 529120ċ51267, =$35$9(1Ë .2032678 9 3ģ'1Ë0
+25,=2178
3$75,.%85*3$9(/=(0È1(.
257
9/,91261267,52=0(7$'(/'È9.<$9é0ċ5<32=(0.81$
1È./$'29267$3/,.$&(.203267ģ
3$9(/=(0È1(.
262
9<8ä,7Ë 0(72'< )(00.3 3ě, 1È95+8 0(&+$1,&.e+2 2ě(=È9$ý(
&+0(/(3521Ë=.28.216758.&,
'$9,'+2))0$11$'2/)5<%.$3(75+(ě0È1(.,92+21=Ë.
267
9/+.È%,20$6$$.2='52-7(3(/1(-(1(5*,(
)5$17,â(.$'$0296.é, -$13,6=&=$/.$
275
&$3$&,7,9(7+528*+3876(1625,17+(5($/-),(/'&21',7,216
'(1,63521,76<1-$526/$9352&+Á=.$)5$17,â(..80+ÁLA
282
+2'12&(1Ë.9$/,7<35È&(6(&Ë+26752-(3525ģ=1e=3ģ62%<
=35$&29È1Ë3ģ'<$=$/2ä(1Ë3252678
3$9(/352&+È=.$-26()+ģ/$3$9(/.29$ěËý(.-,ěË0$â(.
/8.Èâ67$1ċ.
286
9<8ä,7,(6$7(/,71(-1$9,*È&,(6$8723,/272035,635$&29$1Ë3Ð'<
MIROSLAV MACÁK10,526/$9ä,7ĕÈ.2
1
6ORYHQVNiSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY 1LWUH7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUDVWURMRY
D YêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY
2
6ORYHQVNiSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY 1LWUH7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUDVWDYLHE
$EVWUDNW
-HGQêP ]R VS{VRERY ]Y\ãRYDQLD HIHNWtYQRVWL D EH]SHþQRVWL SUiFH MH ]DYiG]DQLH
QDYLJDþQêFK V\VWpPRY Y SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHM SUD[L 6DWHOLWQi QDYLJiFLD DNR SURVWULHGRN
]QLåRYDQLD MHGQRWNRYêFK QiNODGRY D ]Y\ãRYDQLD EH]SHþQRVWL P{åH SUL VSUiYQRP
Y\XåtYDQt YêUD]QH RYSO\YQLĢ HNRQRPLNX SRGQLNX &LHĐRP PHUDQLD EROR SRV~GHQLH
SUHVQRVWLSUiFHVDWHOLWQpKRQDYLJDþQpKRV\VWpPX$XWR7UDFNNWRUêSUDFRYDOV NRUHNþQêP
VLJQiORP6)3ULWRPWRW\SHVLJQiOXXYiG]DMHKRSRVN\WRYDWHĐSUHVQRVĢFP7DNWLHå
EROR XVNXWRþQHQp SRURYQDQLH SUHVQRVWL SUiFH VWURMRYHM V~SUDY\ VR VDWHOLWQRX QDYLJiFLRX
D EH]QHM
.Đ~þRYpVORYiQDYLJDþQêV\VWpPVDWHOLWQiQDYLJiFLDSUHVQRVĢ
Ò92'
3UL V~þDVQRP WUHQGH UDFLRQDOL]iFLH SUiFH D ]Y\ãRYDQLD UHQWDELOLW\ YêUREQpKR
SURFHVX QDFKiG]DM~ þRUD] þDVWHMãLH XSODWQHQLH LQIRUPDþQp WHFKQROyJLH D RSHUiFLH
Y\NRQiYDQpQDLFK]iNODGH$NRXYiG]D-REEDJ\Y\XåLWLHVDWHOLWQêFKQDYLJDþQêFK
V\VWpPRY VL QDãOR ãLURNp XSODWQHQLH Y PQRKêFK RGYHWYLDFK KRVSRGiUVWYD WDNPHU NDåGHM
NUDMLQ\(IHNWtYQHY\XåtYDQLHSUDFRYQpKR ]iEHUXVWURMRYQDSULQFtSHVDWHOLWQHMQDYLJiFLHMH
MHGQêP ]R V~þDVQêFK SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVN\FK WUHQGRY NWRUê XPRåĖXMH ]Y\ãRYDQLH
HIHNWtYQRVWL SUiFH QLHOHQ SUL EHåQêFK VS{VRERFK Y\NRQiYDQLD SRĐQêFK SUDFRYQêFK
RSHUiFLiFK DOH DM SUL ULDGHQRP SRK\EH VWURMRY SR SROL Y UiPFL V\VWpPX &7)
*DODPERãRYi5DWDMD9DãHN0DFiND 1R]GURYLFNêXYiG]DM~åHVSUiYQ\P
Y\XåLWtP VDWHOLWQêFK QDYLJDþQêFK V\VWpPRY V DXWRPDWLFNêP ULDGHQtP GRFKiG]D N
]QLåRYDQLX SUHNU\WLD D HOLPLQiFLt Y\QHFKiYRN þL Xå SUL DSOLNiFLL SULHP\VHOQêFK KQRMtY
FKHPLFNêFK SURVWULHGNRY RVLYD UHVS SUL VSUDFRYDQt S{G\ DOH DM N ~VSRUH SRKRQQêFK
KP{WDSUDFRYQpKRþDVX5LHãHQtPV~WHFKQROyJLHNWRUpVSUHVĖXM~D EOLåãLHXUþXM~SRK\E
VWURMRYêFK V~SUDY SR SR]HPNX V PRåQRVĢRX LFK QDYLJiFLH UHVS LFK DXWRPDWLFNpKR
ULDGHQLD DXWRSLORW $YãDN ]DYiG]DQLH V\VWpPRY QDYiG]DQLD VWURMRYêFK V~SUDY
s SRGSRURX VDWHOLWQHM QDYLJiFLH QD Ei]H *166 MH VSUHYiG]DQp PQRKêPL WHFKQLFNêPL
SUREOpPDPLNWRUêFKSRGVWDWDMHSUHGPHWRPUR]VLDKOHKRYêVNXPX
:HQ]HO RSLVXMH Y\XåtYDQLH VDWHOLWQHM QDYLJiFLH D SRXåLWLH 57. NRUHNFLt SUL
KOERNRP SRGUêYDQt S{G\ 8YiG]D åH Y\XåtYDQLH WDNêFKWR RSHUiFLt Y UiPFL VQDK\
o ]DFKRYDQLH NRQNXUHQFLHVFKRSQRVWL QD WUKX VD MDYt ~þLQQHMãLH DNR SROLWLND QiNXSX
YlþãtFKVWURMRYD QDGRE~GDQLDYlþãHMYêPHU\SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHMS{G\0F0DKRQ
SRSLVXMH ãWUXNW~UX D YêKRG\ V\VWpPX DVLVWRYDQpKR ULDGHQLD âSHFLiOQH VD ]PLHĖXMH
o PRåQRVWL EH]GU{WRYpKR SUHQRVX DSOLNDþQêFK PiS D ]D]QDPHQDQêFK ~GDMRY SULDPR
] SR]HPNX GR FHQWUiOQHKR SRþtWDþD (KVDPL 6XOOLYDQ :DONHU D =LPPHUPDQ Y\XåtYDOL SUL XUþRYDQt SUHVQRVWL VDWHOLWQHM QDYLJiFLH VWURMRYêFK V~SUDY SULHPHUQ~ FK\EX
D VPHURGDMQ~ RGFKêONX FK\E\ WUDMHNWyULH GUiK\ SRK\EX VWURMD NWRUi EROD Y\SRþtWDQi
] UR]GLHORY PHG]L VNXWRþQRX SRORKRX VWURMD QD SROL D Y\SRþtWDQRX WHRUHWLFNRX SRORKRX
3RURYQDQLH YêNRQQRVWL QDYLJDþQêFK V\VWpPRY VR V\VWpPRP 57. *36 DNR WHRUHWLFN\
QDMSUHVQHMãtP V\VWpPRP SRYDåRYDOL ]D QDMYLHURKRGQHMãt V\VWpP XUþRYDQLD SUHVQRVWL
QDYLJDþQêFK V\VWpPRY $M (KUO 6WHPSIKXEHU 'HPPHO .DLQ] D $XHUQKDPPHU KRGQRWLOL SUHVQRVĢ DXWRQyPQHKR QDYiG]DFLHKR V\VWpPX $XWR7UDF $*521$9 *(2
7(& NWRUê ERO LPSOHPHQWRYDQê QD WUDNWRUH 0) V SRGSRURX JHRGHWLFNpKR
QDYLJDþQpKRV\VWpPX57.'*36
1
&LHĐRP QiãKR PHUDQLD EROR SRV~GHQLH SUHVQRVWL SUiFH VDWHOLWQpKR QDYLJDþQpKR
V\VWpPX $XWR7UDFN NWRUê QDYLJRYDO VWURMRY~ V~SUDYX – WUDNWRU -RKQ 'HHUH D WDQLHURYêSRGPLHWDþ.XKQ'LVFRYHU\;0
0$7(5,È/$0(7Ï'<
8YHGHQê H[SHULPHQW VD XVNXWRþQLO QD SR]HPNX NWRUê SDWUt 3' 5DVWLVODYLFH 1D
XYHGHQRP SR]HPNX VD XVNXWRþQLO ]EHU FXNURYHM UHS\ V QiVOHGQêP SRGUêYDQtP S{G\ SR
NWRURP QDVOHGRYDOR N\SUHQLH S{G\ WDQLHURYêP SRGPLHWDþRP 9 UiPFL SR]HPNX EROD
Y\EUDQi H[SHULPHQWiOQD þDVĢ V UR]ORKRX KD QD NWRUHM EROR ]YROHQêFK PRQLWRURYDFtFKERGRY5R]ORåHQLHWêFKWRERGRYERORYROHQpY]KĐDGRPQDSRK\EV~SUDY\
SRXKORSULHþNHH[SHULPHQWiOQHMþDVWLSR]HPNXREUi]RN
A
B
2EUi]RN$ ([SHULPHQWiOQDþDVĢSR]HPNXD PRQLWRURYDFLHERG\%2UWRIRWRPDSDSR]HPNX
1D SR]HPNX EROR Y\NRQiYDQp REUiEDQLH S{G\ SURVWUHGQtFWYRP V~SUDY\
SR]RVWiYDM~FHM] WUDNWRUD-RKQ'HHUHD WDQLHURYpKRSRGPLHWDþD.XKQ'LVFRYHU\;0
REUi]RN 8YHGHQi V~SUDYD Y\NRQiYDOD SO\WNp VSUDFRYDQLH S{G\ SR
SUHGFKiG]DM~FRP SRGUêYDQt D ]EHUH FXNURYHM UHS\ =iNODGQp WHFKQLFNp SDUDPHWUH
WUDNWRUDD SRGPLHWDþDV~XYHGHQpY WDEXĐNH
6DWHOLWQê QDYLJDþQê V\VWpP $XWR7UDFN V DXWRSLRWRP Y\XåtYD QDYiG]DQLH
s SRGSRURX VDWHOLWQHM QDYLJiFLH *36 *OREDO SRVLWLRQLQJ V\VWHP D MH V~þDVĢRX Y\ããLHKR
ULDGLDFHKR V\VWpPX $06 $JULFXOWXUH 0DQDJHPHQW 6ROXWLRQ Y\XåtYDQpKR SUH
PDQDåPHQW SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHM VWURMRYHM WHFKQLN\ 6\VWpP SR]RVWiYD ] QDVOHGRYQêFK
NRPSRQHQWRY
SULMtPDþVDWHOLWQpKRVLJQiOX6WDU)LUHREUi]RN
*UHHQ6WDUGLVSOHMSUH]REUD]HQLHLQIRUPiFLtREUi]RN
PRELOQêSURFHVRU
ULDGLDFDMHGQRWND668
2
7DEXĐND=iNODGQpWHFKQLFNpSDUDPHWUH
(1)
;040
3RGPLHWDþ',6&29(5 3UDFRYQê]iEHUP
7UDNWRU-2+1'((5(
7820
0HQRYLWêYêNRQPRWRUD(&(N:N
0D[KĎENDVSUDFRYDQLDPP
0D[YêNRQPRWRUD(&(N:N
7UDQVSRUW%RRVW(&(N:N
3RþHWGLVNRY
3ULHPHUGLVNRYPP
3UDFRYQiUêFKORVĢNPK
+PRWQRVĢVWURMDNJ
3RþHWYDOFRYREMHPFP
-12
3UXåQRVĢNU~WLDFHKRPRPHQWX
-
0D[SRMD]GRYiUêFKORVĢNPK
9êYRGRYêKULDGHĐPLQ
3RåDGRYDQêYêNRQWUDNWRUD
N:N
Zdroj: www.deere.sk
7,
-
0D[]GYLKRYiVLODK\GUDXOLN\N1
-
3UHSUDYQiãtUNDVWURMDP
(
2EUi]RN6WURMRYiV~SUDYD– WUDNWRU-'D GLVNRYêSRGPLHWDþ.XKQ'LVFRYHU\;0
6\VWpP $XWR7UDFN Y\XåtYD SULMtPDþ VDWHOLWQpKR VLJQiOX 6WDU)LUH D GXiOQX IUHNYHQFLX V
GLIHUHQFRYDQRX NRUHNFLRX QD SUHVQp QDYiG]DQLH VWURMD SR SR]HPNX 3RXåLWê W\S VLJQiOX
6) SUDFXMH V SUHVQRVĢRX FP )LQDQþQp QiNODG\ VSRMHQp V SUtMPRP WRKWR
NRUHNþQpKR VLJQiOX SUHGVWDYXM~ Y VORYHQVNêFK SRGPLHQNDFK VXPX ¼ ]D URN &HQD
V\VWpPX$XWR7UDFNY ]iNODGQHMYHU]LLMHSULEOLåQH ¼
6\VWpP ULDGHQLD MD]G\ MH RYOiGDQê MHGQRWNRX V\VWpPX ULDGHQLD 668 6WHHULQJ
6\VWHP8QLW'RWHMWRULDGLDFHMMHGQRWN\YVWXSXM~LQIRUPiFLH] MHGQRWOLYêFKNRPSRQHQWRY
V\VWpPX D Y\VWXSXM~ VLJQiO\ GR HOHNWURK\GUDXOLFNpKR YHQWLOX ]DEH]SHþXM~FHKR ULDGHQLH
SRK\EX WUDNWRUD QDWiþDQLH ULDGLDFLFK NROLHV 6DPRWQi SRGVWDWD ULDGHQLD VSRþtYD Y WRP
åH RYOiGDFt YHQWLO HOHNWURK\GUDXOLFNpKR ULDGHQLD GiYNXMH ROHM N GYRMþLQQêP K\GUDXOLFNêP
YDOFRPULDGHQLDWDNDE\VDXGUåRYDOSRåDGRYDQêVPHUSRK\EX
3R SUHMD]GH V~SUDY\ EROL ]QDþNRYDFtPL NROtNPL Y\]QDþHQp SRþLDWRþQp
PRQLWRURYDFLH ERG\ RG NWRUêFK ERO SiVPRP PHUDQê VNXWRþQê SUDFRYQê ]iEHU VWURMD D
V~UDGQLFH NDåGpKR PRQLWRURYDFLHKR ERGX EROL XORåHQp GR *166 QDYLJDþQpKR SUtVWURMD
/HLFD*6
3
A
B
2EUi]RN.RPSRQHQW\V\VWpPX$XWR7UDFN$ 0RQLWRU%3ULMtPDþVDWHOLWQpKRVLJQiOX6WDU)LUHL7&
2EUi]RN6S{VREPHUDQLDVNXWRþQpKRSUDFRYQpKR]iEHUXD ]DSLVRYDQLHJHRJUDILFNêFKV~UDGQtF
PRQLWRURYDFtFKERGRY
1HSUHVQRVWL QDYLJiFLH EROL ]D]QDPHQiYDQp PHUDQtP ãtUN\ ]iEHUX VSUDFRYDQHM
þDVWL S{G\ SR WURFK SUHMD]GRFK V~SUDY\ þtP VD ]tVNDOL SUHNU\WLD D Y\QHFKiYN\
SUHGVWDYXM~FH QHSUHVQRVWL VS{VREHQp GYRMQiVREQRX QDYLJiFLRX SUDFRYQHM V~SUDY\ 3UL
WRPWR VS{VREH PHUDQLD EROL QiVOHGQH SUL Y\KRGQRWHQt RGUiWDQp SUHNU\WLD D GYRMQiVRERN
KRGQRW\SUDFRYQpKR]iEHUXNWRUiERODQDVWDYHQiSUHQDYLJiFLXYSUYRPSUtSDGHWREROD
KRGQRWDPD SR~SUDYHQDVWDYHQtQDYLJV\VWpPXWRERODKRGQRWDPREUi]RN
7DNWLHå VPH XVNXWRþQLOL PHUDQLD SUHVQRVWL SRK\EX V~SUDY\ DM EH] SRXåLWLD VDWHOLWQHM
QDYLJiFLHV~SUDY\3ULWRPWRVS{VREHERODV~SUDYDQDYLJRYDQiOHQQD]iNODGHVN~VHQRVWt
D ]UXþQRVWt REVOXK\ V~SUDY\ 3RVWXS PHUDQLD SUL WRPWR VS{VREH ERO ]KRGQê
s SUHGFKiG]DM~FLP 9]KĐDGRP QD SRXåLW~ PHWRGLNX PHUDQLD SUH]HQWRYDQp ]iSRUQp
þtVHOQpKRGQRW\SUHGVWDYXM~FHY\QHFKiYN\V~Y VNXWRþQRVWLSUHNU\WLDNODGQpKRGQRW\
=tVNDQp~GDMHEROLVSUDFRYDQpSURVWUHGQtFWYRPSURJUDPX6WDWLVWLFD
4
2EUi]RN6FKpPDSUHMD]GRYV~SUDY\SUL QDYLJiFLtQDP
9é6/('.<$',6.86,$
7DQLHURYê N\SULþ .XKQ 'LVFRYHU\ ;0 VD VNODGi ] GYRFK VHNFLt GLVNRY =DGQi
VHNFLDGLVNRYMHãLUãLDRSURWLSUHGQHMR PQDNDåGHMVWUDQHWMFHONRYRR P3UL
QDVWDYHQHM KRGQRWH P UR]VWXSRY MHGQRWOLYêFK SUHMD]GRY QD GLVSOHML QDYLJDþQpKR
V\VWpPXEROR]LVWHQpåHY QLHNWRUêFKþDVWLDFKSR]HPNXV~SUDYDY\NRQiYDODYLDFQiVREQp
VSUDFRYDQLHS{G\=REUi]NXY\SOêYDåHQDYLJRYDQiV~SUDYDVSUDFRYiYDOD]DNyWRYDQp
ãtUN\SUDYêFKD ĐDYêFKRNUDMRYNUiWWMSORFKDERODVSUDFRYiYDQiSULGYRFKSUHMD]GRFK
SUHGQRXVHNFLRXUD]D ]DGQRXVHNFLRXGYDNUiWSULþRPY]QLNOR ]E\WRþQpSUHNU\WLHP
3UHGDQêVWURMSULWHMWRSUDFRYQHMRSHUiFLLSUHGVWDYXMHKRGQRWDPREUi]RNLGHiOQX
KRGQRWX UR]VWXSX SUDFRYQêFK SUHMD]GRY 9 WRPWR SUtSDGH QHGRFKiG]D N YLDFQiVREQêP
SUHNU\WLDP D MH ]DEH]SHþHQi LGHiOQD SORãQi YêNRQQRVĢ VWURMD $YãDN Y]KĐDGRP QD
JDUDQWRYDQ~ YêUREFRP D GRVDKRYDQ~ SUHVQRVĢ QDYLJDþQpKR V\VWpPX MH G{OHåLWp SUH
RSWLPiOQH VSUDFRYDQLH S{G\ s YlþãtP PQRåVWYRP UDVWOLQQêFK ]Y\ãNRY VWUQLVNR D SRG
QDVWDYLĢKRGQRWXVDWHOLWQHMQDYLJiFLHQD~URYHĖ– P
5
2EUi]RN6FKpPDHIHNWtYQHKR]iEHUXV~SUDY\VKRGQRWRXQDYLJiFLHP
1D REUi]NX MH ]Qi]RUQHQê NUDELFRYê JUDI ]REUD]XM~FL KRGQRW\ Y\QHFKiYRN
D SUHNU\Wt SUL WURFK SUHMD]GRFK V~SUDY\ VR VDWHOLWQRX QDYLJiFLRX REUi]RN 7HQWR JUDI
XGiYD ]iSRUQ~ KRGQRWX PHGLiQX URYQ~ þtVOX - P þR SUHGVWDYXMH VWUHGQ~ KRGQRWX
QDPHUDQêFK~GDMRYĆDOHM] JUDIXY\SOêYDM~KRGQRW\KRUQpKRD GROQpKRNYDUWLOXNWRUpKR
LQWHUYDO Y\QHFKiYRN VD QDFKiG]D Y UR]VDKX – – P 3UL SUiFL V~SUDY\ EH]
VDWHOLWQHM QDYLJiFLH VSDGDOD SRORYLFD KRGQ{W Y\QHFKiYRN GR LQWHUYDOX – – P
REUi]RN
7UHED SR]QDPHQDĢ åH Y]KĐDGRP N SRXåLWpPX VS{VREX PHUDQLD SUH]HQWRYDQp
YêVOHGN\VR]iSRUQRXþtVHOQRXKRGQRWRXY VNXWRþQRVWLSUHGVWDYXM~KRGQRWXNODGQ~WHGD
SUHNU\WLH
6
0HGLiQ 5R]VDKQHRGOHK
2GOHKOp
([WUpP\
3URP
2EUi]RN*UDIRGFKêORND SUHNU\WtSULSRXåLWtQDYLJDþQpKRV\VWpPX$XWR7UDFN
0HGLiQ 5R]VDKQHRGOHK
2GOHKOp
([WUpP\
3URP
2EUi]RN*UDIRGFKêORND SUHNU\WtEH]SRXåLWLDQDYLJDþQpKRV\VWpPX$XWR7UDFN
=È9(5
1D ]iYHU MH PRåQp NRQãWDWRYDĢ åH SRXåLWi VDWHOLWQi QDYLJiFLD $XWR7UDFN
s SRXåLWêP NRUHNþQêP VLJQiORP 6) MH SUH Y\NRQiYDQ~ SUDFRYQ~ RSHUiFLX SRVWDþXM~FD
] KĐDGLVND DJURQRPLFNêFK SRåLDGDYLHN QD VSUDFRYDQLH S{G\ =E\WRþQH YHĐNp SUHNU\WLH
Y]QLNOR Y G{VOHGNX QDVWDYHQLD QHVSUiYQHM KRGQRW\ SUDFRYQpKR ]iEHUX SUH VDWHOLWQê
7
QDYLJDþQê V\VWpP 6DWHOLWQp QDYLJDþQp V\VWpP\ V DXWRPDWLFNêP ULDGHQtP SRVN\WXM~
XåtYDWHĐRP PQRKp YêKRG\ QDSU SUHVQHMãLH D SRKRGOQHMãLH RYOiGDQLH VPHUX MD]G\ þR
VPHUXMH N ]QtåHQLX ]DĢDåHQLD ~QDY\ D VWUHVX REVOXK\ ] þRKR Y\SOêYD ]YêãHQLH
EH]SHþQRVWL SUiFH PRåQRVĢ SUDFRYQpKR QDVDGHQLD Y QRFL Y KPOH D Y SUDãQêFK
SRGPLHQNDFK D WR SUL GRGUåLDYDQt SRåDGRYDQêFK UR]VWXSRY SUDFRYQêFK Mi]G ]YêãHQt
NYDOLW\ SUiFH SUHNU\WLH Y\QHFKiYN\ ~YUDWH D SRG D REPHG]HQt ]DĢDåHQLD åLYRWQpKR
SURVWUHGLD 0HG]L QDMSRGVWDWQHMãLH YêKRG\ YãDN SDWUt PRåQRVĢ ]QtåHQLD ILQDQþQêFK
QiNODGRY~VSRURXSRKRQQêFKKP{WD ]YêãHQLHYêNRQQRVWLSUDFRYQHMV~SUDY\6SRPtQDQp
YêKRG\ MH PRåQp GRVLDKQXĢ OHQ Y SUtSDGH DN MH QDYLJDþQê V\VWpP VSUiYQH QDVWDYHQê
D YVWXSQp SDUDPHWUH R QDVWDYHQêFK QDYLJDþQêFK ãtUNDFK ]iEHURY V~ YROHQp V RKĐDGRP
QD GRVDKRYDQ~ SUHVQRVĢ SULMtPDQêFK NRUHNþQêFK VLJQiORY 9 RSDþQRP SUtSDGH Y]QLNDM~
]E\WRþQH Y\QDORåHQp QiNODG\ ] KĐDGLVND YêURE\ Y\QDORåHQp QD N~SX V\VWpPX D
NRUHNþQêFKVLJQiORY
/LWHUDW~UD
(+5/ 0- 67(03)+8%(5 :9 - '(00(/ 05 – .$,1= 0 - $8(51+$00(5
+$XWR-7UDF-$FFXUDF\RID 57.'*36EDVHGDXWRQRPRXVYHKLFOHJXLGDQFHV\VWHP
XQGHU ILHOG FRQGLWLRQV 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH Ä$XWRPDWLRQ
WHFKQRORJ\ IRU RII-URDG HTXLSPHQW $6$( 3XEOLFDWLRQ 1R 3 6W -RVHSK
0LFKLJDQ$6$(SJ-'RVWXSQpQDLQWHUQHWHZZZDVDEHRUJ
(+6$1,05- 68//,9$10– :$/.(5-7- =,00(50$17/$ PHWKRGRI
HYDOXDWLRQ GLIIHUHQWJXLGDQFHV\VWHPV$Q$6$(PHHWLQJSDSHU1R6W-RVHSK
0LFKLJDQ$6$(SJ'RVWXSQpQDLQWHUQHWHZZZDVDEHRUJ
*$/$0%2â29È-5$7$-9– 9$â(.0(IIHFWVRIFRQWUROOHGWUDIILFIDUPLQJ,Q
7UHQGV LQ DJULFXOWXUDO HQJLQHHULQJ WK LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH 7$( FRQIHUHQFHSURFHHGLQJV-6HSWHPEHU3UDJXH&]HFK5HSXEOLFý=8V
-,6%1- ----
-2%%$*<-0RåQRVWLY\XåLWLD*36SUL]DYODåRYDQt]HPLDNRY,QPHG]LQiURGQi
YHGHFNiNRQIHUHQFLDPODGêFK>HOHNWURQLFNê]GURM@1LWUD638- --- V-
0$&È. 0 – 12='529,&.é / (IHNWtYQRVĢ Y\XåtYDQLD V\VWpPX QDYiG]DQLD
VWURMRYHM V~SUDY\ SUL DSOLNiFLt SULHP\VHOQêFK KQRMtY ,Q 7HFKQLND Y WHFKQROyJLiFK
DJURVHNWRUD>HOHNWURQLFNê]GURM@]ERUQtNYHGHFNêFKSUiF]PHG]LQiURGQHMYHGHFNHM
NRQIHUHQFLH NRQDQHM Y URNX YêURþLD 7HFKQLFNHM IDNXOW\ 1LWUD 638 Y 1LWUH V
-,6%1----
MCMAHON.)DUP,QGXVWU\1HZV0LQQHDSROLV9RO,VVSJSJV
,661,6%1'RVWXSQpQDLQWHUQHWH
KWWSSURTXHVWXPLFRPSTGZHE"GLG VLG )PW FOLHQW,G 547
91DPH 34'
:(1=(/:3UHFLVLRQDJXSJUDGH)DUP,QGXVWU\1HZV0LQQHDSROLV9RO,VV
SJSJV,661,6%1GRVWXSQpQDLQWHUQHWH
KWWSSURTXHVWXPLFRPSTGZHE"GLG VLG )PW FOLHQW,G 547 91DPH 34'
3UHGORåHQê SUtVSHYRN Y]QLNRO Y UiPFL ULHãHQLD SURMHNWX ³$SOLNiFLD LQIRUPDþQêFK WHFKQROyJLt QD
]YêãHQLH HQYLURQPHQWiOQHM D HNRQRPLFNHM XGUåDWHĐQRVWL SURGXNþQpKR DJURV\VWpPX´ DNWLYLWD 9êVNXP DJURWHFKQROyJLH V SULHVWRURYR GLIHUHQFRYDQêPL YVWXSPL SURMHNW ,706 (8
2SHUDþQêSURJUDPYêVNXPDYêYRM
.RQWDNWQiDGUHVD,QJ0LURVODY0DFiN3K',QJ0LURVODYäLWĖiN3K'638Y 1LWUH7HFKQLFNi
IDNXOWD7U$+OLQNX1LWUD
8
52=%25(/,0,1$&(3ěË0ċ6Ë3ě,6./,=1,$=35$&29È1Ë&+0(/(
$'2/)5<%.$3(75+(ě0È1(.,92+21=Ë.%2+86/$9-2â7
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
$EVWUDNW
2EHFQp SRåDGDYN\ QD NYDOLWX ILQiOQtFK ]HPČGČOVNêFK SURGXNWĤ VWiOH URVWRX
7UDGLFHDNYDOLWDþHVNpKRFKPHOH]DYD]XMHSČVWLWHOHL]SUDFRYDWHOHN WRPXåHFKPHOPXVt
EêWNYDOLWQČ]SUDFRYiQSRGOHSRåDGDYNĤVYČWRYpKRREFKRGX
3ĜtVSČYHN XND]XMH QD PRåQi PtVWD Y WHFKQRORJLFNpP SURFHVX VNOL]QČ D
]SUDFRYiQtFKPHOHNWHUi]QDPHQDMtUL]LNRSUR]DQHVHQtQHåiGRXFtFKSĜtPČVt9 NRQWH[WX
s WtPMVRX]PtQČQDYDULDQWQtĜHãHQtNWHUiE\PČODSĜLVSČWNH]NYDOLWQČQtWHFKQRORJLFNpKR
SURFHVXILQDOL]DFHFKPHORYpKRSURGXNWX
.OtþRYiVORYDFKPHOFKPHORYRGLþSĜtPČVL
Ò92'
&tOHP FHOp WHFKQRORJLH SČVWRYiQt D ]SUDFRYiQt FKPHOH MH ]tVNiQt NYDOLWQtFK D
QHSRãNR]HQêFKKOiYHNV PLQLPHP]WUiW DSĜtPČVtNWHUpMVRXY NRQHþQpIi]LVOLVRYiQ\GR
FKPHORYêFK JUDQXOt 3RG SRMPHP QHåiGRXFt SĜtPČVL UR]OLãXMHPH SĜtPČVL ELRORJLFNpKR D
QHELRORJLFNpKR FKDUDNWHUX 1HELRORJLFNp SĜtPČVL VH Y NRQHþQpP SURGXNWX QHVPt YĤEHF
Y\VN\WRYDWELRORJLFNpSĜtPČVLPRKRXEêWY VRXþDVQpGREČ]DVWRXSHQ\PD[LPiOQČGR
-H YãDN RWi]NRX þDVX NG\ L WRWR SURFHQWLFNp ]DVWRXSHQt ELRORJLFNêFK SĜtPČVt VH EXGH
VQLåRYDW5\EiþHNDNROâQREODNRO
1D ]iNODGČ SUYQtFK RULHQWDþQtFK VOHGRYiQt MH PRåQp NRQVWDWRYDW åH SRWHQFLiOQt
]GURMH QHåiGRXFtFK SĜtPČVt PRKRX EêW KODYQČ X SČVWLWHOĤ DOH QHO]H Y\ORXþLW DQL
]SUDFRYDWHOHFKPHOH
9\YVWiYi SURWR SUREOpP D ] QČKR Y\SOêYDMtFt ~NRO NWHUê Pi ]D FtO Y\YLQRXW QRYp
WHFKQRORJLHDSULQFLS\RGOXþRYiQtSĜtPČVtV Y\XåLWtPQRYêFKQHWUDGLþQtFKDSURJUHVLYQtFK
PHWRG ORNDOL]DFH D VHSDUDFH 3ULRULWQt MH RGVWUDQČQt SĜtþLQ ]DQiãHQt SĜtPČVt GR
WHFKQRORJLFNpKR SURFHVX QHå MHMLFK VORåLWp RGVWUDĖRYiQt Y NRQHþQp ]SUDFRYDWHOVNp Ii]L
*RERU)U|KOLFK6ULYDVWDYDHWDO
3ĜL UHVSHNWRYiQt WRKRWR SĜtVWXSX VH Y SUYp Ii]L VRXVWĜHGtPH QD QHELRORJLFNp
SĜtPČVLYHVSRMHQtV SČVWRYiQtPFKPHOHQDFKPHOQLFL
3ĜL SČVWRYiQt FKPHOH VH MDNR QRVQê SUYHN FKPHORYRGLþ SUR SQRXFt FKPHORYRX
UpYXY\XåtYiRFHORYêGUiWNWHUêMHN QRVQpNRQVWUXNFLFKPHOQLFHSĜLFK\FHQSRPRFt~FK\WX
] SRO\SURS\OHQRYpKR PRWRX]X 9HQW D NRO ÒFK\W V FKPHORYRGLþHP SĜHGVWDYXMH
SUXåQê SUYHN NWHUê ]DEUiQt SĜHNURXFHQt GUiWX SĜL MHKR SRK\EX YH YČWUX D VRXþDVQČ
GRVWDWHþQČ XSHYQt FKPHORYRGLþ N QRVQpPX GUiWX FKPHOQLFH WDNåH VH SĜL VNOL]QL FKPHOH
QHVKUQXMHYHVPČUXMt]G\VWUKiYDþHYL]REU
3ĜLVWUKiYiQtFKPHORYêFKUpYY GREČVNOL]QČGRMGHEXćWRNSĜHWUåHQtFKPHORYRGLþH
GUiWXQHERPRWRX]X9 RERXSĜtSDGHFKYãDNQDQRVQpFKPHOQLFRYpNRQVWUXNFL]ĤVWiYDMt
]E\WN\PRWRX]ĤHYHQWYþHWQČ]E\WNĤGUiWXL]DQČNROLNSĜHGFKi]HMtFtFKVH]RQYL]REU
&KPHORYp UpY\ VH QiVOHGQČ XNOiGDMt QD WDåHQê QiYČV NDP VH GRVWDQRX L ÄYROQp³
PRWRX]\ ] PLQXOêFK VNOL]ĖRYêFK VH]RQ XYROĖRYDQp SĜL RWĜHVHFK ] QRVQp FKPHOQLFRYp
NRQVWUXNFH&LQLEXUNDNRO
1D ]DþiWNX þHVDFt OLQN\ VH UpY\ ]DYČãXMt REY\NOH GR GYRX ]DYČãRYDFtFK GUDK D þHVDFt
VWČQ\ QHER EXEQ\ RGGČOXMt FKPHORYp KOiYN\ RG RVWDWQtFK þiVWt URVWOLQ\ D FKPHORYRGLþĤ
3UiYČ QD ]DþiWNX þHVDFt OLQN\ MH UL]LNRYp PtVWR SUR YVWXS YROQêFK PRWRX]Ĥ SĜtPČVt
QHELRORJLFNpKRSĤYRGXVSROHþQČV UpYDPLFKPHORYRGLþLDMHMLFK~FK\W\GRþHVDFtOLQN\D
QiVOHGQČNH]SUDFRYDWHOLFKPHOHYL]REU
9
2EU=Qi]RUQČQtXSHYQČQt
FKPHORYRGLþHSRPRFtMHGQRGXFKpKRD
GYRMLWpKR~FK\WX] PRWRX]XN QRVQpPX
GUiWXFKPHOQLFH
2EU=E\WN\FKPHORYRGLþĤQDQRVQpNRQVWUXNFL
FKPHOQLFHSRVNOL]QL
2EU9ROQpPRWRX]\YVWXSXMtVSROXV UpYRXGRþHVDFt
&KPHORYRGLþH VSRMHQp V ~FK\W\ VH SR RþHViQt KOiYHN ] UpY GRVWiYDMt VSROX
s UpYDPL SĜHV ĜH]DþNX GR RGSDGX 9ROQp PRWRX]\ E\ PČO\ EêW SĜL VSUiYQpP VHĜt]HQt
þHVDFt OLQN\ RGVWUDQČQ\ QD SĜHNXORYDþtFK 9 PQRKD SURYR]HFK VH YãDN þHVDFt OLQN\
VHĜL]XMt WDN åH SUR ]DMLãWČQt QXORYêFK ]WUiW FKPHORYêFK KOiYHN VH SĜLSXVWt YtFH SĜtPČVt
v oþHVDQpPFKPHOX= WČFKWRGĤYRGĤMHPRåQpåHYROQpPRWRX]\SURMGRXþHVDFtOLQNRXD
GRVWiYDMtVHGRQiVOHGQpKR]SUDFRYiQtFKPHOHNGHVHPXVtVORåLWČRGVWUDĖRYDW
1D ]iNODGČ SROQtKR PČĜHQt RVRYp VtO\ SĜL VWUKiYiQt FKPHORYp UpY\
s FKPHORYRGLþHP D UĤ]QêP SURYHGHQtP ~FK\WĤ MVRX ]DQDO\]RYiQD YDULDQWQt ĜHãHQt
VPČĜXMtFt N QDOH]HQt QHMYKRGQČMãt YDULDQW\ NWHUi Y\ORXþt UL]LNR ]DQHVHQt SĜtPČVt ] WpWR
þiVWLWHFKQRORJLFNpKRSURFHVXGR NRQHþQpKRSURGXNWX
10
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
3ROQt SRNXV E\O ]DORåHQ QD FKPHOQLFL ILUP\ &+0(/-9HQW VSRO V UR V RGUĤGRX
ä3ý äDWHFNê SRORUDQê þHUYHĖiN - NORQ D SĤYRGQt SOiQ ]DKUQRYDO RVP NRPELQDFt
FKPHORYRGLþH þHUQê åtKDQê GUiW R SUĤPČUX PP D UĤ]QêFK SURYHGHQt ~FK\WĤ 3UR
~FK\W\E\OSRXåLW SRO\SURS\OpQRYêPRWRX]ILUP\-87$DVV UĤ]QRXSHYQRVWtNWHUiMHRG
YêUREFHYHGHQDSRGR]QDþHQtPDZZZMXWDF]3URNDåGRX
SHYQRVWPRWRX]XE\O\Y\WYRĜHQ\GYDGUXK\~FK\WĤ- MHGQRGXFKêDGYRMLWê9 NRQHþQpIi]L
SĜtSUDY ]DORåHQt SRNXVX YãDN GRãOR N RP\OX D QHE\OD ]DORåHQD YDULDQWD PRWRX]X V
R]QDþHQtP D MHGQRGXFKpKR ~FK\WX QD ~NRU GYRX YDULDQW V GYRMLWêP ~FK\WHP
.DåGiNRPELQDFHMHSURYHGHQDYHWĜHFKĜDGiFKV FFDFKPHORYRGLþLY MHGQpĜDGČ3ĜHG
]DYČãRYiQtP FKPHORYRGLþĤ E\O QRVQê GUiW FKPHOQLFRYp NRQVWUXNFH RþLãWČQ RG ]E\WNĤ
~FK\WĤ] SĜHGHãOêFKOHW2EUi]HNþ]REUD]XMHSĤGRU\VFKPHOQLFHVH]DORåHQêPSROQtP
SRNXVHP
2EU6FKHPDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQtSĤGRU\VXSRNXVQpFKPHOQLFH
&tOHPSROQtKRSRNXVXE\OR
=PČĜHQtVtO\SĜLSĜHWUåHQtFKPHORYRGLþHQHERMHKR~FK\WXSĜLVWUKiYiQtFKPHOH
=MLãWČQtVDPRYROQČVSDGOêFKUpYSĜLVWUKiYiQt
=MLãWČQtKPRWQRVWLPČĜHQêFKUpY
=MLãWČQtPtVWDSĜHWUåHQtSĜLVWUKiYiQtGUiWQHERPRWRX]
3RSLVPČĜtFtKR]DĜt]HQt
.RQVWUXNFH EČåQČ SRXåtYDQpKR VWUKiYDþH SUR VNOL]HĖ FKPHOH QHXPRåĖRYDOD
XPtVWČQtVLORYêFKVQtPDþĤSĜtPRQDVWUKiYDþ3URWRE\ORY\UREHQR ]DĜt]HQtYL]REU
YHNWHUpPSUREtKDORVWUKiYiQt]DVWHMQêFKSRGPtQHNMDNRXVWUKiYDþĤDE\ORPRåQpPČĜLW
SRVWXSQČ MHGQRWOLYp UpY\ Y ĜDGČ =DĜt]HQt E\OR XPtVWČQR QD QiYČVX WDåHQpP WUDNWRUHP
SĜLþHPåQiYČVE\OGRNRPSOHWRYiQRUiPSURYêN\YQpXNRWYHQtWDKRYpKRVQtPDþH'UXKê
NRQHF VQtPDþH E\O SURGORXåHQ ]iYČVHP SUR XFK\FHQt UpY\ SĜL VWUKiYiQt =DĜt]HQt E\OR
UR]PČURYČQDYUåHQRWDN DE\VWUKiYiQtSUREtKDOR]DVWHMQêFKSRGPtQHNMDNRXVWUKiYDþĤ
SĜLVNOL]QL7R]QDPHQiåHE\ORGRGUåHQRPtVWRXFK\FHQtUpY\SĜLVWUKiYiQtDWDNpRGNORQ
UpY\SĜLVWUKiYiQt9êN\YQêPXORåHQtPRERXNRQFĤVQtPDþHWDKRYpVtO\E\OR]DMLãWČQRåH
SĜLVWUKiYiQtEXGHPČĜHQDMHQRVRYiVtODY FKPHORYRGLþL. PČĜHQtWDKRYpVtO\E\OSRXåLW
11
VQtPDþ RG +%0 %UQR YêKUDGQt ]DVWRXSHQt I\ +RWWLQJHU %DOGZLQ 0HVVWHFKQLN *PE+
s W\SRYêPR]QDþHQtP8%DPČĜtFtPUR]VDKHP-N19êVWXSQtVLJQiO]HVQtPDþHE\O
]SUDFRYiQ SRPRFt PRELOQt PČĜtFt ~VWĜHGQ\ 0*& SOXV WDNWpå RG ILUP\ +%0 YL] REU SĜLSRMHQp N QRWHERRNX 0ČĜLFt ~VWĜHGQD VQtPDþ L XNOiGiQt PČĜHQêFK GDW E\OR
]DEH]SHþHQRSURJUDPHP&DWPDQ(DV\NWHUêMHGRGiYDQêN PČĜLFt~VWĜHGQČ
2EU6FKHPDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQt]DĜt]HQtSURPČĜHQtWDKRYpVtO\SĜLVWUKiYiQtFKPHOH
1-QRVQêGUiWFKPHOQLFRYpNRQVWUXNFH-FKPHORYiUpYDQDFKPHORYRGLþL-RNRSURXFK\FHQtUpY\
NHVQtPDþLWDKRYpVtO\-YêN\YQiUDPHQDVQtPDþH-VQtPDþWDKRYpVtO\-UiPSURXFK\FHQt
UDPHQHVQtPDþH-QiYČV
0HWRGLNDPČĜHQt
3R LQVWDODFL FHOp PČĜLFt DSDUDWXU\ E\OR SURYHGHQD NDOLEUDFH VQtPDþH SRPRFt
]iYČVXVH]iYDåtPRKPRWQRVWLNJ
Z NDåGpYDULDQW\]DYČãHQtFKPHOHYL]REUE\O\Y\KUD]HQ\GYČĜDG\SURPČĜHQt
VtO\ SĜL VWUKiYiQt 5pY\ QD FKPHORYRGLþtFK E\O\ SĜHG PČĜHQtP R]QDþHQ\ SRĜDGRYêP
þtVOHPPD[NVUpY0ČĜHQtE\ORSURYHGHQR]DVRXYLVOpKRQHSĜHUXãRYDQpKRVWUKiYiQt
FKPHOHY MHGQpĜDGČSRNXVQpFKPHOQLFH5pYDE\ODRGVWĜLåHQDRG]HPČYHYêãFHFFD
P SURYOHþHQD GR RND QD UDPHQL VQtPDþH D SO\QXOêP SRMH]GHP WUDNWRUX V QiYČVHP
QDSQXWD SĜL VNORQX YL] REU 3O\QXOêP WDKHP GRãOR NH VWUåHQt UpY\ D SĜHWUåHQt
FKPHORYRGLþH QHER MHKR ~FK\WX 3R VWUåHQt E\OD FKPHORYi UpYD XORåHQD QD QiYČV
&KPHORYp UpY\ NWHUp EČKHP VWUKiYiQt VSDGO\ YOLYHP RWĜHVĤ FKPHOQLFRYp NRQVWUXNFH
QHE\O\ GR PČĜHQt ]DKUQXW\ 9 SUĤEČKX VWUKiYiQt E\OD VQtPDþHP PČĜHQD WDKRYi VtOD
s IUHNYHQFt+]
3R VWUåHQt NDåGp ĜDG\ E\OD VWDQRYHQD KPRWQRVW FKPHORYêFK UpY D Y\KRGQRFHQR
PtVWRSĜHWUåHQtGUiWPRWRX]'iOHE\O]MLãWČQSRþHWVDPRYROQČVSDGOêFKUpY
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
1D ]iNODGČ YêãH SRSVDQp PHWRGLN\ E\OD SURYHGHQD PČĜHQt SUR VHGP YDULDQW
NRPELQDFt FKPHORYRGLþH D MHKR ~FK\WĤ 3UR XNi]NX SUĤEČKX PČĜHQt MH QD REUi]NX þ XYHGHQ]i]QDPSUYRWQtFKKRGQRWWDKRYpVtO\]PČĜHQtþ
Z QDPČĜHQêFK KRGQRW SĜL VWUKiYiQt E\O\ SRPRFt GDWDEi]RYpKR SURJUDPX ]MLãWČQ\
KRGQRW\ VLO SĜL SĜHWUåHQt FKPHORYRGLþH 9êVOHGQp KRGQRW\ PČĜHQt þ MVRX VSROX V
KPRWQRVWt UpY D Y\KRGQRFHQtP PtVWD SĜHWUåHQt FKPHORYRGLþH XYHGHQ\ Y QiVOHGXMtFt
WDEXOFHDJUDIHFKYL]REU
6RXKUQQp YêVOHGN\ ] SURYHGHQêFK PČĜHQt MVRX XYHGHQ\ Y WDEXOFH þ 7DEXOND
]DKUQXMHSUĤPČUQpKRGQRW\]PČĜHQpWDKRYpVtO\SURGDQRXYDULDQWXVWDWLVWLFNpSRVRX]HQt
12
MHMt YDULDELOLW\ VPČURGDWQi RGFK\OND YDULDþQt NRHILFLHQW KPRWQRVW UpY YþHWQČ
VWDWLVWLFNêFK ~GDMĤ SURFHQWLFNê SRGtO PtVWD SĜHWUåHQt PRWRX]GUiW D SRGtO VDPRYROQČ
VSDGOêFKUpY
2EU0ČĜLFt~VWĜHGQD0*&SOXVYHVSRMHQtV QRWHERRNHP
2EU*UDISUĤEČKXPČĜHQtWDKRYpVtO\SĜLVWUKiYiQtFKPHORYêFKUpYY MHGQpĜDGČPČĜHQt þ
FKPHORYRGLþ– YRGtFtGUiWRSUĤPČUXPPDMHGQRGXFKê~FK\W]PRWRX]XVR]QDþHQtP
13
0ČĜHQtþ0RWRX]SHYQRVWLMHGQRGXFKê~FK\WGUiWRSUĤPČUXPP
2EU7DEXONDDJUDI\SURY\KRGQRFHQtPČĜHQtþ
12500
>NJ@
3RGtOVDPRYROQČVSDGOêFK
UpYN FHONRYpPXSRþWX
+PRWQRVWUpY\QDMHGQRP
FKPHORYRGLþL
>@
0'- SRGtOSĜHWUåHQt
v PRWRX]XQHERGUiWX
9DULDþQtNRHILFLHQWVtO\SĜL
SĜHWUåHQt
>1@
9DULDþQtNRHILFLHQW
KPRWQRVWLUpY\
6PČURGDWQiRGFK\ONDVtO\
SĜLSĜHWUåHQt
>1@
6PČURGDWQiRGFK\OND
KPRWQRVWLUpY\
6tODSĜLSĜHWUåHQt
FKPHORYRGLþHQHER~FK\WX
3URYHGHQt~FK\WX
M- MHGQRGXFKêG-GYRMLWê
3RO\SURS\OpQRYêPRWRX]
-87$-R]QDþHQtPRWRX]X
7DE3UĤPČUQpKRGQRW\XYãHFKYDULDQWPČĜHQt
>NJ@
>@
>@
>@
M
G
j
314
54,03
17,18
2,67
1,08
40,37
93/7
3,4
G
M
G
G
14
=È9ċ5
Z KOHGLVNDFRQHMYČWãtKRRGVWUDQČQtQHåiGRXFtFKSĜtPČVtMHYêKRGQČMãtSRNXGVH
SĜLVWUKiYiQtFKPHORYRGLþSĜHWUKQHY PRWRX]XQHERĢSRWp]EêYiQDQRVQpNRQVWUXNFLMHQ
þiVW PRWRX]X V RSDþQpP SĜtSDGČ NG\ VH FKPHORYRGLþ SĜHWUKQH Y GUiWX ]E\GH QD
FKPHOQLFRYpNRQVWUXNFLFHOê~FK\W]PRWRX]XV UĤ]QČGORXKêPGUiWHPNWHUêVHPXVtSRWp
] FKPHOQLFH]DY\QDORåHQtGDOãtFKILQDQþQtFKQiNODGĤRGVWUDĖRYDW
Z WDEXON\ MH SDWUQp åH SĜHWUåHQt PRWRX]X QDVWDOR SRX]H X YDULDQW\
MHGQRGXFKpKR ~FK\WX V SHYQRVWt PRWRX]X 2YãHP SURFHQWR VDPRYROQČ VSDGOêFK
UpYMHWDNY\VRNpåHWDWRYDULDQWDMHSUDNWLFN\QHSRXåLWHOQi=GHMHGREUpMHãWČGRGDWåH
SRXåLWêPRWRX]QHGRVDKRYDOSHYQRVWLY WDKXNWHURXXGiYiYêUREFH
/HSãtYêVOHGN\PiYDULDQWDMHGQRGXFKpKR~FK\WXV SHYQRVWtPRWRX]X=GH
GRãORN SĜHWUåHQtFKPHORYRGLþH Y Y PRWRX]XD]E\WHNY GUiWX-VRX]GHRYãHP
VDPRYROQČ VSDGOêFK UpY FRå YH VNXWHþQRVWL Y PČĜHQt SĜHGVWDYXMH SRX]H MHGQX
VDPRYROQČVSDGORXUpYX
8 YDULDQW\ MHGQRGXFKpKR ~FK\WX V SHYQRVWt PRWRX]X VH ]DþtQi SĜHVRXYDW
PtVWR SĜHWUåHQt QD VWUDQX GUiWX =GH RYãHP GRãOR N VDPRYROQpPX SiGX WĜHFK NXVĤ UpY
FRåSĜHGVWDYXMHY UiPFLPČĜHQt
8 GYRMLWêFK ~FK\WĤ MH SĜHWUåHQt Y PRWRX]X FFD SĜL SHYQRVWL PRWRX]X X RVWDWQtFKYDULDQWMHSĜHWUåHQtY PRWRX]XWR]QDPHQiåHYãHFKQ\FKPHORYRGLþHVH
WUKDO\Y PtVWČGUiWX
Z WRKR Y\SOêYi åH ]DWtP QHMYêKRGQČMãt YDULDQWRX VH ]Gi FKPHORYRGLþ
s MHGQRGXFKêP~FK\WHPPRWRX]XRSHYQRVWL
3RGČNRYiQt
7HQWR SĜtVSČYHN Y]QLNO ]D SĜLVSČQt 0=H ý5 MDNR VRXþiVW ĜHãHQt Yê]NXPQpKR SURMHNWX 1$=9
4,%
/LWHUDWXUD
&,1,%85.9DNRONavrhování lanových chmelnicových konstrukcí. 0HWRGLNDSUR
SUD[L&KPHODĜVNêLQVWLWXWVURäDWHFV,6%1----
*2%25=)5g+/,&+*Vollautomatische Aufhängerung der Aufleitdrähte in
Hopfen-Hochgerüsten. Landtechnik-Agricultural Engineering, YROQR– SS
5<%Èý(.9DNRO&KPHODĜVWYt 6=13UDKDV,6%1--
65,9$67$9$$. HW DO Engineering Principles of Agricultural Machines. $6$(
0LFKLJDQ86$S,6%1---
â12%/-DNRORostlinná výroba IV. ý=8Y3UD]HV,6%1---
9(17/DNRO0HFKDQL]RYDQpOLQN\YHFKPHODĜVWYt 9Ò&+äDWHFV
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
'RF ,QJ $GROI U\END ýHVNi ]HPČGČOVNi XQLYHU]LWD Y 3UD]H 7HFKQLFNi IDNXOWD .DWHGUD
]HPČGČOVNêFK VWURMĤ .DPêFNi 3UDKD – 6XFKGRO 7HO (-PDLO
U\END#WIF]XF]
15
&203$&7,212)0,//('%,20$66
$/(.6$1'(5/,62:6.,$'$0ĝ:,ĉ72&+2:6.,(/:,5$&+2,ē6.$
:DUVDZ8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUDODQG)RUHVW(QJLQHHULQJ
$EVWUDFW
7KH VXSSOHQHVV WR FRPSDFWLRQ RI WKH PLOOHG ELRPDVV RI HLJKW VSHFLHV RI HQHUJ\
SODQWVZDVLQYHVWLJDWHG7KHPLOOHG PDWHULDOZDV FRPSDFWHG LQ DF\OLQGHU ZLWKDGLDPHWHU
RI PP DQG D KHLJKW RI PP XVLQJ D K\GUDXOLF SLVWRQ 7KH H[SHULPHQWV ZHUH
SHUIRUPHG DW DSUHVVXUHRI DQG N3D DQGFRPSDFWLRQ GXULQJ DQG sDQGWKUHH
SKDVHV RI WKH SUHVVXUH SLVWRQ ,W ZDV IRXQG WKDW WKH PDLQ IDFWRUV DQG WKHLU PXWXDO
LQWHUDFWLRQ VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFW WKH PLOOHG ELRPDVVILQDO GHQVLW\:RRG\ ELRPDVV IURPURVH
DQG ZLOORZ KDG WKHKLJKHVW GHQVLW\DQGJUDVVELRPDVVWKH VPDOOHVW7KHJUHDWHVW FKDQJHV
LQ ELRPDVV GHQVLW\ ZHUH REWDLQHG IRU VSDUWLQD 9LUJLQLD PDOORZ JLDQW
PLVFDQWKXV PDL]H ZLOORZ WRSLQDPERXU SRO\JRQDFHRXV
DQG URVH .H\ZRUGV HQHUJ\SODQWVFRPSDFWLRQSUHVVXUHWLPH
,1752'8&7,21
2EWDLQLQJVROLGELR-IXHOVIURPHQHUJ\FURSVUHTXLUHVWKHXVHRIYDULRXVSURFHVVHV
RI JULQGLQJ GU\LQJ DQG SUHVVXUH DJJORPHUDWLRQ 7KH UDZ PDWHULDO IURP HQHUJ\ FURSV LV
RQH RI WKH PDWHULDOV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D ODUJH YROXPH ZLWK ORZ ZHLJKW 7KLV FUHDWHV
SUREOHPVZLWKWUDQVSRUWDWLRQKDQGOLQJDQGLQFUHDVHVWKHQHHGIRUODUJHVWRUDJHDUHDV7R
WDNH IXOO DGYDQWDJH RI WKH PDWHULDO IURP HQHUJ\ FURSV DV D IXHO LW PXVW EH VXEMHFWHG WR
FRPSDFWLRQZKLFKDOORZVWRSUHSDUHWKHILQDOSURGXFWVVXFKDVEULTXHWWHVRUSHOOHWV6XFK
SURGXFWV DUH HDVLHU WRWUDQVSRUW DQGPD\ QHHG OHVV VSDFH WR VWRUH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKHILQDO
HQHUJ\TXDOLW\RIWKHSHOOHWVDQGEULTXHWWHVLVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWRIUDZPDWHULDO
+LJK-SUHVVXUHFRPSDFWLRQSURFHVVLVIDLUO\ZHOOGHVFULEHGLQSURIHVVLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH
)DERURGH DQG 2
&DOODJKDQ 'U]\PDáD +HMIW 7KH ILUVW VWDJH RI
FRPSDFWLRQLVGRQHDWORZSUHVVXUHV$WWKLVVWDJHWKHUHLVDSKHQRPHQDOHDGLQJGHQVH
SDFNLQJ PDWHULDO 5HDUUDQJHPHQW RI SDUWLFOHV RFFXUV E\ VOLSSDJH URWDWLRQ RI SDUWLFOHV
FROODSVH RI EULGJHV DQG ILOOLQJ ODUJH HPSW\ VSDFHV *UDLQV PRYH FORVHU WRJHWKHU ZKLFK
UHVXOWVLQLQFUHDVHGLQWHUDFWLRQRIDGKHVLRQIRUFHV7KHUHVXOWLQJDUUDQJHPHQWKDVDKLJK
GHJUHHRIFRRUGLQDWLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHFRQWDFWVXUIDFHRISDUWLFOHVLQFUHDVHVGXHWR
WKHLUFORVHSUR[LPLW\DQGDFRPSUHVVLRQVHWRIWKHJUDLQVURXJKQHVVVXUIDFH7KHUHLVWKH
LQLWLDOPLOOZUHFNRIWKHPHFKDQLFDOSDUWLFOHLWKDSSHQVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHFDVHRIJUDQXOHV
ZLWKVSUHDGVXUIDFH
)XUWKHU LQFUHDVH RI SUHVVXUH LQFUHDVHV WKH SODVWLF DQG HODVWLF GHIRUPDWLRQ WKH
IUDJPHQWDWLRQ RI DJJORPHUDWH DQG OHDGV WR WKH VWDUW RI JUDLQV FUDFNLQJ DQG FUXVKLQJ
7KHVHSKHQRPHQDFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHVHFRQGVWDJHRIFRPSUHVVLRQFDQEHJLQDVHDUO\
DV WKH ILUVW VWDJH (PSW\ VSDFHV DUH ILOOHG ZLWK FUXPEV DQG WKH JUDLQV DUH SDFNHG
WRJHWKHU:LWKDQLQFUHDVHRISUHVVXUHWKHFRPSDFWLRQLQFUHDVHVVOLJKWO\
,Q WKH WKLUG VWDJH ZLWK D IXUWKHU LQFUHDVH LQ SUHVVXUH SDUWLFOH UHORFDWLRQ LV RQO\
VOLJKW EHFDXVH WKH FRPSDFWLRQ LV DOUHDG\ ZHOO DGYDQFHG DQG LV FUXVKLQJ RI SULPDU\
SDUWLFOHV'HQVLW\RIPDWHULDOLQFUHDVHGVOLJKWO\HYHQDWKLJKSUHVVXUH LQFUHDVHV
6LQFH WKH VFRSH RI ZRUN LQFOXGHV WKH ILUVW VWDJH RI FRPSDFWLRQ LW LV GXULQJ WKLV
SURFHVVZHKDYHIHZHUWKHUPDOHIIHFWVDQGLQFUHDVLQJO\WKHUHDUHSKHQRPHQDUHODWHGWR
WKH UHRUJDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH VSDWLDO VWUXFWXUH RI WKH PL[WXUH ,Q SUDFWLFH WKHUH LV WKH
SURFHVVLQJLHWKHFRPSDFWLRQPHWKRGRIPDWHULDOXVHGIRUWKHWUHDWPHQWRIVXFKFKLSV
EURNHQ-XSJUDVVFHUHDOVDQGSHUHQQLDOSODQWVPLOOHGJUDLQDQGFRUHVRIPDL]HZDVWHVRI
IRRG LQGXVWU\ IRU IHHG SXUSRVHV 0RVW RIWHQ WKH\ DUH XVHG LQ WKH VLODJH SURGXFWLRQ
&RPSDFWLRQ RI PDWHULDO FDQ EH GRQH DOVR LQ WUDQVSRUW 7KLV SDUWLFXODUO\ FRQFHUQV EXON
16
PDWHULDO ZKHUH EHFDXVH RI ORZ EXON GHQVLW\ IXOO XVH RI WUDQVSRUW PHDQV ORDG FDSDFLW\
FDQQRW EH PDGH 6SHFLDO PHDQV RI WUDQVSRUW SHUIRUP WKLV IXQFWLRQ ZKLFK FRXOG LQFOXGH
VLODJHWUDLOHUVHTXLSSHGZLWKIHHGURWRUV7KHVHPDFKLQHVFRQGHQVHSLFN-XSPDWHULDOGXH
WR GHOD\HG VKLIWLQJ RI WKH SODQW PDWHULDO E\ WKH FRQYH\RU IORRU 0DWHULDO ZLWKLQ WKH ORDGFDUU\LQJERG\LVZHLJKHGGRZQZLWKIXUWKHUSRUWLRQVRIWKH PDWHULDOIHGE\WKHURWRU7KLV
FDXVHVWKHFRPSDFWLRQ7KHSURFHVVLVFDUULHGRXWXQWLOWKHGHVLUHGGHJUHHRIFRPSDFWLRQ
KDVEHHQDFKLHYHG6NRQHFNL6SHFLDORSHQORDG-FDUU\LQJERGLHVHTXLSSHGZLWKD
VOLGLQJ ZDOO E\ WKH K\GUDXOLF F\OLQGHU DUH DOVR XVHG IRU WUDQVSRUWLQJ EXON PDWHULDO
7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRFKDQJHWKHELRPDVVGHQVLW\XQGHUWKH
LQIOXHQFHRIDQH[WHUQDOORDG
*RRG VXSSOHQHVV WR FRPSDFWLRQ PHDQV WKDW WKH PDWHULDO FDQ EH WKLFNHQHG E\
XVLQJ VPDOOHU SUHVVXUHV DQG WKH ILQDO SURGXFW LV VWDEOH 7KH SURJUHVV RI WKH FRUUHFW
SURFHVV GHSHQGV RQ PDQ\ IDFWRUV %LRORJLFDO PDWHULDOV DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ VSHFLILF
SURSHUWLHVWKDWGLVWLQJXLVKWKHPIURPRWKHUW\SHVRIPDWHULDOV7KHVHLQFOXGHGHIRUPDWLRQ
XQGHU ORDG DQG VWURQJ LQIOXHQFH RI PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV
0HFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI ELRPDVV DUH WDNHQ LQWRDFFRXQW LQ WKUHH DUHDV RIVFLHQWLILF DQG
SUDFWLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQV.QRZOHGJHLVXVHIXOZKHQGHVLJQLQJPDFKLQHU\DQGWHFKQRORJ\
SURFHVV FRQWURO DQG SURFHVVLQJ DQG VWRUDJH DQG FDQ EH XVHG WR HYDOXDWH WKH TXDOLW\ RI
UDZPDWHULDODQGSURGXFW
7KH RSWLPXP PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RI WKH SURFHVV LV - ,Q OHVV PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW
KHDWLVQRWSURSHUO\WUDQVIHUDQGFRPSDFWLRQFDQEHGLIILFXOWWRLPSOHPHQW,QWKHRSSRVLWH
VLWXDWLRQZDWHUYDSRXUDSSHDUVLQWKHSURFHVVZKLFKDIIHFWVGLVLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHREWDLQHG
SURGXFW $ FKDQJH LQ PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW KDV D VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH RQ WKH FRPSDFWLRQ
SURFHVV,WVLQFUHDVHFDXVHVDGHFUHDVHLQSURGXFWGHQVLW\DQGDGHFUHDVHLQWKHIULFWLRQ
FRHIILFLHQWEHWZHHQWKHPDWHULDODQGWKHZDOOPDWUL[ZKLFKLVWKHSURFHVV,WUHGXFHVWKH
VWUHVVUHOD[DWLRQWLPHLQWKHDJJORPHUDWHZKLFKLPSOLHVWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIWKHPDWHULDO
PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV 7KH SURFHVV EHFRPHV OHVV HQHUJ\-FRQVXPLQJ DQG PRUH HIILFLHQW
+HMIW*URFKRZLF]HWDOVWXGLHVFRQILUPHGWKLVFRQFOXVLRQ7KH\IRXQGWKDW
ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWHQHUJ\H[SHQGLWXUHGHFUHDVHVE\XSWR0RUHRYHU
WKHNLQHWLFVWUHQJWKRIWKHDJJORPHUDWHLQFUHDVHV
7KH FRPSDFWLRQ SURFHVV DOVR GHSHQGV RQ WKH PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV )HDWXUHV VXFK
DVSRURVLW\DQGIULFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWGHSHQGRQWHPSHUDWXUH,QFHUWDLQWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHV
RIFRPSDFWLRQDIULFWLRQPD\RFFXUZKLFKDIIHFWVWKHSURFHVVGHYHORSPHQW6LPLODUO\WKH
FRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHPDWHULDORUFRQWHQWRIVWDUFKSURWHLQFHOOXORVHIDWDQGUHVLQDUHYHU\
LPSRUWDQW,QVRPHUDZ PDWHULDOVGXULQJWKHSURFHVVWKHSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOFKDQJHV
RFFXU IRU H[DPSOH UHGXFLQJ WKH IULFWLRQ WKDW LV ERWK HQHUJ\ FRQVXPLQJ DQG DIIHFWV WKH
VWUHQJWK RI WKH SURGXFW $Q LQFUHDVH LQ ILEUH FRQWHQW PD\ UHVXOW LQ LQFUHDVHG HQHUJ\
FRPSDFWLRQ &KRáXM DQG 3RGODVNL DQG DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH IORZ UDWH RI SRZGHU
LPSURYHVVXSSOHQHVVWRFRPSDFWLRQRIWKHPDWHULDODQGVWUHQJWKRIWKHDJJORPHUDWH+HMIW
(ODVWLFLW\ DOVR DIIHFWV WKH GHQVLWLHV VLQFH WKLV FKDUDFWHULVWLF GHWHUPLQHV WKH
SRVVLELOLW\ RI UHFRYHULQJ WKH RULJLQDO VL]H DQG VKDSH DIWHU UHPRYDO RI WKH IRUFHV ZKLFK
FDXVHGGHIRUPDWLRQLQWKHP$QLPSRUWDQWIHDWXUHRIHODVWLFLW\LVWKHEHKDYLRXURIHQHUJ\
)ROORZV IURP WKLV WKDW WKH PRUH HODVWLF WKH PDWHULDO WKH OHVV HIILFLHQW WKH SURFHVV DQG
PRUH HQHUJ\ LV QHHGHG WR FDUU\ LW RXW +HMIW 7KH FRHIILFLHQW RI HODVWLFLW\ DQG
PRPHQW RI LQHUWLD RI WKH SODQW PDWHULDO GHWHUPLQH WKH VWLIIQHVV RI WKH SDUWLFOHV ZKLFK LQ
WXUQGHWHUPLQHVWKHIRUFHUHTXLUHGWRFDXVHGHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHVWUDLQLQWKHWLVVXHVIUDPH
7KHUHIRUH WKH FRPSDFWLRQ SURFHVV RI WKH PDWHULDO ZLWK KLJKHU VWLIIQHVV LV PRUH HQHUJ\
FRQVXPLQJ
$W FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH DQG DW WLPH WHQGLQJ WR LQILQLW\ WKH GHQVLW\ RI WKH PDWHULDO
WHQGLQJ WR D FRQVWDQW YDOXH ZKLFK UHVXOWV IURP WKH WRWDO YROXPH RI WKH SDUWLFOHV LQ LWV
FRPSRVLWLRQ+HMIW 3UHVVLQJ SUHVVXUH LQFUHDVHV WKH GHQVLW\ RIWKH PDWHULDO EXW LW
GHSHQGV RQ WKH W\SH RI PDWHULDO PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW SDUWLFOH VL]H WLPH RI FRPSDFWLRQ
SUHVVXUHDQGOD\HUWKLFNQHVV
17
,QWKHOLWHUDWXUHWKHUHLVOLWWOHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGSDUDPHWHUV
RIORZ-SUHVVXUHFRPSDFWLRQSURFHVVRIEURNHQ-XSELRPDVVIURPHQHUJ\FURSV7KHUHIRUH,
RXU DLP ZDV WR FODULI\ WKH HIIHFW RI FRPSDFWLRQ SUHVVXUH DQG WLPH DQG WKH QXPEHU RI
SKDVHV RI WKH ORDG QHHGHG WR FKDQJH WKH GHQVLW\ RI PLOOHG PDWHULDO RI VSDUWLQD, 9LUJLQLD
PDOORZ, JLDQW PLVFDQWKXV, PDL]H, ZLOORZ, WRSLQDPERXU, SRO\JRQDFHRXV DQG URVH
0$7(5,$/$1'0(7+2'2/2*<
7KH VWXG\ XVHG RUJDQLF PDWHULDO IURP WKH ZLOORZ Salix viminalis WRSLQDPERXU
Helianthus tuberosus 9LUJLQLD PDOORZ Sida hermaphrodita VSDUWLQD Spartina
pectinata URVH Rosa multiflora SRO\JRQDFHRXV Polygonum sachalinense JLDQW
PLVFDQWKXVMiscanthus sinensis giganteanDQGPDL]H3ODQWVZHUHKDUYHVWHGIURPSORWV
DW WKH ([SHULPHQWDO 6WDWLRQ LQ 6NLHUQLHZLFH EHORQJLQJ WR WKH :DUVDZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /LIH
6FLHQFHV 3ODQWV ZHUH KDUYHVWHG ZLWK D -URZ WUDLOHG IRUDJH KDUYHVWHU = ZKLFK
FRQQHFWHGZLWKDQN:WUDFWRU8UVXV7KHFKRSSLQJXQLWRIWKHIRUDJHUKDUYHVWHU
ZDVHTXLSSHGZLWKVWUDLJKWWKURZHUEODGHVZLWKDVKDUSWRROUDNHDQGDOVRZLWKDVPRRWKVXUIDFH ERWWRP SODWH $QJXODU YHORFLW\ RI WKH GLVF ZDV s-1 DQG NQLYHV DQG IHHG
VSHHG RI PāV-1 UHDFKHG +] IUHTXHQF\ FXWWLQJ DQG WKHRUHWLFDO SDUWLFOH OHQJWK RI
PPPDWHULDO
:RRGFKLSVRUFKDIIZHUHGULHGXQGHUQDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVWR-PRLVWXUH
FRQWHQWZHWEDVLVDQGWKHQZHUH PLOOHGE\EHDWHUPLOOHTXLSSHGZLWKDVFUHHQSHUIRUDWHG
ZLWKRSHQLQJV PPLQGLDPHWHU
$W HDFK VWDJH RI WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ WKH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RI SODQW PDWHULDO ZDV
GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH GULHG-ZHLJKW PHWKRG DFFRUGLQJ WR 31-(1 - )RU WKLV SXUSRVH
WKUHHVDPSOHVRIPDWHULDOIURPHDFKSODQWZHLJKLQJ JZHLJKHGRQWKH5$':$*:63
&VFDOHVZLWKDQDFFXUDF\RI JGULHGWRFRQVWDQWZHLJKWDWo &
6L]H FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH ZRRG FKLSV RU EURNHQ-XS RU PLOOHG PDWHULDO ZHUH
GHWHUPLQHGLQDPHFKDQLFDOVHSDUDWRULQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHPHWKRGRORJ\$6$(6
$6$( 6WDQGDUG )RU PHDVXULQJ SDUWLFOH VL]H GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SDUWLFXODWH PDWHULDO DYHUDJH QR FRPSDFWLRQ VDPSOHV ZLWK D YROXPH RI GP ZHUH XVHG 'XUDWLRQ RI
VFUHHQLQJVDPSOHVZDVFRQWUROOHGE\VWRSSHUDPDVVRILQGLYLGXDOIUDFWLRQVZHUHZHLJKHG
RQ DQ HOHFWURQLF VFDOH ZLWK DQ DFFXUDF\ RI J ,I WKH DPRXQW UHPDLQLQJ RQ WKH WRS
VLHYHH[FHHGHGRIWKHVDPSOHWRWDOPDVVDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDPSOHRIWKLVVLHYHZDV
GHWHUPLQHG E\ D PDQXDO PHDVXUHPHQW VOLGH FDOLSHU ZLWK DQ DFFXUDF\ RI PP 7KH
DYHUDJHOHQJWKRISDUWLFOHVZDVGHWHUPLQHGDVWKHJHRPHWULFPHDQ7KHVLHYHSDQPRYHV
ZLWK D IUHTXHQF\ RI +] ZLWK D WLPH VHSDUDWLRQ RI HDFK VDPSOH UHDFKLQJ V 7KH
DQDO\VLV RI EURNHQ-XS DQG PLOOHG SDUWLFOH VL]H GLVWULEXWLRQV DUH JLYHQ LQ /LVRZVNL HW DO
7KH PLOOHG PDWHULDO ZDV FRPSDFWHG XVLQJ D K\GUDXOLF GHYLFH GHVLJQHG DW WKH
'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUDODQG)RUHVW0DFKLQHU\:DUVDZ8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHVDQG
SURGXFHGE\52&.),1/WG7KHGHYLFHKDVWKHDELOLW\WRDGMXVWWKHSUHVVXUHE\FKDQJLQJ
SUHVVXUH GXUDWLRQ DQG QXPEHU RI SKDVHV LQ WKH F\FOH WKH QXPEHU RI WKHVH F\FOHV DQG
FKDQJHV LQ GLDPHWHU RI WKH SUHVVXUH SODWH DFWLQJ DV D SLVWRQ 7KH HTXLSPHQW ZDV
FRQQHFWHGWRDK\GUDXOLF GULYHPDGHLQ52&.),1/WG)LJ-
%HIRUH FRPSDFWLQJ PHDVXUHPHQWV WKH PHDVXULQJ V\VWHP DQG LWV VFDOLQJ ZHUH
FDOLEUDWHG 7KLV KHOSHG WR WUDQVIRUP WKH YDOXH LQ P9 DV LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH LQVWUXPHQWV RQ
WKHVSHFLILHGSK\VLFDOTXDQWLW\RIGLVWDQFHDQGSUHVVXUHH[SUHVVHGLQPLOOLPHWUHVDQGEDUV
UHVSHFWLYHO\
6FDOLQJWKHGLVSODFHPHQWVHQVRUZDVSHUIRUPHGE\XVLQJVSDFHUV7KHSRLQWRI
ZDVGHILQHGDVWKHERWWRPRIWKHFRPSDFWLRQF\OLQGHUZLWKDKHLJKWRI PPDQGZLWKD
GLDPHWHU RI PP $W WKH ERWWRP RI WKH F\OLQGHU PP WKLFN VSDFHUV ZHUH JUDGXDOO\
SODFHG XQWLO WKH SLVWRQ UHDFKHG WKH WRS SRVLWLRQ RI WKH F\OLQGHU )RU HDFK SRVLWLRQ VWHS
18
FKDQJHRIWKHSLVWRQPHWHUUHDGLQJRIGLVSODFHPHQWDQGSUHVVXUHZHUHUHFRUGHG2QWKLV
EDVLV OLQHDU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ERWK PHWHUV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG )RU D GLVSODFHPHQW VHQVRU
WKH HTXDWLRQ h U 52 ZDV REWDLQHG DQG IRU WKH SUHVVXUH
p U - 52 ZKHUH h LV WKH GLVWDQFH RI WKH JDXJH SOXQJHU RI
GLVSODFHPHQW VHQVRU LQ PP U - YROWDJH LQ P9 p - SUHVVXUH LQ EDUV ,QYHUVH IXQFWLRQV
ZHUHXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHDOYDOXHV
$ VDPSOH RI PLOOHG SODQW PDWHULDO ZLWK D YROXPH RI GP PHDVXUHG XVLQJ D
ODERUDWRU\ FRQWDLQHU ZLWK DFFXUDF\ RI GP ZDV ZHLJKHG ZLWK DQ DFFXUDF\ RI J $
VLQJOH VDPSOH RI SODQW PDWHULDO ZDV SXW WR D F\FOH RI FRPSDFWLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR SUHVHW
SDUDPHWHUVRISUHVVXUHDQGGXUDWLRQRIFRPSDFWLRQ7KHSLVWRQVWURNHZDVUHFRUGHGE\D
GLVSODFHPHQWVHQVRUZKLFKDOORZHGWRGHWHUPLQHEXONGHQVLW\RISODQWPDWHULDO2QHF\FOH
RIFRPSDFWLQJWKHPDWHULDOFRQVLVWHGRIWKUHHSKDVHVRISUHVVXUHWKDWODVWHGIRURU s
LQWHUYDOVVHSDUDWHGE\WZRSKDVHVLQYROYLQJDZLWKGUDZDORIWKHSLVWRQODVWLQJIRU V7KH
GXUDWLRQ RI RQH F\FOH ODVWHG RU V DQG HQGHG ZLWK D IXOO UDLVLQJ RI WKH SLVWRQ DQG
VKLIWLQJRXWWKHSODWHZLWKWKHF\OLQGHU
)LJXUH +\GUDXOLF HTXLSPHQWIRUFRPSDFWLRQ RI )LJXUH &RQWUROV\VWHP RSHUDWLRQ DQG UHFRUGLQJ
PLOOHGPDWHULDOZLWKH[WUD GULYH
GHYLFH PHDVXUHPHQWV
)LJXUH &\OLQGHU DWVKLIWRXWSRVLWLRQGXULQJLWV
ILOOLQJ RI ELRPDVV
6RXUFHDXWKRU¶VRZQSKRWRJUDSKV
)LJXUH 3LVWRQ ZLWKDGLVSODFHPHQW VHQVRU
GXULQJ FRPSDFWLRQRIELRPDVV
0HDVXUHPHQW RI WKH PDVV RI PLOOHG SODQW PDWHULDO RI NQRZQ YROXPH DOORZHG WKH
HVWLPDWLRQRIEXONGHQVLW\
19
U]
Pnp Pn
V
ZKHUH
ȡz – EXONGHQVLW\RIWKH PLOOHG PDWHULDONJāP-,
mnp – PDVVRI FRQWDLQHU ZLWK SODQWPDWHULDONJ
mn – PDVVRI FRQWDLQHUNJ
V – YROXPHRI FRQWDLQHUP
'XULQJWKH FRPSDFWLRQ SURFHVVPDWHULDO GHQVLW\YDULHV GHSHQGLQJRQ WKHGLVWDQFH
RI WKH SLVWRQ 2Q WKLV EDVLV WKH DYHUDJH GHQVLW\ RI PDWHULDO FDQ EH GHWHUPLQHG IURP WKH
IRUPXOD
U
P
SK K ZKHUH
ȡz – GHQVLW\RIWKH FRPSDFWLRQ SODQWPDWHULDO DIWHU PLOOLQJNJāP-,
m – PDVVRI PLOOHG SODQWPDWHULDONJ
h – WKHLQLWLDO KHLJKWRI PDWHULDO LQWKHF\OLQGHUP
S – FURVVVHFWLRQDODUHDRI F\OLQGHUP2,
h – WKHSLVWRQGLVWDQFH UHFRUGHG E\GLVSODFHPHQW VHQVRUP
&RPSDFWLRQ RIPLOOHG SODQWPDWHULDO ZDVSHUIRUPHGE\D SUHVVXUHSODWH PP LQ
GLDPHWHUDQG FRPSDFWLRQ SUHVVXUHRI RU N3D, ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQGVWR WKHK\GUDXOLF
F\OLQGHU SUHVVXUH RI DQG EDU UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQG WKH FRPSDFWLRQ IRUFH RQ PDWHULDO RI
DQG kN UHVSHFWLYHO\
)RU HDFK RI WKH SODQWV WKUHH WHVWV ZHUH FDUULHG RXW FKDQJLQJ WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI
WLPHDQG SUHVVXUH, ZKLFK JDYH DWRWDORI 12 PHDVXUHPHQWV IRU HDFK W\SHRIPDWHULDO)RUD
WRWDO RIHLJKW SODQWV PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHG
7KHFRPSDFWLRQHTXLSPHQW ZDVFRQQHFWHGWRDFRPSXWHU HTXLSSHGZLWK DFRQWURO
SURJUDP )LJ 3URFHVVHG VLJQDOV IURP VHQVRUV PHDVXULQJ GLVSODFHPHQW DQG SUHVVXUH
ZHUH UHFRUGHG RQ WKH FRPSXWHU GLVN, DQG ODWHU WUDQVSRVHG WR WKH YDOXHV RI SK\VLFDO
TXDQWLWLHV XVLQJ PDFURV )RU HDFK RI WKH PHDVXULQJ V\VWHPV FRPSDFWLRQ JUDSKV ZHUH
GUDZQ ZKLFK VKRZHG WKH F\FOLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH SUHVVXUH DQG GLVSODFHPHQW
GHSHQGLQJRQSLVWRQ DFWLRQWLPHRQDSODQWPDWHULDO )LJ A
K PP p EDU
'
B
C
*
(
)
H
I
2 12 22 WLPHV
)LJXUH ([DPSOH RIFRPSDFWLQJ F\FOH RIPLOOHGSODQWPDWHULDO FRPSDFWLRQWLPH s,
UHOD[DWLRQ WLPH s, FRPSDFWLRQ SUHVVXUH N3D, p - SUHVVXUH, h - WKHKHLJKWRI WKHOD\HU RISODQW
PDWHULDO, A - EHJLQQLQJRI FRPSDFWLRQ, BC()HI - WLPH IRU DVWDEOH ORDG FRPSDFWLRQIRU WKHILUVW,
WKHVHFRQG DQG WKHWKLUGVWDJHVRI WKHF\FOH, UHVSHFWLYHO\ &', )* - ZLWKGUDZDORI WKHSLVWRQ
UHOD[DWLRQRIWKHPDWHULDO'(, *+ - UH-HPSKDVLVRIWKHSLVWRQRQ SODQWPDWHULDODQG I – HQGRI
FRPSDFWLRQ IRURQHF\FOH
6RXUFHDXWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQ
20
)RUHDFK VHJPHQW ZLWK DVWDEOH ORDG FRPSDFWLRQ SLVWRQRI BC()HI SKDVHRIWKH
F\FOH UHJUHVVLRQ HTXDWLRQV RI SODQW PDWHULDO GHQVLW\ FKDQJH GHSHQGLQJ RQ WLPH ZHUH
HVWLPDWHG HTXDWLRQV IRU HDFKF\FOH3DUDPHWHUV RIHTXDWLRQV ZHUHXVHGWR GHWHUPLQH
WKH PDWHULDO GHQVLW\ DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ DQG HQG RI WKH SLVWRQ ZRUNLQJ PRYHPHQW DQG WKH
GHQVLW\ RIWKHILQDO FRPSDFWHG SODQWPDWHULDO LQWKHF\OLQGHU7KHYDOXHVREWDLQHG IRUWKH
GHQVLW\ RI PLOOHG PDWHULDO RI GLIIHUHQW SODQWV DQG IRU WKH FRPSDFWLRQ SUHVVXUH DQG
N3DWLPH SUHVVXUH DQG sDQG SKDVHRIF\FOH , ZHUHGHYHORSHG E\XVLQJ
VWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV PHWKRGVZLWK 6WDWLVWLFD YFRPSXWHUVRIWZDUHSDFNDJH
5(68/76DQG',6&866,216
%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIDQDO\VLVRIYDULDQFH7DEOH LWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKH
YDULDWLRQV LQ WKH GHQVLW\ RI PDWHULDO ZHUH KLJKO\ VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW GHSHQGHQW RQ DOO
IRXUPDLQIDFWRUVWKHW\SHRISODQWSUHVVXUHWLPHDQGSKDVHRIFRPSDFWLRQ$GRXEOHDQG
D WULSOH LQWHUDFWLRQ QHDUO\ DOO SURYHG WR EH VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW $ WULSOH LQWHUDFWLRQ RI
SUHVVXUH - WLPH - SKDVH IRU ZKLFK WKH FULWLFDO VLJQLILFDQFH OHYHO ZDV ZDV RI
ERUGHUOLQHVLJQLILFDQFH
7DEOH 7KH UHVXOWV RI DQDO\VLV RI YDULDQFH IRU WKH ILQDO GHQVLW\ RI ELRPDVV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH
LQYHVWLJDWHGIDFWRUV
6RXUFH
6XPRI VTXDUHV 'HJUHHVRI IUHHGRP 0HDQ VTXDUH )-UDWLR
p-YDOXH
0DLQHIIHFWV
$SODQW
%SUHVVXUH 1
&WLPH
1
'SKDVH
2
,QWHUDFWLRQ
A×B
A×C
$î'
B×C
1
%î'
2
&î'
2
A×B×C
$î%î'
$î&î'
%î&î'
2
$î%î&î'
5HVLGXH
7RWDO
(
6RXUFHDXWKRU¶VFDOFXODWLRQV
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
>
!
On WKHEDVLVRI DGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVSHUIRUPHG E\PHDQVRI'XQFDQ
V WHVW LWFDQEH
FRQFOXGHG WKDWWKH VPDOOHVW GHQVLW\ YDOXHV FKDUDFWHULVWLFRI PLOOHG PDWHULDORI WRSLQDPERXU
DQG 9LUJLQLD PDOORZ IRUP D KRPRJHQHRXV JURXS IRU WKHVH SODQWV 7DEOH 9DOXHV RI
PLOOHG PDWHULDO GHQVLW\ RIPLVFDQWKXV DQG SRO\JRQDFHRXVIRUPHG DQRWKHU KRPRJHQHRXV
JURXS )RU WKH RWKHU SODQWV LQGLYLGXDO JURXS YDOXHV RI PLOOHG PDWHULDO GHQVLW\ ZHUH
LVRODWHG
%DVHG RQ D GHWDLOHG DQDO\VLV RI WKH DYHUDJH YDOXHV RI D PLOOHG SODQW GHQVLW\
PDWHULDO LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKHVH YDOXHV ZHUH VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQWO\ GLIIHUHQW WR
WKH VXFFHVVLYHSKDVHVRI WKHVH FRPSDFWLRQ 7DEOH )RUHDFK RIWKHPDLQ IDFWRUV DQGWKHLU levels WKHDYHUDJH YDOXHVRI WKHILQDO GHQVLW\
RIDFRPSDFWLRQ SODQWPDWHULDO DUHFDOFXODWHG 7DEOH7KLVWDEOH DOVR OLVWVWKH YDOXHVRI
VWDQGDUG HUURUV DQG UDQJHV RI GHQVLW\ YDULDWLRQ, FRYHULQJ RI WKH GLVWULEXWLRQV RI
VDPSOHPHDQ)RU HDFK SODQW WKHLQLWLDO GHQVLW\, ZKLFKLV EXON GHQVLW\ ZDVGHWHUPLQHG DQG
21
IRU WKH ILQDO GHQVLW\ RI FRQGHQVHG PDWHULDO DV D SHUFHQWDJH LQFUHDVH LQ GHQVLW\ LV
FDOFXODWHG
7DEOH'XQFDQ
V WHVW IRU IDFWRU SODQW
6RXUFH
&RXQW
$YHUDJH
-
NJÂP
3ODQW
7RSLQDPERXU
9LUJLQLDPDOORZ
*LDQWPLVFDQWKXV
3RO\JRQDFHRXV
0DL]H
6SDUWLQD
:LOORZ
Rose
6WDQGDUG
-
HUURU NJÂP
+RPRJHQHRXVJURXS
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
7DEOH'XQFDQ
V WHVW IRU IDFWRU SKDVHRIFRPSDFWLRQ
-
-
3KDVH
&RXQW
$YHUDJH NJÂP
6WDQGDUGHUURU NJÂP
1
2
+RPRJHQHRXVJURXS
;
;
;
7DEOH 7KHLQLWLDODQG ILQDO GHQVLW\RI DPLOOHG PDWHULDO DQGWKH ORZHUDQG XSSHU UDQJHRI GHQVLW\
YDOXHV ZLWK VWDQGDUGHUURUV IRU WKHPDLQ IDFWRUV
6RXUFH
&RXQW $YHUDJH
6WDQGDUG /RZHUOLPLW 8SSHUOLPLW
,QFUHDVH
%XON
-
-
-
NJÂP
HUURU NJÂP
NJP
NJāP
GHQVLW\ GHQVLW\
-
NJāP
*UDQGPHDQ
7RSLQDPERXU
9LUJLQLDPDOORZ
*LDQWPLVFDQWKXV
3RO\JRQDFHRXV
0DL]H
6SDUWLQD
:LOORZ
Rose
N3D
N3D
s
s
1
2
3ODQW
3UHVVXUH
7LPH
3KDVH
$IWHUDFRPSUHKHQVLYH DQDO\VLV RIWKHUHVHDUFK UHVXOWV LWFDQEHFRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH
ORZHVW ILQDO GHQVLW\RI NJāP- ZDVREWDLQHG IRUWKH PLOOHG PDWHULDO RIWRSLQDPERXU DW
22
FRPSDFWLRQ SUHVVXUHRI N3D DQG FRPSDFWLRQ WLPH sDQGWKHKLJKHVW NJP- IRU
URVH DWWKH SDUDPHWHUVRI N3D DQG s
,I WKHSUHVVXUH DFWLQJ RQWKH PDWHULDO LVFRQVWDQW GHQVLW\ LV LQFUHDVHG RQO\ WRWKH
FKDUDFWHULVWLF SRLQW RI WKH PDWHULDO DQG IXUWKHU H[WHQVLRQ RI ORDGLQJ WLPH GLG QRW DIIHFW
VLJQLILFDQWO\ ORQJHU WRFRPSDFWLRQ ZDVRFFXUUHG DOVR FRUUHFW +HMIWDQG 2ELG]LĔVNL
7KH JUHDWHVW VXSSOHQHVV WR FKDQJH RI WKH ILQDO GHQVLW\ XQGHU WKH LQIOXHQFH RI
SUHVVXUH FKDQJHV LQ WKH UDQJH RI - N3D ZDV IRXQG IRU PDL]H PDWHULDO ZKLFK
FKDQJHG WKH ILQDO GHQVLW\ RI NJ P- WR NJ P- DQG WKH VPDOOHVW –
PDWHULDO RI9LUJLQLDPDOORZ IURP NJP- WR NJP-, LH 7KHJUHDWHVW VXSSOHQHVV WR FKDQJH RIWKHILQDO GHQVLW\ XQGHULQIOXHQFHRIORDGLQJ
WLPH FKDQJHVLQWKHUDQJHRI - s ZDVIRXQGIRU VSDUWLQD PDWHULDO ZKRVHILQDOGHQVLW\
FKDQJHG IURP NJ P- WR NJ P- DQG WKH ORZHVW – PDWHULDO RI URVH,
EHFDXVH WKH GHQVLW\ SUDFWLFDOO\ GLG QRW FKDQJH DQG DPRXQWHG WR DERXW NJ P-
&KDQJH LQ WKH ILQDO GHQVLW\ RI FRPSDFWLRQ PDWHULDO RI 9LUJLQLD PDOORZ ZDV DOVR LQ WKH
UDQJH RIPHDVXUHPHQWHUURU DQG DPRXQWHGWR DERXW NJP-
)RU JLDQW PLVFDQWKXVPDL]HDQG 9LUJLQLDPDOORZ on FRPSDFWLRQ RIELRPDVV E\WKH
WLPH VLQ WKHILUVW SKDVHRI WKH SLVWRQSUHVVXUH, WKHLPSDFWRI WKHORDG ZDV WRR VKRUW DQG
WKHUHZDVQR VWDELOL]DWLRQRI FRPSDFWLRQ )LJ D6XFKDSKHQRPHQRQ WRRNSODFH ERWK DW
D SUHVVXUH RI N3D DQG N3D ,W ZDV DW -VHFRQG FRPSDFWLQJ LQ DOO WKUHH SKDVHV
IROORZHG E\ VWDELOL]DWLRQ, EXW LQ WKH ILUVW SKDVH RI WKH SLVWRQ SUHVVXUH WKH VWDELOL]DWLRQ
SHULRG ZDV VKRUWHU WKDQ WKH QH[W )LJ E )RU SRO\JRQDFHRXV, WRSLQDPERXU DQG ZLOORZ
ODFNRIVWDELOLW\ LQWKHILUVW SKDVH RIFRPSDFWLRQ ORDG ZDVREVHUYHG RQO\ GXULQJVKRUW-WHUP
SLVWRQ SUHVVXUH VDQG DWWKH KLJKHVW SUHVVXUHRI N3D )LJ )RUWKH PLOOHG PDWHULDO
RIURVH VKRUW VWDELOL]DWLRQ RFFXUUHG DOUHDG\GXULQJWKHILUVW SKDVHRIWKH SUHVVXUH )LJ ,QWKH FDVHRI VSDUWLQD VWDELOL]DWLRQ LQWKHILUVW SKDVHGLGQRWRFFXUDWDOO, DWDSUHVVXUHRI
N3D DQG WKHORDG WLPH RIVHFRQGV, even LQ WKHVHFRQGSKDVHRI WKHSLVWRQ SUHVVXUH
VWDELOL]DWLRQRI GHQVLWLHV ZDVQRWDFKLHYHG )LJ D
E
K PP p EDU
K PP p EDU
K
p
K
p
2
2 12 22 12 22 WLPHV
WLPHV
)LJXUH CRPSDFWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDW DSUHVVXUHRI N3DDPDL]H LQ s, E0LVFDQWKXV LQ
Vp - SUHVVXUH, h - WKHKHLJKWRI WKHOD\HU RISODQWPDWHULDO
E
K PP p EDU
K PP p EDU
D
K
p
K
p
2
12 22 WLPHV
2
12 22 WLPHV
)LJXUH &RPSDFWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RIWKHPDWHULDO SRO\JRQDFHRXV GXULQJWKH sDDW DSUHVVXUH
RI N3DEDW DSUHVVXUHRI N3Dp - SUHVVXUH, h - WKHKHLJKWRI WKHOD\HU RISODQWPDWHULDO
23
K
p
K
p
K PP p EDU
K PP p EDU
2
12 22 WLPHV
2
12 22 WLPHV
)LJXUH &RPSDFWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RIWKH
)LJXUH CRPSDFWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI VSDUWLQD
PDWHULDO URVH DW DSUHVVXUHRI N3D IRU Vp PDWHULDO DW DSUHVVXUHRI N3D IRU Vp SUHVVXUH, h - WKHKHLJKWRI WKHOD\HU RISODQW
SUHVVXUH, h - WKHKHLJKWRI WKHOD\HU RISODQW
PDWHULDO
PDWHULDO
6RXUFHDXWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQ
$OWKRXJK ORDGLQJ WKH SLVWRQ ZLWK ELRPDVV WDNHV SODFH DW FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH,
VWDELOL]HG E\DSURSRUWLRQDO YDOYH, LWLVZLWKLQ WKHG\QDPLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI WKHYDOYHDQ
LQFUHDVHLQGHQVLW\RI WKHPDWHULDORFFXUUHG7KLVZDVGXH WR VWUHVV UHOD[DWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH
SDUWLFOHV 6WUHVV UHOD[DWLRQ ZDV LQFUHDVHG DIWHU WKH ZLWKGUDZDO RI WKH SLVWRQ SRVWFRPSDFWLRQ DQG WKH PDWHULDO ZDV VOLJKWO\ H[SDQGHG ,Q WKH QH[W SKDVH RI WKH SUHVVXUH
FRPSDFWLRQ RI PDWHULDO KDV WR LQFUHDVH IXUWKHU 0XFK JUHDWHU GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH
GHQVLW\ RI PDWHULDO RFFXUUHG DW KLJKHU SUHVVXUH FRPSDFWLRQ N3D WKDQ DW ORZHU
N3D
7KH G\QDPLFV RI WKH FKDQJHV LQ WKH ILQDO GHQVLW\ RI PLOOHG SODQW PDWHULDO ZDV
JUHDWHUIRUWLPHFRPSDFWLRQ VWKDQIRU VDQGDWWKHSUHVVXUHFKDQJHVLQUDQJHRI N3DDQGDPRXQWHGWRDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHELJJHVWFKDQJHVLQWKHYDOXHVRIWKHGHQVLW\RIPLOOHGSODQWPDWHULDORFFXUUHG
LQWKHILUVWSKDVHRIWKHSLVWRQSUHVVXUHLQWKHUDQJHRISUHVVXUHFKDQJHVRI- N3D
WKH G\QDPLFV RI WKH GHQVLW\ UDWLR ZDV DQG LQ WKH WLPH FRPSDFWLRQ FKDQJHV RI V LW ZDV )RU WKH VHFRQG DQG WKLUG VWDJHV RI WKH FRPSDFWLRQ WKH UDWH RI WKH
G\QDPLFV RI WKH ILQDO GHQVLW\ RI PLOOHG SODQW PDWHULDO ZDV VLPLODU EXW IRU ERWK SKDVHV RI
WKH WHVW SUHVVXUH FKDQJHV VKRZHG D KLJKHU SURJUHVVLRQ WKDQ LQ WKH UDQJH RI WLPH
FRPSUHVVLRQDQGDPRXQWHGWRDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\
%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVLQ7DEOHLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHPDWHULDOZLWKWKHPRVW
VXSSOHQHVV WR FRPSDFWLRQ ZDV VSDUWLQD:LWK UHJDUG WR WKH LQFUHDVH LQ EXON GHQVLW\ WKH
ILQDOGHQVLW\RIVSDUWLQDPLOOHGPDWHULDO ZDV,WZDVWKHRQO\PDWHULDOWKDWVXUYLYHG
SURJUHVVLRQRIGHQVLW\XQWLOWKHVHFRQGSKDVHRIFRPSDFWLRQZKLFKMXVWLILHVWKHQHHGIRU
DQH[WHQVLRQRIWLPHORDG6SDUWLQDPLOOHGPDWHULDOFRQWDLQVWKHODUJHVWVKDUHRIWKH
VPDOOHVW SDUWLFOHV OHVV WKDQ PP /LVRZVNL HW DO 2QO\ VOLJKWO\ ORZHU
VXSSOHQHVVWRFRPSDFWLRQLVVKRZQE\9LUJLQLDPDOORZPLOOHGPDWHULDO7KHRWKHU
SODQW PDWHULDOV ZLWK UHJDUG WR VXSSOHQHVV WR FRPSDFWLRQ UDQNHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ RUGHU
PLVFDQWKXV PDL]H ZLOORZ WRSLQDPERXU SRO\JRQDFHRXV
DQGURVH
5RVH PLOOHG PDWHULDO KDG WKH ODUJHVW EXON GHQVLW\ NJ P- DV WKH DYHUDJH
SDUWLFOH VL]H ZDV PP /LVRZVNL HW DO ZKLFK HQDEOHG HDVLHU SDFNLQJ RI WKH
SDUWLFOHVLQWKHVSLOOFRQGLWLRQ7KHUHIRUHWKHUHZDVQRWPXFKIUHHVSDFHWRDOORZWKHVKLIW
DQG GHQVLW\ RI WKH SDUWLFOHV XQGHU WKH LQIOXHQFH RI DQ H[WHUQDO ORDG 5RVH FRQWDLQHG D
ODUJHDPRXQWRIZRRG\WLVVXHVZLWKDKDUGFRUHZKLFKGLGQRW\LHOGWRFROODSVHXQGHUD
UHODWLYHO\ORZSUHVVXUHRI N3D
7KH ZLOORZ PDWHULDO DOVR FRQWDLQHG D ODUJH DPRXQW RI ZRRG\ WLVVXHV EXW WKH
SDUWLFOHVL]HVZHUHODUJHU PPDQGEHFDXVHWKHSODQWZDVKDUYHVWHGLQDRQH-\HDU
F\FOHLWFRQWDLQHGDODUJHTXDQWLW\RIORQJILEUH/LVRZVNLHWDO$PL[WXUHRIZLOORZ
24
PLOOHG PDWHULDO LQ UHVSHFW RI SDUWLFOH VL]H ZDV OHVV KRPRJHQHRXV WKDQ WKH URVH ,W
FRQWDLQHGPRUHIUHHVSDFHDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHEXONGHQVLW\ZDVORZHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHURVH
DQG DPRXQWHG WR NJ P- 8QGHU WKH LQIOXHQFH oI D FRPSDUDEOH ORDG RQ WKH PLOOHG
PDWHULDO WKHGHQVLW\RIWKHZLOORZ NJP-DQG URVH NJP-ZDVVLPLODU, EXW
WKH LQFUHDVH LQ GHQVLW\ ZDV DOPRVW WZLFH DV KLJK
&21&/86,21
2QWKH EDVLVRI WHVWUHVXOWV LWFDQEH FRQFOXGHG WKDWWKH FRPSDFWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
RI PLOOHG PDWHULDO IURP HQHUJ\ FURSV ZHUH YDULHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH W\SH RI SODQW DQG
VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQ WKHILQDO ELRPDVV GHQVLW\ UHVXOWHGIURPERWK SUHVVXUH DQG
WLPH RI FRPSDFWLRQ %LRPDVV IURP JUDVV DW ORZ EXON GHQVLW\ KDG PRUH VXSSOHQHVV WR
FRPSDFWLRQEXWLQRUGHUWRVWDELOL]H WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DORQJ WLPH ORDGZDVUHTXLUHG
Rose DQG ZLOORZ ZRRG\ ELRPDVV EHFDXVHRIWKH GRPLQDQW VKDUH RIWKHFHOO ZDOOV
FRPSRVHGRI OLJQLQ, FHOOXORVH DQG KHPLFHOOXORVH ZHUHFKDUDFWHUL]HG E\KLJK KDUGQHVV DQG
ORZHU SODVWLFLW\ DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH LQFUHDVH WKH ILQDO GHQVLW\ RI WKH FRPSDFWLRQ PDWHULDO
ZDV WKHORZHVW DVFRPSDUHG WR EXONGHQVLW\
,W ZDV FRQILUPHG WKDW DW FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH DFWLQJ RQ WKH ELRPDVV WKH GHQVLW\
LQFUHDVHV RQO\ WRWKH SRLQWFKDUDFWHULVWLF IRUHDFK PDWHULDO, DQG IXUWKHU H[WHQVLRQ RIWLPH LV
QRORQJHU VLJQLILFDQW IRUFRPSDFWLRQ
0LOOHGPDWHULDO RIURVH DQG ZLOORZ FDQ EH FRPSDFWHG IRU s, EXWZKHQVHHNLQJ WR
LQFUHDVH WKH ILQDO ELRPDVV GHQVLW\ LW ZRXOG EH DGYLVDEOH WR DSSO\ D SUHVVXUH RI DW OHDVW
N3D
6SDUWLQD PLOOHG PDWHULDO, ZLWK WKH ORZHVW EXON GHQVLW\ VKRXOG EH FRPSDFWHG IRU DW
OHDVW V $ELRPDVV RIWKLV NLQG LV WKHPRVW VHQVLWLYHWR SURORQJHG ORDG
0LOOHG PDWHULDO IURP RWKHU SODQWV PLVFDQWKXV WRSLQDPERXU 9LUJLQLD PDOORZ,
SRO\JRQDFHRXV, PDL]H FDQ EH FRPSDFWHG IRU s, DV D IXUWKHU SURORQJDWLRQ RI WKH
SUHVVXUH H[HUWHG no VLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVLQ WKHILQDO ELRPDVVGHQVLW\
7KH JUHDWHVW FKDQJHV LQ ELRPDVV GHQVLW\ ZHUH REWDLQHG IRU VSDUWLQD 9LUJLQLD PDOORZ JLDQW PLVFDQWKXV PDL]H ZLOORZ WRSLQDPERXU SRO\JRQDFHRXV DQG URVH 5HIHUHQFHV
$6$(6WDQGDUGV0HWKRGRIGHWHUPLQLQJDQGH[SUHVVLQJSDUWLFLSOHVL]HRIFKRSSHG
IRUDJHPDWHULDOVE\VFUHHQLQJ$6$(6,Q$6$(6WDQGDUGV$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\
RI$JULFXOWXUDO(QJLQHHUV6W-RVHSK0LFKLJDQ)HEUXDU\S
&+2à8- ' 32'/$6., 6 .RPSOHNVRZD RFHQD ELRORJLF]QHM SU]\GDWQRĞFL JDWXQNyZURĞOLQZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\FKZXSUDZDFKHQHUJHW\F]Q\FK >:@Energia odnawialna,
UHG*UDG]LN3$FRPSOH[HYDOXDWLRQRIWKHELRORJLFDOXVDELOLW\RISODQWVVSHFLHVXVHG
IRU HQHUJ\ FURSV>,Q@ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ (GV*UDG]LN . 3áRĔVN:\GDZQLFWZR ³:LHĞ
-XWUD´-ISBN ---LQ3ROLVK
'5=<0$à$=3RGVWDZ\LQĪ\QLHULLSURFHVX]DJĊV]F]DQLDLSUDVRZDQLDPDWHULDáyZ
)XQGDPHQWDOV RI WKH FRPSDFWLRQ SURFHVV HQJLQHHULQJ DQG FRPSUHVVLRQ PDWHULDOV
:DUV]DZD3:1SS,6%1--- LQ3ROLVK
)$%252'( 0 2¶&$//$*+$1 - Theoretical analysis of the compression of
fibrous agricultural materials, -RXUQDO RI $JULFXOWXUDO (QJLQHHULQJ 5HVHDUFK -,661-
*52&+2:,&= - $1'5(-.2 ' 0$=85 - :Sá\Z ZLOJRWQRĞFL L VWRSQLD
UR]GUREQLHQLD QD HQHUJLĊ ]DJĊV]F]DQLD L Z\WU]\PDáRĞü EU\NLHWyZ áXELQRZ\FK 0RLVWXUH
FRQWHQW DQG GHJUHH RI ILQHQHVV LQIOXHQFH RQ WKH HQHUJ\ FRPSUHVVLRQ DQG VWUHQJWK
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI OXSLQHEULTXHWWHV0RWURO-,661- LQ3ROLVK
+(-)7 5 &LĞQLHQLRZD DJORPHUDFMD PDWHULDáyZ URĞOLQQ\FK 3UHVVXUH
DJJORPHUDWLRQ RI SODQW PDWHULDOV 3ROLWHFKQLND %LDáRVWRFND %LDá\VWRN SS ,6%1---LQ3ROLVK
25
+(-)7 5 2%,'=,ē6., 6 Produkcja granulatu i brykietów w aspekcie cech
MDNRĞFLRZ\FK 3URGXFWLRQ RI SHOOHWV DQG EULTXHWWHV LQ DVSHFWV RI TXDOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
&]\VWD(QHUJLD,661-;LQ3ROLVK
/,62:6.,$./212:6.,-6<38à$0Comminution properties of biomass
in forage harvester and beater mill and its particle size characterization $JURQRP\
5HVHDUFK-,661-;
31–(1 – :LOJRWQRĞü V]WXNL WDUFLF\ &]ĊĞü 2]QDF]HQLH ZLOJRWQRĞFL PHWRGą
VXV]DUNRZR–ZDJRZą0RLVWXUHFRQWHQWRIVDZQWLPEHU3DUW'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI PRLVWXUH
FRQWHQW E\ GULHG-ZHLJKW PHWKRG LQ3ROLVK
6.21(&., 6 0RGHORZDQLH FLĞQLHQLRZHJR ]DJĊV]F]DQLD PDWHULDáyZ URĞOLQQ\FK
0RGHOLQJ SUHVVXUH RIFRPSDFWLRQ SODQWPDWHULDO5R]SUDZ\1DXNRZH$NDGHPLL5ROQLF]HM
Z/XEOLQLHSS,661 -LQ3ROLVK
&RQWDFWDGGUHVV
3URI'U(QJ$OHNVDQGHU/LVRZVNL, :DUVDZ8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV– 6**:-:DUVDZ
1RZRXUV\QRZVND3RODQG, 'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUDODQG)RUHVW(QJLQHHULQJ:DUVDZ3RODQG
3KRQH-)D[-(-PDLODOHNVDQGHUBOLVRZVNL#VJJZSO
26
(1(5*(7,&.È352'8.&(3/$17ÈäË5<&+/(526728&Ë&+7232/ģ1$
3/$17Èä,9 /2.$/,7ċ&+/806.È+25$
IVO CELJAK, VÁCLAV VÁVRA, MILAN FRÍD, JOSEF FROLÍK
-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDY ýHVNêFK%XGČMRYLFtFK =HPČGČOVNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNp
GRSUDYQtDPDQLSXODþQtWHFKQLN\
Abstract:
7KHSDSHUSUHVHQWVDQDQDO\VLVRISK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGSURGXFWLRQSRWHQWLDO
RIIDVWJURZLQJSRSODUVVSHFLHVLQFOXGLQJVXPPDUL]LQJDQGSURFHVVLQJGDWDWRGHWHUPLQH
WKH HQHUJ\ JDLQ RI ELRPDVV IDVW-JURZLQJ SRSODU SODQWDWLRQV LQ &KOXPVNi KRUD +HUH DUH
WKHUHVXOWVRIFRPEXVWLRQKHDWFRQYHUVLRQRIWKHUPDOSRZHUWKHFRVWRISURGXFLQJP3 RI
SRSODUZRRGFKLSVDQGWKHHQHUJ\JDLQIURPWKHSRSODUSODQWDWLRQLQ&KOXPVNi KRUD
Keywords: SODQWDWLRQHQHUJ\ZRRGFKLSVRISRSODUV\LHOG
Ò92'
(QHUJHWLFNi SURGXNFH U\FKOH URVWRXFtFK OHVĤ MH KODYQtP FtOHP MHMLFK SČVWRYiQt
Z WRKRWR GĤYRGX MVRX Y SUiFL SRVX]RYiQ\ ]iNODGQt I\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL NWHUp PDMt ~]NRX
YD]EX QD ]tVNiYiQt HQHUJLH 1HMGĤOHåLWČMãtPL I\]LNiOQtPL SDUDPHWU\ MVRX VSDOQp WHSOR D
YêKĜHYQRVW NWHUi MH VWDQRYHQD YêSRþWHP QD ]iNODGČ XUþHQpKR VSDOQpKR WHSOD D
]MLãWČQpKR REVDKX YRG\ (QHUJHWLFNê ]LVN ] HQHUJHWLFNpKR OHVD ]iYLVt QD KRGQRWČ
VSDOQpKR WHSOD D QD SUĤPČUQpP YêQRVX GĜHYQt KPRW\ 3UR PDQLSXODFL GRSUDYX
VNODGRYiQt D VWDQRYHQt SĜHGSRNOiGDQpKR PQRåVWYt GĜHYQt KPRW\ SUR NRQNUpWQt YêNRQ
VSDORYDFtKR ]DĜt]HQt MH QXWQp ]QiW MHKR REMHPRYRX KPRWQRVW 8YHGHQp GĤOHåLWp
SDUDPHWU\ GĜHYQt KPRW\ ] U\FKOH URVWRXFtFK WRSROĤ E\O\ Yê]NXPHP ]MLãWČQ\ D MVRX
Y SĜtVSČYNXXYHGHQ\
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
3UR VEČU GDW E\O Y\XåLW SRURVW U\FKOH URVWRXFtFK WRSROĤ SUR HQHUJHWLFNp Y\XåLWt
Y REFL 6YDWê -iQ - &KOXPVNi KRUD %3(- /RF
1
(
NĜtåHQFLþHUQêFKD EDO]iPRYêFKWRSROĤpopulus nigra L. x populus maximowiczii J--3ODQWiåE\OD]DORåHQDY URFH'RVXGE\O\SURYHGHQ\WČåE\YåG\SRþW\ĜHFK
OHWHFKUĤVWX1DREUi]NXMHSRKOHGGRSRURVWXPČVtFĤSRSURYHGHQpGUXKpWČåEČ1D
REUi]NX MH YêKRQ QD SDĜt]NX SR WČåEČ PRWRURYRX ĜHWČ]RYRX SLORX 1D REUi]NX MH
SRKOHGGRPH]LĜDGtSODQWiåHURN\SRSURYHGHQpSUYQtWČåEČ
=MLãĢRYiQtREVDKXYRG\E\ORSURYHGHQRVWDQGDUGQtODERUDWRUQtPHWRGRXY VRXODGX
V ý61,62
3UR ]MLãWČQt REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL GĜHYQt KPRW\ YH IRUPČ SROHQ E\O\ Y\UREHQ\
VSHFLiOQtY]RUN\7ORXãĢNDY]RUNXE\ODFPDSUĤPČU– PP9]RUHNE\OY\UREHQ
SiVRYRXSLORXVRXVWUXåHQQDSĜHVQêUR]PČUDRSUDFRYiQEURXãHQtPMHPQêPVPLUNRYêP
SOiWQHP 9êĜH]\ NPHQRYp KPRW\ E\O\ SĜLSUDYHQ\ Y SRþWX NV R]QDþHQêFK Y]RUNĤ
] NDåGpKR VWURPX NORQX Y GtOQiFK QD 3) Y ý%XGČMRYLFtFK 9êĜH]\ ] YČWYt E\O\
SĜLSUDYHQ\ R SUĤPČUX FP GpON\ FP EH] YQLWĜQtFK L YQČMãtFK GHIRUPDFt 3UR
VWDQRYHQtREMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLãWČSN\E\ODãWČSNDRGHEtUiQDY QČNROLNDY]RUFtFK]QiPêFK
REMHPĤSR]SUDFRYiQtDMHMtPWUDQVSRUWXQDSĜtYČVDKPRWQRVWE\OD]MLãWČQDQDODERUDWRUQt
Yi]H.HUQ-YL]REUi]HN
3ĜtSUDYD Y]RUNĤ SUR PČĜHQt VSDOQpKR WHSOD E\OD UHDOL]RYiQD YH WĜHFK Ii]tFK
V SUYQtIi]LE\ODGĜHYQtKPRWD] NPtQNĤDYČWYtXSUDYHQDãWČSNRYDþHP$/-.2%5QD
YHOLNRVW ãWČSN\ FP 'ĜHYQt KPRWD E\OD RGHEtUiQD ] R]QDþHQêFK SRO\HWK\OHQRYêFK
S\WOĤ SUR LGHQWLILNDFL NORQX WRSROX D FKDUDNWHUX GĜHYQt KPRW\ 9H GUXKp Ii]L E\OD ãWČSND
UR]GUFHQD NODGtYNRYêP GUWLþHP .' 9 VH VtWHP PP 9H WĜHWt Ii]L E\OD QDGUFHQi
GĜHYQt KPRWD VHSDURYiQD QD IUDNFL PP QD SURVpYDFtP VWURML YêUREFH 3DXO 3ROLNHLW
27
+DOOHDV– QDREUi]NXMHSĜLSUDYHQY]RUHNSURVWDQRYHQtVSDOQpKRWHSOD3URVHWiIUDNFH
E\OD]YiåHQDDY\VXãHQDY HOHNWULFNpSHFLSĜLWHSORWČ&DYORåHQDGRY]GXFKRWČVQêFK
NHOtPNĤ R REMHPX PO D KPRWQRVWL J 6SDOQp WHSOR E\OR XUþHQR SRGOH ý61 VSDOQêPNDORULPHWUHP3$$5YODERUDWRĜtFK9Ò593UDKD
3UR VWDQRYHQt YOKNRVWL ãWČSN\ Y ]iYLVORVWL QD GREČ RG ]DKiMHQt PČĜHQt E\O
RGHEtUiQ Y]RUHN R KPRWQRVWL NLORJUDP 9 ODERUDWRĜL -LKRþHVNp XQLYHU]LW\ E\O Y]RUHN
UHGXNRYiQ QD KPRWQRVW JUDPĤ QD ODERUDWRUQt Yi]H .HUQ - D Y\VRXãHQt
SUREtKDOR GOH ý61 ,62 Y VXãiUQČ 9HQWLFHOO 9OKNRVW ãWČSN\ SĜL ]DKiMHQt
Y\V\FKiQtSRVNOL]QLWRSROĤD]SUDFRYiQtQDãWČSNXE\OD 9êQRV GĜHYQt KPRW\ YH ]SUDFRYDQpP VWDYX GĜHYQt KPRW\ QD ãWČSNX E\O ]MLãĢRYiQ
QD SODQWiåL &KOXPVNi KRUD NGH E\O VOHGRYiQ SRþHW QDSOQČQêFK SĜtYČVĤ ]SUDFRYDQRX
GĜHYQt KPRWRX 1D REUi]NX MH SRKOHG GR SURVWRUX SODQWiåH QD WRSRO\ SĜLSUDYHQp NH
]SUDFRYiQt 2EMHP SĜtYČVX E\O Y\SRþtWiQ ]H ]PČĜHQêFK UR]PČUĤ D MHKR QDSOQČQt E\OR
VOHGRYiQRV FtOHPDE\NRHILFLHQWSOQČQtNRUE\E\OY UR]PH]t-[9M1DREUi]NXMH
SRKOHGQDþLQQRVWãWČSNRYDþHSĜL]SUDFRYiQtWRSROĤQDãWČSNX
1iNODG\ QD QH]E\WQp SUDFRYQt RSHUDFH VSRMHQp VH ]DNOiGiQtP RãHWĜRYiQtP
VNOL]Qt D ]SUDFRYiQtP U\FKOH URVWRXFtFK WRSROĤ E\O\ UHDOL]RYiQ\ QD UXþQČ ]DORåHQp
SODQWiåL Y NDWDVWUX REFH /KHQLFH populus maximowiczii x populus berolinensis
2[IRUGpopulus nigra L. x populus maximowiczii J-GiOHQDSODQWiåLY NDWDVWUXREFH
5DQNRYX7UKRYêFK6YLQpopulus maximowiczii x populus berolinensis 2[IRUGDQD
NRPELQRYDQČUXþQČDPHFKDQL]RYDQp]DORåHQpSODQWiåLY ORNDOLWČ.UHMFiUNDX7êQDQDG
9OWDYRX populus nigra L. x populus maximowiczii J- -- 7ČåED YêKRQĤ
SUXWĤSURSĜtSUDYXĜt]NĤE\ODSURYHGHQDQD.UHMFiUFHDYH/KHQLFtFK3RXåLW\E\O\QĤåN\
V WHOHVNRSLFNRXUXNRMHWt]Q)LVNDUVFP.UiFHQtSUXWĤQDĜt]N\E\ORSURYHGHQRUXþQČ
QRYêPL QĤåNDPL 6DQGYLN 3 YtFH~þHORYp QĤåN\ V NRYDGOLQNRX âWČSNRYiQt GĜHYQt
WRSRORYpKPRW\E\ORUHDOL]RYiQRVWURMHP(VFKOEĘFN%,%(5%2%5
0]GRYp QiNODG\ SUDFRYQtNĤ MVRX Y VRXODGX V ~GDML ý6Ò ] KUXEp PČVtþQt P]G\
Y ]HPČGČOVWYt - .þ SUR URN = WpWR P]G\ E\O\ Y\SRþtWiQ\ P]GRYp QiNODG\
- .þ QD KRGLQX 1iNODG\ ]D SURQiMHP VWURMĤ Y\FKi]HMt ] FHQtNX ILUP\ 3KRHQL[=HSSHOLQ 7KH &DW 5HQWDO 6WRUH SUR URN 7DWR ILUPD E\OD ]YROHQD ] GĤYRGĤ XFHOHQp
QDEtGN\ VWURMQtFK ]DĜt]HQt NWHUi MVRX SUR ]SUDFRYiQt RGYR] PDQLSXODFL D OLNYLGDFL
SODQWiåH SRWĜHEQi . GLVSR]LFL E\O\ ~GDMH R SUĤPČUQêFK VSRWĜHEiFK ]D SRKRQQp KPRW\
] ILUP\&DW5HQWDO6WRUHFHQDQDIW\DEHQ]tQXE\ODXYDåRYiQDEH]'3+QDWUKXN GDWX
3UR YêSRþHW FHQ\ ãWČSN\ E\O\ SRXåLW\ YãHFKQ\ QiNODG\ WDN DE\ E\OD WDWR FHQD
UHiOQi SUR URN D PRKO\ EêW SRVN\WQXW\ SRGNODG\ SUR YêVDGEX UHDOL]RYDQRX MDNR
NRPHUþQt SURMHNW ]DPČĜHQê QD GRVDåHQt SRåDGRYDQpKR YêQRVX ] YORåHQpKR NDSLWiOX
LQYHVWRUHP
9é6/('.< $',6.86(
9êQRV ]UHiOQp SORFK\P QD&KOXPVNpKRĜHSODQWiåþiVWHþQČ]DVWtQČQi ]
MLåQt VWUDQ\ OHVQtP SRURVWHP SĜL WČåEČ SR OHWHFK E\O P3 ãWČSN\ WHG\ MLå
]SUDFRYDQêFKVWURPĤWRMHYêQRVP3 ]DURN] XYHGHQpSORFK\3RWČåEČSR
OHWHFK RG WČåE\ E\O YêQRV P3 ãWČSN\ 2EMHP ãWČSN\ E\O PČĜHQ SR YêKR]X ]H
ãWČSNRYDþH QD NRUEX RGYR]QtKR ]DĜt]HQt QiYČV V Y\ããtPL ERþQLFHPL 2EMHPRYi
KPRWQRVWWDNWRV\SDQpãWČSN\E\OD]MLãWČQDNJP-39êQRVGĜHYQtKPRW\] SODQWiåH
&KOXPVNi KRUD þLQt W 3ĜL SĜHSRþWX QD KHNWDU þLQt YêQRV GĜHYQt KPRW\ U\FKOH
URVWRXFtFKWRSROĤSĜLVNOL]QLSROHWHFKRG]DORåHQtSODQWiåHWKD-UHVSWKD
URN- 3R GUXKp WČåEČ WHG\ SR GDOãtFK OHWHFK E\O YêQRV SĜL VNOL]QL WKD- UHVS
WKD-URN-
+RGQRW\ UHODWLYQt YOKNRVWL NOHVDO\ V GRERX VXãHQt D X Y]RUNĤ QH]DNU\WêFK QD
GĜHYČQpP URãWX Y DWPRVIpĜH E\OD SR PČVtFtFK Y\V\FKiQt GRVDåHQD KRGQRWD 3R PČVtFtFK VXãHQt Y PtVWQRVWL VH VWDELOQt WHSORWRX QD EHWRQRYpP SRGNODGX
E\OD KRGQRWD+RGQRW\VSDOQpKRWHSODMVRXXYHGHQ\Y WDEXOFH
28
7DEXOND- +RGQRW\VSDOQpKRWHSODUR]GtOQêFKNORQĤU\FKOHURVWRXFtFKWRSROĤY ]iYLVORVWLQD
FKDUDNWHUXGĜHYQtKPRW\
2]QDþHQtNORQXSRGOH9ČVWQtNX0=H
6SDOQpWHSORþLVWp 6SDOQpWHSORGĜHYQt
hmoty s
GĜHYQtKPRW\
SĜLUR]HQêP obsahem
-1
0-NJ )
NĤU\
-1
0-NJ )
Populus maximowiczii x populus berolinensis 3
2[IRUG
Populus nigra L. x populus maximowiczii
J-
Populus nigra L. x populus maximowiczii
J-
+RGQRW\ VSDOQpKR WHSOD QHPDMt SUR SUDNWLFNp Y\XåLWt åiGQê Yê]QDP SRX]H
YČGHFNê SURWR E\O\ SURYHGHQ\ SĜHSRþW\ QD YêKĜHYQRVW SĜL ]MLãWČQpP REVDKX YRG\ FRå MH SUĤPČUQê ~GDM ]MLãWČQê Y UiPFL Yê]NXPX NG\ E\OD ãWČSND NH VSDORYiQt VNXWHþQČ
Y\XåtYiQD9êKĜHYQRVWSĜLWRPWRREVDKXYRG\þLQt 0-W-
=È9ċ5
(QHUJHWLFNê]LVN] SODQWiåHQD&KOXPVNpKRĜHþW\ĜLURN\SRGUXKpWČåEČSĜLVNOL]QL
WSORFKDSODQWiåHQD&KOXPVNpKRĜH-, SĜLXYDåRYDQpYêKĜHYQRVWL 0-W- þLQt
*-W- FRå SĜHGVWDYXMH *-W-1 ]D URN 3ĜL XYDåRYDQpP VSDOQpP WHSOH
20 0-W-1 MH WR *-W-1 ] UR]ORK\ SODQWiåH QD &KOXPVNp KRĜH DOH MHGQi VH
SRX]H R SĜHSRþWRYê UHVS WHRUHWLFNR-YČGHFNê ~GDM QLNROLY R SUDNWLFN\ Y\XåLWHOQê ~GDM
SURWRåHYHVSDORYQiFKQHQtY åiGQpPSĜtSDGČVSDORYiQDVXãLQDGĜHYQtWRSRORYpKPRW\
=HVEČUXYãHFKQH]E\WQêFKGDW E\O\Y\SRþtWiQ\QiNODG\QDY\SURGXNRYiQtP3
ãWČSN\YHYêãL.þYþHWQČRGYR]XGRVNODGX Y]GiOHQpKRNPDYþHWQČOLNYLGDFH
SODQWiåH SĜL VSRQX YêVDGE\ [ [ P9 URFH E\OD QDSĜtNODG YH VSDORYQČ
Y 7UKRYêFK 6YLQHFK Y\NXSRYiQD ãWČSND ]D FHQX Då .þ ]D P3 Y\ããt FHQD
Y ]LPQtFKPČVtFtFKY þHUVWYpPVWDYXREVDKYRG\DåGRSUDYXVLKUDGLOSURGHMFH
ãWČSN\LQIRUPDFHSRVN\WOYHGRXFtSURYR]XVSDORYQ\=GHQČN/HYê7UKRYp6YLQ\~QRUD
= WRKR Y\SOêYi åH E\ ãWČSND ] SODQWiåH QD &KOXPVNp KRĜH ]D SĜHGSRNODGX åH
FHQ\ ]ĤVWDQRX VKRGQp MDNR Y ]LPČ URFH - PRKOD EêW Y ]LPQtFK PČVtFtFK
SURGXNRYiQD SUR WUK ]D FHQX - .þ þtPå E\ E\O Y\WYRĜHQ ]LVN ]D FHORX GREX WUYiQt
SODQWiåH - .þ SURWRåH Y]GiOHQRVW ORNDOLW\ &KOXPVNi KRUD MH Y UHODFL VH
Y]GiOHQRVWt SODQWiåH D VNODGX GR NWHUpKR E\OD ãWČSND UHiOQČ RGYiåHQD QH]Yêãt VH
QiNODG\ QD GRSUDYX /]H SĜHGSRNOiGDW åH VH FHQD ãWČSN\ ]Yêãt QD – .þP-3
Y URFH
/LWHUDWXUD
M28'5é - 628ý.29È + 1HSRWUDYLQiĜVNp Y\XåLWt I\WRPDV\ -LKRþHVNi
XQLYHU]LWD Y ýHVNêFK %XGČMRYLFtFK =HPČGČOVNi IDNXOWD 9ê]NXPQê ~VWDY ]HPČGČOVNp
HNRQRPLN\Y 3UD]H'73ýHVNp%XGČMRYLFHV,6%1---X
3$6725(. = .È5$ - -(9,ý 3 %LRPDVD REQRYLWHOQê ]GURM HQHUJLH 3UDKD
)&&38%/,&V,6%1---
:(*(5 - .2876.é 0 'ĜHYR D ELRPDVD MDNR SDOLYR 9ê]NXPQê ~VWDY 6LOYD
7DURXF\SURNUDMLQXDRNUDVQp]DKUDGQLFWYt3UĤKRQLFHV-
9(5$1, 6 )LHOG +DQGERRN 3RSODU KDUYHVWLQJ >RQOLQH@ 5RPH )RRG DQG
$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV
KWWSZZZIDRRUJGRFUHSNHNH+70!
3ĜtVSČYHN E\O QDSViQ QD ]iNODGČ SR]QDWNĤ SĜL ĜHãHQt Yê]NXPQpKR ]iPČUX SURMHNWX 0â07
%1HSRWUDYLQiĜVNpY\XåLWtELRPDV\
29
2EUi]HN– 3ODQWiå&KOXPVNiKRUD
2EUi]HN– 2EUĤVWiQtSDĜt]NXSRGUXKpWČåEČ
2EUi]HN– 5ĤVWYêKRQĤURNSRSURYHGHQpSUYQt
WČåEČ
2EUi]HN– 3RKOHGGRPH]LĜDGtURN\SR
SURYHGHQpWČåEČQD&KOXPVNpKRĜH
2EUi]HN– 7RSRORYiãWČSND
2EUi]HN– 0DQLSXODFHVHãWČSNRXYHVSDORYQČ
Y 7UKRYêFK6YLQHFK
2EUi]HN– 9]RUHNSURPČĜHQtVSDOQpKRWHSOD
2EUi]HN– =SUDFRYiQtWRSROĤãWČSNRYDþHP
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD:
,QJ,YR&HOMDN&6F-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDY ýHVNêFK%XGČMRYLFtFK=).=0'7FHOMDN#]IMFXF]
,QJ0LODQ)UtG&6F-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDY ýHVNêFK%XGČMRYLFtFK=).=0'7IULG#]IMFXF]
,QJ-RVHI)UROtN&6F-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDY ýHVNêFK%XGČMRYLFtFK=).=0'7IUROLN#]IMFXF]
,QJ9iFODY9iYUD3K'-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDY ý%XGČMRYLFtFK=).=0'7YDYUD#]IMFXF]
30
6.Ò0$1,(Òý,1.291È5$',$35(635$&29$1,( 3Ð'<1$892ďĕ29$1,(
(0,6,Ë&22 = 3Ð'<'2$7026)e5<
MIROSLAV MACÁK, LADISLAV 12='529,&.é MARIÁN %8&
$EVWUDNW
6WURMH XUþHQp SUH VSUDFRYDQLH S{G\ Yê]QDPQêP VS{VRERP RYSO\YĖXM~
XYRĐĖRYDQLH HPLVLt &2 ] S{G\ .HćåH WHQWR PHFKDQL]PXV QLH MH GRVWDWRþQH REMDVQHQê
FLHĐRP SRĐQêFK H[SHULPHQWRY EROR SRV~GLĢ ~þLQN\ WDQLHURYpKR N\SULþD /(0.(1 5XELQ
.8 QD XYRĐĖRYDQLH HPLVLt &2 3UH PHUDQLD ERO SRXåLWê SUtVWURM $&( $XWRPDWHG
6RLO &2 ([FKDQJH 6WDWLRQ NWRUê XPRåQLO VOHGRYDĢ þDVRYê SULHEHK PQRåVWYD HPLVLt
SURGXNRYDQêFK SR VSUDFRYDQt S{G\ =tVNDQp YêVOHGN\ EROL SRURYQDQp VR VWDYRP SUHG
VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ 9êVOHGN\ PHUDQt SRWYUGLOL åH VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ VD QDUXãXMH
URYQRYiåQ\ VWDY SRYUFKRYHM YUVWY\ S{G\ þRKR G{ND]RP MH QiUDVW PQRåVWYD HPLVLt &2
] SULHPHUQHM KRGQRW\ SUHG VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ PPROP-V- QD ãSLþNRY~ KRGQRWX
PPROP-V-7RWRH[WUpPQH]YêãHQLHERORV SRVWXSXM~FLPþDVRPUHGXNRYDQpD SR
KRGLQiFKGRãORN XVWiOHQLXQDKRGQRW\EOt]NHSULHPHUQêPKRGQRWiPSUHGVSUDFRYDQtP
S{G\
.Đ~þRYpVORYi VSUDFRYDQLHS{G\HQYLURQPHQWiOQH~þLQN\HPLVLH&2,
Ò92'
5H]RUW SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVWYD D SUHGRYãHWNêP VHNWRU REUiEDQLD S{G\ MH YãHREHFQH
SRYDåRYDQê ]D SURGXFHQWD HPLVLt &2 NWRUp Y NRQHþQRP G{VOHGNX VS{VREXM~ JOREiOQH
RWHSĐRYDQLH =HPH 3RGĐD %LHOHND D 6RERFNHM Y\VRNi LQWHQ]LWD REUiEDQLD
S{G\ LQWHQ]tYQH KQRMHQLH QHGRVWDWRþQp KQRMHQLH RUJDQLFNêPL KQRMLYDPL FK\E\ Y
RVHYQêFK SRVWXSRFK DOH DM LQp QHYKRGQp VS{VRE\ Y\XåtYDQLD S{G\ V~ Yê]QDPQRX
SUtþLQRX XYRĐĖRYDQLD HPLVLt &2 ] S{G\ GR DWPRVIpU\ %XF 1R]GURYLFNê .ULãWRI NRQãWDWXM~ åH UDFLRQiOQ\ PDQDåPHQW WHFKQROyJLt VSUDFRYDQLD S{G\ XGUåRYDQLH
UDVWOLQQêFK ]Y\ãNRY D REVDKX RUJDQLFNHM KPRW\ Y S{GH PRåQR SRYDåRYDĢ ]D SULRULWQ~
~ORKX SUL XGUåRYDQt S{GQHM ~URGQRVWL D SUL PLQLPDOL]RYDQt QHJDWtYQ\FK HIHNWRY SRĐQHM
YêURE\ QD JOREiOQH åLYRWQp SURVWUHGLH 7êPWR FLHĐRP MH GOKRGRER ]DPHUDQê YêVNXP
UHDOL]RYDQê QD PQRKêFK SUDFRYLVNiFK YR VYHWH SUHGRYãHWNêP Y 1RUWK &HQWUDO 6RLO
&RQVHUYDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK /DERUDWRU\ Y 86$ 5HLFRVN\ RStVDO ~þLQN\ WHFKQROyJLt
REUiEDQLD S{G\ ] SRKĐDGX XYRĐĖRYDQLD &2 ] S{G\ 3R]RUQRVĢ SULWRP ]DPHUDO QD
SRURYQDQLH NRQYHQþQHM WHFKQROyJLH QD Ei]H RUE\ SOXKRP V RGKUĖRYDþNDPL
V S{GRRFKUDQQêPL WHFKQROyJLDPL Y\]QDþXM~FLPL VD ]QtåHQRX LQWHQ]LWRX PDQLSXOiFLH
V SRYUFKRYRX YUVWYRX S{G\ 9HĐNê ~QLN &2 VS{VREHQê ~þLQNRP SOXKX Y SRURYQDQt V
PDOêP~QLNRP&2 YG{VOHGNXS{GRRFKUDQQêFKQiUDGtXPRåĖXMHY\VYHWOLĢVNXWRþQRVĢåH
SORGLQRYp V\VWpP\ RSLHUDM~FH VD R NRQYHQþQp VSUDFRYDQLH S{G\ YHG~ N ]QLåRYDQLX
REVDKX XKOtND Y S{GH D EH]RUERYp V\VWpP\ VD Y\]QDþXM~ RSDþQêP ~þLQNRP D SRVLOĖXM~
XKOtNRY~ ELODQFLX ,QWHQ]tYQH VSUDFRYDQLH S{G\ RUERX NWRUp Y KĎENH QDUXãXMH SRYUFKRY~
YUVWYX D QiVOHGQH YHGLH N SRYUFKRYpPX ]KXWQHQLX VS{VREXMH YHĐNp VWUDW\ XKOtND Vo
YêVNXPH LQWHQ]LW\ XYRĐĖRYDQLD HPLVLt &2 ] S{G\ GR DWPRVIpU\ VD Y\XåtYDM~ U{]QH
SUtVWXS\ 1RUPDQ HW DO SRSLVXM~ QLHNRĐNR PHWyG PHG]L NWRUp SDWUt QDSUtNODG
X]DYUHWê G\QDPLFNê NRPRURYê V\VWpP X]DYUHWê VWDWLFNê NRPRURYê V\VWpP D RWYRUHQê
NRPRURYêV\VWpP9êVOHGN\YêVNXPXYRVYHWHDNRXYiG]D5HLFRVN\MHGQR]QDþQH
KRYRULD Y SURVSHFK QRYêFK D ]GRNRQDOHQêFK NRQãWUXNFLt QiUDGt SUH S{GRRFKUDQQp
WHFKQROyJLH
0HG]L GUXK\ QiUDGLD QHSUHVN~PDQp ] KĐDGLVND ~þLQNRY QD S{GX SDWUt WDQLHURYp
QiUDGLH Y\XåtYDQp SUL VSUDFRYDQt VWUQLVND SR ]EHUH SUHGSORGLQ\ 1D MHGQHM VWUDQH
31
SUDFRYQp RUJiQ\ WDQLHURYpKR QiUDGLD ]DVDKXM~ LED SRYUFKRY~ YUVWYX S{G\ GR KĎEN\
PHQãHM Y SRURYQDQt V RUERX QD VWUDQH GUXKHM ~þLQRN SUDFRYQêFK RUJiQRY MH SRPHUQH
LQWHQ]tYQ\NHćåHSUDFRYQpRUJiQ\WDQLHUHSUHYUDFDM~SRYUFKRY~YUVWYXS{G\
0$7(5,È/$ 0(7Ï'<
&KDUDNWHULVWLNDVWDQRYLãWQêFKSRGPLHQRNPHUDQLD
([SHULPHQW\ ]DPHUDQp QD YêVNXP YSO\YX WHFKQROyJLH VSUDFRYDQLD S{G\ QD
PQRåVWYR HPLVLt &2 XYRĐĖRYDQêFK ] S{G\ GR DWPRVIpU\ VD XVNXWRþQLOL QD
9\VRNRãNROVNRP SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNRP SRGQLNX 6ORYHQVNHM SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHM XQLYHU]LW\
Y .ROtĖDQRFK -HGQDOR VD R SDUFHOX V Qi]YRP Ä3UL -HOHQHFNHM FHVWH³ 8YHGHQê SR]HPRN
Pi YêPHUX KD 3{GQ\ GUXK QD VN~PDQHM SDUFHOH MH PRåQp FKDUDNWHUL]RYDĢ DNR
KOLQLW~ VWUHGQH ĢDåN~ S{GX V S{GQ\P W\SRP KQHGR]HP =UQLWRVWQp ]ORåHQLH S{G\ QD
VOHGRYDQRP PRQLWRURYDFRP ERGH EROR VWDQRYHQp SRGĐD PHWRGLFNpKR SRVWXSX NWRUê
XYiG]D )LDOD D NRO -HGQRWOLYp SHUFHQWXiOQH KRGQRW\ ]DVW~SHQLD SUtVOXãQêFK
LQWHUYDORYY\MDGUXMHWDEXĐND
7DEXĐND=UQLWRVWQp]ORåHQLHS{G\Y PRQLWRURYDQRPERGH
3HUFHQWXiOQH]DVW~SHQLHMHGQRWOLYêFKIUDNFLtPP
+ĎENDFP
!
- - -
– – – – 6N~PDQLHYSO\YXSRXåLWpKRQiUDGLDQDXYRĐĖRYDQLHHPLVLt&2 GRDWPRVIpU\EROR
RUJDQL]DþQH ]DEH]SHþHQp QD ]iNODGH ]YROHQpKR PHWRGLFNpKR SRVWXSX NWRUê Y\FKiG]DO
] SRURYQDQLD þDVRYpKR SULHEHKX XYRĐĖRYDQLD HPLVLt SUHG VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ D SR
VSUDFRYDQt S{G\ 6DPRWQp PHUDQLD VD XVNXWRþQLOL Y SUYHM GHNiGH RNWyEUD Y URNX Y UiPFLSUHGVHMERYpKRVSUDFRYDQLDS{G\N QiVOHGQHMSORGLQH– R]LPQHMSãHQLFH
3UYi Ii]D PHUDQLD VD XVNXWRþQLOD QD S{GH VSUDFRYDQHM SUHGFKiG]DM~FRX
WHFKQROyJLRX– SRGPLHWNDVWUQLVNDNWRUiVDXVNXWRþQLODWêåGQHSR]EHUHUHSN\ROHMQHM
1DSRYUFKXVD Y\VN\WRYDOY]tGHQêYêGUROVHPHQDUHSN\
6DPRWQp VSUDFRYDQLH – SRGPLHWND VWUQLVND EROD Y\NRQiYDQi VWURMRYRX V~SUDYRX
WUDNWRU-2+1'((5(DJUHJRYDQêVWDQLHURYêPN\SULþRP/(0.(15XELQ.8
6SUDFRYDQLHS{G\ERORY\NRQDQpGRKĎEN\FP7HFKQLFNpSDUDPHWUHXYHGHQHMV~SUDY\
XYiG]DWDEXĐND
7DEXĐND7HFKQLFNpSDUDPHWUHSRXåLWHMV~SUDY\
7UDNWRU-2+1'((5(
0D[YêNRQPRWRUDN:
3
=GYLKRYêREMHPPRWRUDFP
3RþHWYDOFRY
0D[YêNRQQDYêYRGRYRP
KULDGHOLN:
7DQLHURYêN\SULþ/(0.(15XELQ.8
3UDFRYQê]iEHUP
3RþHWGLVNRY
3ULHPHUGLVNXPP
3RWUHEQêSUtNRQWUDNWRUDN:
32
2EU3UDFRYQiV~SUDYD-'/(0.(15XELQ.8
6N~PDQpQiUDGLHSUHVSUDFRYDQLHS{G\ - NUiWNHWDQLHURYpEUiQ\/(0.(15XELQ
.8 V SUDFRYQRX ãtUNRX ]iEHUX P V~ XUþHQp SUH SUiFX Y ĢDåãtFK S{GQ\FK
SRGPLHQNDFK ]D ~þHORP LQWHQ]tYQHKR D URYQRPHUQpKR SUHPLHãDQLH RUJDQLFNHM KPRW\ D
S{G\ Då GR SUDFRYQHM KĎEN\ P $NR SUDFRYQp RUJiQ\ V~ SRXåLWp R]XEHQp Y\GXWp
WDQLHUH V SULHPHURP Ø PP D V KU~ENRX VWHQ\ PP 7LHWR WDQLHUH V~ XFK\WHQp QD
NUiWNRP UiPH YR GYRFK UDGRFK V RGVWXSRP P =D NDåGRX VHNFLRX WDQLHURY V~
XPLHVWQHQp SUVWRYp EUiQ\ NWRUp Y\URYQiYDM~ SURILO S{G\ VN\SUHQê ~þLQNDPL WDQLHURY
9êVOHGQêHIHNWWDQLHURYêFKEUiQ]DEH]SHþXMHVHNFLDSU~WRYêFKYDOFRY&HONRYiKPRWQRVĢ
QiUDGLDMHNJEH]SU~WRYpKRYDOFD
0HUDQLD HPLVLt EROL Y\NRQDQp SUHG D SR VSUDFRYDQt S{G\ SUtVWURMRP $&( $XWRPDWHG 6RLO&2 ([FKDQJH6WDWLRQ2EURGYêUREFX$'&%LR6FLHQWLILF/WG3UtVWURM
XPRåĖRYDO RNUHP PHUDQLD HPLVLt &2 VQtPDĢ DM WHSORWX S{G\ GYRPL VQtPDþPL D WLHå DM
YOKNRVĢ S{G\ VRQGRX 7KHWD 3UREH 9ãHWN\ PHUDQp KRGQRW\ EROL DXWRPDWLFN\
]D]QDPHQiYDQp GR LQWHUQHM SDPlWH SUtVWURMD 0HUDQLH WHSORW\ S{G\ EROR Y\NRQiYDQp
Y KĎENHFPSRPRFRXGYRFKVQtPDþRYSULþRPMHGQDKRGQRWDSUHGVWDYRYDODWHSORWXS{G\
Y\VWDYHQHM SULDPHPX S{VREHQLX VOQHþQpKR åLDUHQLD D GUXKi KRGQRWD SUHGVWDYRYDOD
WHSORWXS{G\Y ]DWLHQHQHMþDVWLSRYUFKXS{G\
&KDUDNWHULVWLNDSUtVWURMDQDPHUDQLHHPLVLt&22
3UL PHUDQLDFK ERO SRXåLWê PHUDFt SUtVWURM $&( $XWRPDWHG 6RLO 62 ([FKDQJH
6\VWHPNWRUêMHXUþHQêSUHGOKRGREpPRQLWRURYDQLHS{GQHMUHVSLUiFLHW]YVRLOIOX[
=iNODGRP PHUDFHM MHGQRWN\ V\VWpPX $&( SUH DQDOê]X PQRåVWYD HPLVLt &2 MH
LQIUDþHUYHQêDQDO\]iWRUSO\QRYNWRUêMHXPLHVWQHQêSULDPRY ]RVWDYHS{GQHMNRPRU\7R
XPRåĖXMHDE\EROVNUiWHQêSUHFKRGPHG]LS{GQRXNRPRURXD VHSDUiWQ\PDQDO\]iWRURP
V NRQãWUXNFLL SUtVWURMD QLH V~ SUHWR SRXåLWp KDGLFH DOHER SRWUXELH NWRUp E\ VD PRKOL
Y\]QDþRYDĢ QHWHVQRVĢRX D PRåQRVĢRX ~QLNX QDVDWHM Y]RUN\ Y]GXFKX 0DOi Y]GLDOHQRVĢ
PHG]L S{GQRX NRPRURX D DQDO\]iWRURP ]DEH]SHþXMH RNDPåLW~ PRåQRVĢ UHDJRYDQLD QD
]PHQ\ YêPHQ\ &2 PHG]L S{GRX D RY]GXãtP .RQãWUXNFLD SUtVWURMD VD WDN Y\MDGUXMH
MHGQRGXFKRVĢRXD ]iURYHĖSRWUHEQRXUREXVWQRVĢRX
33
2EU3UtVWURMQDPHUDQLHHPLVLt&2 ] S{G\$&(- $XWRPDWHG6RLO&2 ([FKDQJH6WDWLRQ
– S{GQDNRP{UND– WODNRYêXYRĐĖRYDFtYHQWLO– YHGHQLHNRP{UN\– XSHYĖRYDFLDREUXþVR
VSRQRX– YêFK\OQpUDPHQR– VHQ]RU3$5– Y\FK\ĐRYDFtPHFKDQL]PXVUDPHQD
V YRGHRGROQêPSUHNU\WtP– ]iNODGĖD- RYOiGDFtSDQHO– NRQHNWRU\SUHVHQ]RU\
– NODGNDSUHX]DPNêQDQLHYHND– X]DWYiUDWHĐQpYHNRRYOiGDFLHKRSDQHOD
2WYRUHQi NRPRUD MH NRQãWUXRYDQi WDN åH REVDKXMH WODNRYê XYRĐĖRYDFt YHQWLO
D YHQWLOiWRU]D~þHORPPLQLPDOL]RYDQLDDNpKRNRĐYHNYQ~WRUQpKRWODNRYpKRJUDGLHQWX
$XWRPDWL]RYDQi NRQãWUXNFLD PHUDFHM MHGQRWN\ $&( XPRåĖXMH DE\ þDVĢ S{GQHKR
SRYUFKX NWRUpKR ~þLQRN Pi E\Ģ VN~PDQê PRKRO E\Ģ Y\VWDYHQê S{VREHQLX RNROLWêFK
DWPRVIpULFNêFKSRGPLHQRNPHG]LMHGQRWOLYêPLPHUDFtPLF\NODPL
V LQWHUYDORFK QDVWDYHQêFK XåtYDWHĐRP NRPRUD DXWRPDWLFN\ ]DNU\MH H[SRQRYDQê
SRYUFK S{G\ DE\ EROR PRåQp XVNXWRþQLĢ PHUDQLH XYRĐĖRYDQLD &2 ] S{G\ QDSU SR
SUHMD]GHSUtVOXãQpKRQiUDGLDVSUDF~YDM~FHKRSRYUFKS{G\3RXNRQþHQtPHUDQLDNRPRUD
VD DXWRPDWLFN\ SUHVXQLH GR SRORK\ WDN DE\ þDVĢ S{GQHKR SRYUFKX EROD RSlWRYQH
XYRĐQHQi 7~WR IXQNFLX ]DEH]SHþXMH UDPHQR NWRUp MH YêN\YQp Y KRUL]RQWiOQHM URYLQH ]
PLHVWDXFK\WHQLDQDFHQWUiOQHMRYOiGDFHMNRQ]ROH6~þDVĢRXWHMWRNRQ]RO\MHYHĐNêGLVSOHM
NWRUê ]REUD]XMH QDPHUDQp KRGQRW\ DNR DM SDPlĢRYi MHGQRWND NX NWRUHM PRåQR SRXåLĢ
SDPlĢRYp NDUW\ W\SX &RPSDFW )ODVK &DUG .RPSOHWQp SURJUDPRYDQLH IXQNFLH PHUDFHM
MHGQRWN\ $&( PRåQR Y\NRQiYDĢ SURVWUHGQtFWYRP WODþLGLHO NWRUêPL VD ULDGLD SUtVOXãQp
IXQNþQpUHåLP\
0HUDFLD MHGQRWND $&( XPRåĖXMH PHUDĢ REVDK &2 Y ãWDQGDUGQRP UR]VDKX PPROP-3 - SSP SUL ãWDQGDUGQRP DWPRVIHULFNRP WODNX D WHSORWH PPROP-3
SSP UR]OtãHQLH 3UH SRWUHE\ PHUDQLD ~QLNX &2 ] S{G\ P{åH PHUDFLD MHGQRWND $&(
SUDFRYDĢ Y MHGQRP ] GYRFK UHåLPRY 9 RELGYRFK UHåLPRFK PHUDQLD NHć MH NRPRUD
Y ]DNU\WHMSRORKHEXGHKRGQRWDV CO VWDQRYHQiQD]iNODGHUR]GLHOXPHG]LUHIHUHQþQêP
SO\QRP YVWXSXM~FLP GR NRPRU\ D DQDO\]RYDQêP SO\QRP QDFKiG]DM~FLP VD Y NRPRUH QD
NRQFLH[SHULPHQWXNDåGpKRPHUDFLHKRF\NOX
)XQNFLD X]DYUHWpKR UHåLPX Y WRPWR SUtSDGH VD PHUDQLD XVNXWRþĖXM~ SUL XWHVQHQHM
NRPRUH 2EVDK &2 VD YR YQ~WUL YHĐNHM NRPRU\ V REMHPRP OLWUD ]YêãL Y G{VOHGNX
DNWLYLW\ S{G\ ,QWHQ]LWD GêFKDQLD S{G\ MH XUþRYDQi ]R ]YêãHQLD NRQFHQWUiFLH &2 SR
XSO\QXWtPHUDFLHKRLQWHUYDOXVWDQRYHQpKRXåtYDWHĐRP
9é6/('.<$ ',6.86,$
1D]iNODGHVWDQRYHQHMPHWRGLN\VDXVNXWRþQLOLSRĐQpPHUDQLDFLHĐRPNWRUêFKEROR
]LVWLĢ YSO\Y NRQNUpWQHKR VS{VREX VSUDFRYDQLD S{G\ QD ~URYHĖ HPLVLt &2 XYRĐĖRYDQêFK
] S{G\ GR DWPRVIpU\ 9 GDQRP SUtSDGH VD MHGQDOR R N\SUHQLH S{G\ WDQLHURYêP N\SULþRP
/(0.(1 5XEtQ .8 DJUHJRYDQêP V WUDNWRURP -2+1 '((5( = ~GDMRY
SRVN\WRYDQêP SUtVWURMRP $&( Y\SOêYDOR åH YOKNRVĢ S{G\ VD SRK\ERYDOD QD XYHGHQRP
SR]HPNXY LQWHUYDOH– V V~ODGHVRVWDQRYHQRXPHWRGLNRXSRĐQpPHUDQLDSR]RVWiYDOL] GYRFKIi]
34
Ii]DPHUDQLHHPLVLt&2 SUHGVSUDFRYDQtPS{G\Y GREHRGGR
V UiPFL WHMWR Ii]\ Y WUYDQt K PLQ VD XVNXWRþQLOR FHONRYR PHUDQt
Y þDVRYêFKLQWHUYDORFKPLQ
3R SUYHM Ii]H PHUDQLD HPLVLt QDVOHGRYDOR VSUDFRYDQLH S{G\ XYHGHQRX SUDFRYQRX
V~SUDYRX'REDVSUDFRYDQLDH[SHULPHQWiOQHMþDVWLSR]HPNXERODKD PLQ
Ii]DPHUDQLHHPLVLt&2 SRVSUDFRYDQtS{G\Y GREHRGGR
9]KĐDGRP N WRPX åH VPH SUHGSRNODGDOL åH Y G{VOHGNX ~þLQNX SUDFRYQêFK
RUJiQRY QiUDGLD G{MGH N QDUXãHQLX URYQRYiåQHKR VWDYX Y S{GH EROR SRWUHEQp
Y WHMWR Ii]\ XVNXWRþQLĢ Ylþãt SRþHW PHUDQt Y GOKãRP þDVRYRP ~VHNX =iPHURP
EROR ]LVWLĢ GĎåNX þDVRYpKR ~VHNX Y SULHEHKX NWRUpKR VD SR QDUXãHQt S{G\
PQRåVWYRHPLVLtXYRĐĖRYDQêFK] S{G\YUiWLQDS{YRGQ~KRGQRWXFKDUDNWHUL]XM~FX
VWDY SUHG VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ %ROR XVNXWRþQHQêFK PHUDQt SR GREX K PLQ
1DVOHGRYQi WDEXĐND SUHKĐDGQêP VS{VRERP Y\MDGUXMH ]iNODGQp ãWDWLVWLFNp
SDUDPHWUH ~GDMRY WêNDM~FLFK VD KRGQ{W HPLVLt &2 SUHG VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ D SR
VSUDFRYDQtS{G\
Z WDEXĐN\ Y\SOêYD åH SULHPHUQi KRGQRWD PQRåVWYD HPLVLt XYRĐĖRYDQêFK SUHG
D SR VSUDFRYDQt S{G\ MH SULEOLåQH URYQDNi – PPROP-V- SUHG VSUDFRYDQtP
UHVSHNWtYHPPROP-V- SRVSUDFRYDQtS{G\9lþãLXY\SRYHGDFLXKRGQRWXYãDNPi
YDULDþQê NRHILFLHQW NWRUê Y SUYRP SUtSDGH SUHG VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ GRVLDKRO KRGQRWX
SULþRPY GUXKRPSUtSDGHMHKRKRGQRWDERODWDNPHUGYRMQiVREQi= SRURYQDQLD
KRGQ{W YDULDþQpKR NRHILFLHQWX PQRåVWYD HPLVLt SUHG D SR VSUDFRYDQt S{G\ Y\SOêYD åH
WDQLHURYp SUDFRYQp RUJiQ\ N\SULþD VS{VREXM~ VD Y\]QDþXM~ LQWHQ]tYQ\P PHFKDQLFNêP
S{VREHQtP QD SRYUFKRY~ YUVWYX S{G\ þRKR YêVOHGNRP MH DNWLYiFLD ELRORJLFNHM ]ORåN\
S{GQHKRHGDIyQXSUHMDYXM~FDVDSURGXNFLRXHPLVLt&2
7DEXĐND=iNODGQpãWDWLVWLFNpSDUDPHWUHQDPHUDQêFK~GDMRYHPLVLt&2
Štatistický parameter
Stredná hodnota
Chyba strednej hodnoty
Medián
Smerodajná odchýlka
Rozptyl výberu
aƉŝĐĂƚŽƐƛ
aŝŬŵŽƐƛ
Minimálna hodnota
Maximálna hodnota
^ƷēĞƚ
WŽēĞƚ͕ŬƐ
<ŽĞĨŝĐŝĞŶƚǀĂƌŝĄĐŝĞ͕й
Hodnoty emisií CO2, Pmol.m-2.s-1
pred spracovaním pôdy
po spracovaní pôdy
5.445
5.416
0.172
0.157
5.64
5.145
0.687
1.354
0.472
1.834
-0.907
4.881
-0.542
1.763
4.08
3.44
6.26
11.36
87.12
400.75
16
74
ϭϮ͕ϲϮй
Ϯϱй
Z WDEXĐN\ MHGQR]QDþQH Y\SOêYD åH Y G{VOHGNX S{VREHQLD ~þLQNRY WDQLHURYpKR
QiUDGLD VD ]YêãLOD LQWHQ]LWD WYRUE\ HPLVLt &2 1DMYlþãLD KRGQRWD EROD ]D]QDPHQDQi
Y SUYRPþDVRYRPLQWHUYDOHY UiPFLNWRUpKRSULHPHUQiKRGQRWDHPLVLt&2 GRVLDKOD
PPROP-V- D ]iURYHĖ EROD ]D]QDPHQDQi PD[LPiOQD KRGQRWD PPROP-V-
V ćDOãtFK þDVRYêFK LQWHUYDORFK SRVWXSQH GRFKiG]DOR N ]QLåRYDQLX SULHPHUQHM KRGQRW\
35
SULþRP SR KRGLQiFK GRãOR N VWDELOL]iFLt XYRĐĖRYDQLD HPLVLt &2 QD KRGQRWX EOt]NX
SULHPHUQêPKRGQRWiPFKDUDNWHULVWLFNêPVWDYXYRĐĖRYDQLDHPLVLtSUHGVSUDFRYDQtPS{G\
7DEXĐND+RGQRW\HPLVLt&2 PHUDQêFKSRVSUDFRYDQtS{G\Y MHGQRWOLYêFKþDVRYêFKLQWHUYDORFK
-
+RGQRW\HPLVLt&2 YþDVRYRPSULHEHKXŮ ŰŭįŮ V
-
ýDVRYê
LQWHUYDO
PHUDQLDK
3ULHPHUQiKRGQRWD
0LQLPiOQDKRGQRWD
0D[LPiOQDKRGQRWD
5R]VDK
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2EUi]RNQi]RUQêPVS{VRERPY\MDGUXMHSUDYGHSRGREQRVĢYêVN\WXHPLVLt&2 YR
Ii]H SR VSUDFRYDQt S{G\ WDQLHURYêP N\SULþRP /(0.(1 5XELQ = REUi]NX MH ]UHMPp åH
WDNPHUKRGQ{WVSDGiGRLQWHUYDOXRGGRPPROP-V- þRMHGRVĢEOt]NHSULHPHUQHM
KRGQRWH PQRåVWYD HPLVLt SURGXNRYDQêFK S{GRX SUHG MHM VSUDFRYDQtP = XYHGHQpKR
PRåQRNRQãWDWRYDĢåHS{VREHQLHWDQLHURYpKRN\SULþDVDGiSRYDåRYDĢYRY]ĢDKXN S{GH
]DãHWUQpSUHWRåHQHGRFKiG]DN LQWHQ]tYQHPXQDUXãHQLXURYQRYiåQHKRVWDYXGRFKiG]D
LEDEH]SURVWUHGQHSRPHFKDQLFNRP]iVDKXSUDFRYQêFKRUJiQRYVWURMDSUHVSUDFRYDQLH
S{G\YþDVRYRPLQWHUYDOHK
&HONRYêþDVRYêSULHEHKKRGQ{WHPLVLt&2 ] S{G\GRDWPRVIpU\Y\MDGUXMHREUi]RN
= REUi]NXMH]UHMPpåHSUHGVSUDFRYDQtPS{G\PQRåVWYRHPLVLtXYRĐĖRYDQêFK] S{G\
VDQDFKiG]DOR Y UR]VDKX– PPROP-V- þRPRåQRSRYDåRYDĢ ]D~]N\LQWHUYDO
PHFKDQLFNê ]iVDK Y\NRQDQê VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ SRPRFRX WDQLHURYpKR N\SULþD /(0.(1
5XELQVS{VRELOSUXGNp]YêãHQLHPQRåVWYDHPLVLtWDNPHUR RSURWLSULHPHUQHMKRGQRWH
SUHG VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ 3R VSUDFRYDQt SRVWXSQH GRFKiG]DOR N UDGLNiOQHPX ]QLåRYDQLX
PQRåVWYD HPLVLt &2 þR YLHGOR N GRVLDKQXWLX URYQRYiåQHKR VWDYX NWRUê ERO SUHG
VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ .X NRQFX VOHGRYDQpKR þDVRYpKR LQWHUYDOX GRãOR GRNRQFD N YêVN\WX
KRGQ{WQLåãtFKDNREROL ]D]QDPHQDQpSUHGVSUDFRYDQtPS{G\WHQWRMDYPRåQRREMDVQLĢ
V\QHUJLFNêP HIHNWRP YRQNDMãHM WHSORW\ D NUiWNRGREêP Y\þHUSDQtP FHONRYpKR PQRåVWYD
CO YLD]DQpKRY S{GH
36
2EUi]RN3UDYGHSRGREQRVĢYêVN\WXKRGQ{W HPLVLt&2 YRIi]HSRVSUDFRYDQtS{G\WDQLHURYêP
N\SULþRP
2EUi]RN&HONRYêþDVRYêSULHEHKKRGQ{WHPLVLt&2 ] S{G\GRDWPRVIpU\
37
=È9(5
3{VREHQLHSUDFRYQêFKRUJiQRYVWURMRYXUþHQêFKQDVSUDFRYDQLHS{G\Yê]QDPQêP
VS{VRERP RYSO\YĖXMH XYRĐĖRYDQLH HPLVLt &2 ] S{G\ DNR DM VDPRWQê þDVRYê SULHEHK
WRKWR XYRĐĖRYDQLD 3RPRFRX SUtVWURMD $&( $XWRPDWHG 6RLO &2 ([FKDQJH 6WDWLRQ
XPRåĖXM~FHKR PHUDĢ PQRåVWYR HPLVLt &2 XYRĐĖRYDQêFK ] S{G\ VD SRWYUGLOR åH
VSUDFRYDQtPS{G\VDQDUXãXMHURYQRYiåQ\VWDYSRYUFKRYHMYUVWY\S{G\þRKRG{ND]RPMH
QiUDVWPQRåVWYDHPLVLt&2 ] SULHPHUQHMKRGQRW\SUHGVSUDFRYDQtPS{G\PPROP -
V QDãSLþNRY~KRGQRWXPPROP-V-7RWRH[WUpPQH]YêãHQLHERORV SRVWXSXM~FLP
þDVRP UHGXNRYDQp D SR KRGLQiFK GRãOR N XVWiOHQLX QD KRGQRW\ EOt]NH SULHPHUQêP
KRGQRWiP SUHG VSUDFRYDQtP S{G\ 9êVNXP Y WHMWR REODVWL Y\åDGXMH XVNXWRþĖRYDĢ
NRPSOH[QHMãLH H[SHULPHQW\ V FLHĐRP ]tVNDĢ SUHKĐDG R GOKRGRERP S{VREHQt NRQNUpWQ\FK
VWURMRYSUHVSUDFRYDQLHS{G\QDSURGXNFLXHPLVLt&2 XYRĐĖRYDQêFK] S{G\GRDWPRVIpU\
SUL]RKĐDGQHQtćDOãtFKþLQLWHĐRY
LLWHUDW~UD
%,(/(.38KOtNYS{GHDMHKRLQWHUDNFLHYSUtURGH,Q=ERUQtNUHIHUiWRY]
YHGHFNHMUR]SUDY\;;;9DOQpKR]KURPDåGHQLDþOHQRY6$39=ERUQtNþ
1LWUD6$39VWU-,6%1----
%8&012='529,&.é/.5,â72).(IIHFWRIWKHVRLOWLOODJHSUDFWLFHVRQWKH
&2HPLVVLRQVIURPWKHVRLOWRWKHDWPRVSKHUH,Q$ PDJ\DUPHJ~MXOyHQHUJLDVWUDWpJLDL
KDQJV~O\DLpVNtVpUOHWLEHPXWDWiVDNRQIHUHQFLDNLDGYiQ\MDQXiU- *\|QJ\|V
.iURO\5yEHUW)|LVNROD,6%1----V-
),$/$.$.2/=iYl]QpPHWyG\UR]ERURYS{GýLDVWNRYêPRQLWRURYDFtV\VWpP–
S{GD%UDWLVODYD9Ò323V,6%1---
1250$1-0&-.8&+$5,.67*2:(5''%$/'2&&+,30&5,//0
5$<0(17.6$9$*($1'5*675,(*/$FRPSDULVRQRIVL[PHWKRGVIRU
PHDVXULQJVRLO-VXUIDFHFDUERQGLR[LGHIOX[HV-*HRSK\V5HV'–
GRL-'
5(,&26.<'&,PSDFWRIWLOODJHDQVRLODVDFDUERQVLQNS-,Q)DUPLQJIRU
DEHWWHU(QYLURQPHQW$:KLWH3DSHU6RLO:DWHU&RQVHUYDWLRQ6RF$QNHQ\,RZDSS
5(,&26.<'&&DUERQLVWKH&WKDWVWDUWV&RQVHUYDWLRQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
6RXWK'DNRWD1R-7LOO$VVRFLDWLRQS-
62%2&.È-'HWHNFLDDFLHOHQiUHJXOiFLDS{GQHKRRUJDQLFNpKRXKOtND]KĐDGLVND
RþDNiYDQêFK~þLQNRYNOLPDWLFNHM]PHQ\,Q=ERUQtNUHIHUiWRY]YHGHFNHMUR]SUDY\
;;;9DOQpKR]KURPDåGHQLDþOHQRY6$39=ERUQtNþ1LWUD6ORYHQVNi
DNDGpPLDS{GRKRVSRGiUVN\FKYLHGVWU- ,6%1----
3UHGORåHQê SUtVSHYRN Y]QLNRO QD .DWHGUH VWURMRY D YêUREQêFK V\VWpPRY 7HFKQLFNHM IDNXOW\ 638
Y 1LWUH Y UiPFL ULHãHQLD SURMHNWX 9(*$ þ V Qi]YRP Ä9êVNXP ~þLQNRY WHFKQROyJLt D
WHFKQLN\SUHREUiEDQLHS{G\VRKĐDGRPQDLQWHQ]LWXXYRĐĖRYDQLDHPLVLt&2 GRDWPRVIpU\³
.RQWDNWQiDGUHVD
SURI,QJ/DGLVODY1R]GURYLFNê3K',QJ0LURVODY0DFiN3K'
6ORYHQVNiSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY 1LWUH7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUDVWURMRYD YêUREQêFK
V\VWpPRY7U$+OLQNX1LWUD6ORYHQVNR
38
+2'127(1,(.9$/,7<35È&(=$9/$ä29$ý$%$8(5/,1($5LL
-È1-2%%È*<– JÁN SIMONÍK
.DWHGUDVWURMRYD YêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY
_______________________________________________________________________
6~KUQ
&LHĐRP SUtVSHYNX EROR VWDQRYLĢ KRGQRWX NRHILFLHQWD URYQRPHUQRVWL IURQWiOQpKR
ãLURNR]iEHURYpKR]DYODåRYDþD%DXHU/LQHDU//5R]VWXS]UiåNRPHUQêFKQiGREERO
P=iYODKRYiGiYNDERODY UR]SlWtRGGRPPSUYpPHUDQLHD Y UR]SlWtRGGR
PP GUXKpPHUDQLH+RGQRWDYDULDþQpKRNRHILFLHQWDQDPHUDQêFK~GDMRYEROD
SUYpPHUDQLHD GUXKpPHUDQLH=R]tVNDQêFKYêVOHGNRYVDVWDQRYLOLDMKRGQRW\
NRHILFLHQWRY URYQRPHUQRVWL SRGĐD +HHUPDQD D +HLQD &X+ 3UL SUYRP PHUDQt EROD MHKR
KRGQRWD D SULPHUDQtGUXKRP= YêVOHGNRYY\SOêYDåHMHWUHEDGRODGLĢ
QDVWDYHQLDQLHNWRUêFKGê]D WêP]DEH]SHþLĢ]YêãHQLHKRGQRW\&X+
.Đ~þRYpVORYi URYQRPHUQRVĢSRVWUHNX]DYODåRYDQLHNRHILFLHQWURYQRPHUQRVWL&X+
Ò92'
.YDOLWD ]DYODåRYDQLD VD SRVXG]XMH správnou intenzitou D URYQRPHUQRVĢRX
]DYODåRYDQLDIntenzita Y\MDGUXMHPQRåVWYRYRG\Ymm GRGDQp]DYODåRYDþRP]DþDVRY~
MHGQRWNX RRYQRPHUQRVĢ ]DYODåRYDQLD ]iYLVt RG VSUiYQHM þLQQRVWL ]DYODåRYDþRY D
QDMPlRG
¾ YKRGQpKRYêEHUXRWYRUXGê]\]DYODåRYDþD
¾ WODNXYRG\YSU~GQLFL
¾ YKRGQHMYRĐE\VSRQXDY]GLDOHQRVWLVXVHGQêFKVWDQRYtãĢ
$E\ VD PRKOD URYQRPHUQRVĢ SRVWUHNX KRGQRWLĢSRGĐD QLHNWRUHM ] ćDOHM XYHGHQêFK
PHWyGPXVtVDQDMVN{U]tVNDĢPHUDQtPD VSUDFRYDQtPQDPHUDQêFKKRGQ{WV~ERUKRGQ{W
]iYODKRYêFKGiYRNY\VN\WXM~FLFKVDQDVN~PDQHMSORFKH
0HWyG\ PHUDQLD URYQRPHUQRVWL SRVWUHNX VD GHOLD SRGĐD WRKR þL LGH R ]iYODKX
SRVWUHNRYDþPL XPLHVWQHQêPL SR]LþQH Y VSRQRFK ]iYODKX SLYRWRYêPL ãLURNR]iEHURYêPL
]DYODåRYDþPLDOHER]iYODKXSiVRYêPL]DYODåRYDþPL/iWHþND
0$7(5,È/$ 0(7Ï'<
0HUDQLH URYQRPHUQRVWL SRVWUHNX SUL ]iYODKH SLYRWRYêPL ãLURNR]iEHURYêPL
]DYODåRYDþPL =GUDåLO SRXåtYDO QD ]tVNDQLH V~ERUX KRGQ{W ]iYODKRYêFK GiYRN
PHWyGX SRGĐD NWRUHM VD ]DYODåRYDQi SORFKD UR]GHOt V~VWUHGQêPL NUXåQLFDPL QD
URYQDNp SORFK\ SULþRP ]UiåNRPHPp QiGRE\ VD XPLHVWQLD Y LFK ĢDåLVNiFK 3UHWRåH
NDåGi ]UiåNRPHPi QiGRED UHSUH]HQWXMH ]DYODåRYDQHM SORFK\ SRPHU PHG]L
SORFKRX]UiåNRPHUQHMQiGRE\DSORFKRXPHG]LNUXåLDMHNRQãWDQWQê
3UL PHUDQLDFK URYQRPHUQRVWL SRVWUHNX ãLURNR]iEHURYêFK ]DYODåRYDþRY
SRK\EXM~FLFKVDIURQWiOQHVDDSOLNXMHPHWRGLNDSRGĐDREU
6~ERU KRGQ{W ]iYODKRYêFK GiYRN SRGĐDPHG]LQiURGQHM QRUP\ ,627& 6&1
VD]tVNDY]UiåNRPHUQêFKQiGREiFKSRMHGQRPSUHFKRGH]DYODåRYDþD=UiåNRPHUQp
QiGRE\VDXPLHVWQLOLY GYRFKO~þRFKNWRUpEROLRGVHEDY]GLDOHQpQDY]GLDOHQRVĢPHQãLX
DNR P =UiåNRPHUQp QiGRE\ EROL RG VHED Y]GLDOHQp QD Y]GLDOHQRVĢ P
5RYQRPHUQRVĢ SRVWUHNX SUL ]iYODKH SLYRWQêPL ãLURNR]iEHURYêPL ]DYODåRYDþPL VD
KRGQRWtSRGĐD')+((50$1$D35+(,1$
39
n
º
ª
« ¦ Si.Vi Vi »
»,
CuH 100.«1 i m n
«
Vi.Si »»
¦
«¬
i m
¼
%
PP
n
¦ Vi.Si
V
i m
n
¦ Si
,
i m
CuH
n
i
Vi
Si
V
[Vi -V]
- NRHILFLHQWURYQRPHUQRVWLSRGĐD+HHUPDQQDD+HLQD
- SRþHW]UiåNRPHUQêFKQiGRE
- þtVORXUþHQpSUHLGHQWLILNiFLXXUþLWHM]UiåNRPHUQHMQiGRE\VR]DþLDWNRPL SUH QiGREX NWRUi MH QDMEOLåãLH SUL SLYRWH D NRQþLDFH L Q SUH ]UiåNRPHUQ~
QiGREXXPLHVWQHQ~QDMćDOHMRGSLYRWD
- ]iYODKRYiGiYNDYL-WHM]UiåNRPHUQHMQiGREHPP
- Y]GLDOHQRVĢL-WHM]UiåNRPHUQHMQiGRE\RGSLYRWDP
- SULHPHUQi]iYODKRYiGiYNDPP
- DEVRO~WQDKRGQRWDRGFKêOLHNRGSULHPHUQHMGiYN\
2EU5R]PLHVWQHQLH]UiåNRPHUQêFKQiGREQDPHUDQLHURYQRPHUQRVWLSRVWUHNXIURQWiOQ\FK
ãLURNR]iEHURYêFK]DYODåRYDþRY6L– Y]GLDOHQRVĢL-WHM]UiåNRPHUQHMQiGRE\RGSLYRWD
$NVDYRYêSRþWHSRXåLM~KRGQRW\RGYãHWNêFK]UiåNRPHUQêFKQiGREP 0HUDQLD VD XVNXWRþQLOL QD SR]HPNX SDWULDFHM ILUPH $*520$ý$- VUR -H WR
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVND ILUPD SDWULDFD URGLQH 0DþDM NWRUi KRVSRGiUL QD S{GH Y RNROt REFH
.UiĐRYiSUL6HQFLXåSlĢJHQHUiFLt'QHVILUPDREKRVSRGDUXMHKDS{G\Y NDWDVWURFK
REFt.UiĐRYiSUL6HQFL.UPHã.RVWROQiSUL'XQDML0DOêâ~U+XUEDQRYD9HV1RYê6YHW
5HFD 3XVWp ÒĐDQ\ 'RPLQXM~FRX SORGLQRX V~ ]HPLDN\ 1D URN V~ SUHGSRNODG\
SUHGRYãHWNêP SHVWRYDQLD]HPLDNRYRYêPHUHKDD YćDNDWRPXWRRVHYQpPXSRVWXSX
MHSRWUHEQpćDOHMUR]ãLURYDĢ YêPHUXS{G\
1D ]iYODKX VD SRXåLO ]DYODåRYDþ BAUER Linestar 168 LL V SULDPRþLDURP
SRK\ERP XUþHQê SUH ]iYODKX SORGtQ þLVWRX YRGRX ] SRG]HPQHM U~URYHM VLHWH 1D
40
YRGRYRGQRP SRWUXEt SULSHYQHQRP QD VDPRMD]GQêFK SRGYR]NRFK VWURMD V~ RVDGHQp
UR]SUDãRYDFLH Gê]\ 3RK\E SRGYR]NRY MH ]DEH]SHþHQê HOHNWURPRWRUPL 'ĎåND
]DYODåRYDþD MH PHQLWHĐQi SRþWRP SRGYR]NRY D WR RG GR NV 9êãND VWURMD P
XPRåĖXMH]DYODåRYDĢDMY\VRNRVWHEHOQDWpSORGLQ\
=iNODGQpþDVWL]DYODåRYDþD%DXHU/LQHVWDU//
¾ &HQWUiOQDMHGQRWND
¾ PRVWRYiNRQãWUXNFLDV SRVWUHNRYDþPL
¾ SRGYR]N\
¾ UHJXODþQpVQtPDþH
¾ HOHNWURLQãWDOiFLD
&HQWUiOQDMHGQRWND PiYOHþQ~KDGLFXPSULSRMLWHĐQ~QDK\GUDQW-HM~ORKRX
MH SRPRFRX QDPRQWRYDQpKR WURMIi]RYpKR JHQHUiWRUD SUHSRMHQpKR FH] ]iYLWRY~
SUHYRGRYNX Y\UiEDĢ HOHNWULFN~ HQHUJLX SRWUHEQ~ SUH SRKRQ NURNRYêFK PRWRURY D SUH
YãHWN\ VQtPDþH XPLHVWQHQp QD ]DYODåRYDþL 5LDGLDFL SDQHO MH X]DYUHWê YR YRGRWHVQHM
SOHFKRYHMVNULQL9RYQ~WULVNULQHVDQDFKiG]DYROWPHWHUSRþtWDþSUHYiG]NRYêFKKRGtQ
WODþLGOR QD ]DSQXWLH VPHUX SRK\EX VWURMD WODþLGOR QD QDVWDYHQLH GiYN\ D NRQWURON\
ĆDOãRX ~ORKRX FHQWUiOQHM MHGQRWN\ MH V\QFKURQL]RYDĢ SRK\E ]DYODåRYDþD XGUåLDYDĢ
QDVWDYHQ~GiYNX]iYODK\DVPHURYRQDYiG]DĢVWURMSRSROL
6PHURYp ULDGHQLH VO~åL QD ]DEH]SHþHQLH SRK\EX VWURMD YR Y\WêþHQRP VPHUH
NWRUê MH GDQê EUi]GRX WDN DE\ QHGRãOR N Y\FKêOHQLX RG GDQpKR VPHUX Y G{VOHGNX
QHURYQRVWLWHUpQXDOHERLQêFKSUHNiåRN
.RUHNþQp ]DULDGHQLH Pi GYH ]iNODGQp IXQNFLH 3UYi IXQNFLD VSRþtYD Y XGUåDQt
YãHWNêFK SRGYR]NRY FHOHM ]DYODåRYDFHM V~VWDY\ Y MHGQHM OtQLL 'UXKi IXQNFLD MH RFKUDQQi
SURWLSRãNRGHQLXMHGQHMDOHERYLDFHUêFKSRGYR]NRY
7HFKQLFNpXND]RYDWHOH /,1(67$5//
¾ 3RþHWYHåt
¾ 'ĎåND]DYODåRYDþD
¾ =DYODåHQiãtUND
¾ 'ĎåND]DYODåHQpKRSiVX
¾ 6SRWUHEDYRG\
¾ 7ODNQDK\GUDQWH
¾ 0D[LPiOQDSRMD]GRYiUêFKORVĢ
¾ =iYODKRYiGiYND
¾ 'ĎåNDVHNFLH
¾ 3ULHPHUYRGRYRGQpKRSRWUXELD
¾ 9êNRQPRWRUD
P
P
P
P3K-
EDU
PK-
– PP
P
PP
N:
1DNDåGHMVHNFLL]DYODåRYDþDMHXPLHVWQHQêFKQt]NRWODNRYêFKGê]]þRKRREH
NUDMQpV~SRONUXKRYp]G{YRGXDE\VDQH]DYODåRYDODS{GDSRGNROHVDPLVHNFLHDVHNFLD
QH]DSDGOD Y UR]PRþHQRP WHUpQH =DYODåRYDþ SRXåtYD N SRKRQX JHQHUiWRUD
WURMYDOFRYêGLHVHORYêPRWRU,9(&2W\S$
9é6/('.<$',6.86,$
3RĐQpPHUDQLHVDXVNXWRþQLORY SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNRPSRGQLNX$*520$&$-VUR
.UiĐRYi SUL 6HQFL 5R]PLHVWQHQLH VWRMDQRY VR ]UiåNRPHUQêPL QiGREDPL REMHP PP3VDY\NRQDORSRGĐDQRUP\,627& 6& N 'ĎåNDPHUDQpKR~VHNXEROD
P 5êFKORVĢ ]DYODåRYDþD EROD QDVWDYHQi QD PK- =DYODåRYDþ PDO GĎåNX P
V QDVWDYHQRX ]iYODKRYRX GiYNRX PP 1iGRE\ EROL UR]ORåHQp Y UDGH V UR]RVWXSRP P 3R SUtSUDYH ]UiåNRPHUQpKR SURILOXNWRUê VD XPLHVWQLO PLPR GRVWUHNX SRVWUHNRYDFtFK
Gê] VD ]DþDOR SUYp PHUDQLH D WR R K D XNRQþLOR VD SR SUHXNi]DWHĐQRP XNRQþHQt
SUHFKRGX ]DYODåRYDþD FH] ]UiåNRPHUQê SURILO D WR YWHG\ NHć Xå ]DYODåRYDFLH Gê]\
41
QHGRVWUHNOL GR ]UiåNRPHUQêFK QiGRE 7HSORWD Y]GXFKX VD SRK\ERYDOD RNROR &
5êFKORVĢQiUD]RYpKRYHWUDERODGR PV-
3UL SUYRP PHUDQt URYQRPHUQRVWL SRVWUHNX VD GRVLDKOD KRGQRWD NRHILFLHQWX &X+
9êVOHGN\ VD XYLHGOL Y WDEXĐNH 9iåHQê SULHPHU ]iYODKRYHM GiYN\
Y ]UiåNRPHUQêFKQiGREiFKERO PP
9êVOHGN\ GUXKpKR PHUDQLD URYQRPHUQRVWL ]DGDåćRYDQLD EROL ]LVĢRYDQp Y XUþLWHM
Y]GLDOHQRVWLRGSUYpKRO~þDWDEXĐND3ULGUXKRPPHUDQt VDYiåHQêSULHPHU]iYODKRYHM
GiYN\]QtåLOQDKRGQRWX PPKRGQRWDNRHILFLHQWDURYQRPHUQRVWL&X+QD
V WDEXĐNH V~ XYHGHQp Y\SRþtWDQp KRGQRW\ URYQRPHUQRVWL ]DGDåćRYDQLD MHGQRWOLYêFK
SROt]DYODåRYDFLHKRVWURMD/LQHVWDU//3ULSUYRPPHUDQt ERODQDMY\ããLDKRGQRWDX SROD SUL GUXKRP PHUDQt X SROD *UDILFNp ]REUD]HQLH YêVOHGNRY PHUDQLD NRHILFLHQWD
URYQRPHUQRVWLMHXYHGHQpQDREUSUYpPHUDQLHD QDREUGUXKpPHUDQLH0QRåVWYR
YRG\ Y QiGREiFK VD SRK\ERYDOR RG GR PP PHUDQLH D RG GR PP
PHUDQLH
7DEXĐND5RYQRPHUQRVĢSRVWUHNX&X+SUYpPHUDQLH
9êVOHGN\PHUDQLDURYQRPHUQRVWL]DGDåćRYDQLDSRGĐD,627&6&1
3UYpPHUDQLD
0HUDQê]DYODåRYDþ%DXHU/LQHVWDU//
SULHP9L VXP9L
VXP9L
VXP6L
VXP9L6L
VXP9L-V
VXP6L,9L-VI
Výsledok
CuH, %
86,94
9êVOHGN\ VD VSUDFRYDOL DM SRSLVQRX ãWDWLVWLNRX XYHGHQRX Y WDEXĐNH 6WUHGQi
KRGQRWD EROD PP SUH SUYp PHUDQLH D PP SUH GUXKp PHUDQLH 9DULDþQp
UR]SlWLH SUH SUYp PHUDQLH EROR SRGVWDWQH QLåãLH D WR RG GR PP SULþRP SUL
GUXKRPPHUDQt WR EROR RG GR PP +RGQRWD YDULDþQpKRNRHILFLHQWX EROD PHUDQLH3ULGUXKRPPHUDQtQDVWDOR]YêãHQLHYDULDþQpKRNRHILFLHQWXQDKRGQRWX
7DEXĐND5RYQRPHUQRVĢSRVWUHNX&X+GUXKpPHUDQLH
9êVOHGN\PHUDQLDURYQRPHUQRVWL]DGDåćRYDQLDSRGĐD,627&6&1
'UXKpPHUDQLD
0HUDQê]DYODåRYDþ%DXHU/LQHVWDU//
SULHP9L VXPVi
VXP9L
VXP6L VXP9L6L VXP9L-V
VXP6L,9L-VI
Výsledok
CuH, %
76,73
7DEXĐND5RYQRPHUQRVĢSRVWUHNXSROt&X+%DXHU/LQHVWDU//
Pole
Prvé
meranie
Druhé
meranie
1
2
3
4
5
7
.UDNRUHF
42
=iYODKRYiGiYNDPP
3RUDGRYpþtVORQiGRE\
2EU=iYODKRYiGiYNDY ]UiåNRPHUQêFKQiGREiFKSUYpPHUDQLH
=iYODKRYiGiYNDPP
33
3RUDGRYpþtVORQiGRE\
2EU=iYODKRYiGiYNDY ]UiåNRPHUQêFKQiGREiFKGUXKpPHUDQLH
5RYQRPHUQRVĢ SRVWUHNX D MHM KRGQRWHQLH SDWUt PHG]L ]iNODGQp YODVWQRVWL NYDOLW\
]DYODåRYDQLD 6LPRQtN .OHPHQWRYi D NRO $ .OHPHQWRYi D NRO %
6LPRQtN5DWDM
0QRKp H[SHULPHQW\ PDOL FLHĐ GRNXPHQWRYDĢ YSO\Y QHURYQRPHUQRVWL ]iYODK\ QD
~URGX $\DUV D NRO 6RORPRQ /HWH\ QH]iYLVOH GRãOL N ]iYHUX åH
V XUþLWRX QHURYQRPHUQRVĢRX ]iYODK\ VD UDVWOLQ\ Y\URYQiYDM~ 3RWYUGLO WR )ULHOLQJKDXV
NWRUê XYiG]D DNR XVSRNRMLY~ URYQRPHUQRVĢ KRGQRWRX &KULVWLDQVHQRYKR
NRHILFLHQWX URYQ~ 3UHVQRVĢ PHUDQLD MH QHJDWtYQH RYSO\YQHQi S{VREHQtP YHWUD
YêN\YPLWODNXY UR]YRGQRPSRWUXEtD SRG5ĤåLþND6LPRQtN
5RYQRPHUQRVĢSRVWUHNXSUL]iYODKHãLURNR]iEHURYêPL]DYODåRYDþPLVDKRGQRWt
SRGĐD Y]ĢDKX +((50$11$ D +(,1$ QRUPD ,627& 6& 1 NGH MH
SRåLDGDYNDDE\NRHILFLHQWURYQRPHUQRVWL&X+!/iWHþND
3RĐQp PHUDQLD URYQRPHUQRVWL SRVWUHNX ]DYODåRYDþD 6,*0$7,& SRGĐD /iWHþNX
GRVDKRYDOLKRGQRW\&X+ – X]DYODåRYDþD)5(*$7&X+ $O-.XIDLVKLD NROXYiG]DM~SUHSLYRWRYê]DYODåRYDþV Gê]RXW\SX1R]]OHSUL
WODNX03DNRHILFLHQWURYQRPHUQRVWL]iYODKRYHMGiYN\&X+ 43
7DEXĐND3RSLVQiãWDWLVWLND]iYODKRYiGiYNDSUYpD GUXKpPHUDQLH%DXHU/LQHVWDU//
Parameter
Stredná hodnota, mm
Smerodajná odchýlka, mm
Rozdiel max – min, mm
Minimum, mm
Maximum, mm
6~þHWPP
3RþHWNV
+ODGLQDVSRĐDKOLYRVWL(95,0%)
9DULDþQêNRHILFLHQW
=iYODKRYiGiYNDPP
3UYpPHUDQLH
'UXKpPHUDQLH
5RYQRPHUQRVĢ P{åH E\Ģ FFD D DM YLDF 6WHLQHU 3UL UHåLPH
DSOLNDþQHM GiYN\ ERO NRHILFLHQW URYQRPHUQRVWL SRGĐD +HHUPDQD D +HLQD&X+ SUL
UHåLPHDSOLNDþQHMGiYN\ERO&X+3HUU\3RFNQHH7HVWVDY\NRQiYDO
SRGĐDQRUP\$6$(6WDQGDUG6$6$(
=È9(5
V GDQRP SUtVSHYNX VD ]KRGQRWLOD NYDOLWD SUiFH IURQWiOQHKR ãLURNR]iEHURYpKR
]DYODåRYDþD %DXHU /LQHVWDU // 0HG]L QDMKODYQHMãLH XND]RYDWHOH NYDOLW\ SUiFH
]iYODKRYHMWHFKQLN\SDWUtURYQRPHUQRVĢSRVWUHNX5RYQRPHUQRVĢ]DYODåHQLDMH]iYLVOiRG
WYDUX ]iYODKRYHM NULYN\ YHĐNRVWL D WYDUX VSRQX Y NWRURP ]DYODåRYDþH SUDFXM~ 2EUD]
UR]GHOHQLD ]UiåRN GR ]QDþQHM PLHU\ P{åH ]PHQLĢ YLHWRU NWRUê Pi QHJDWtYQ\ YSO\Y QD
URYQRPHUQRVĢ ]iYODK\ +RGQRWD NRHILFLHQWD SRGĐD +HHUPDQD D +HLQD &X+ EROD PHUDQLH D PHUDQLH 0HUDQLD P{åX SRVO~åLĢ N GRODGHQLX QDVWDYHQLD
MHGQRWOLYêFK Gê] XPLHVWQHQêFK QD ]DYODåRYDþL 1iVOHGQH VD GRVLDKQH Y\ããLD KRGQRWD
URYQRPHUQRVWLSRVWUHNX&X+D QLåãLDKRGQRWDYDULDþQpKRNRHILFLHQWD
/LWHUDW~UD
AL-.8)$,6+,6– %/$&.025(6– 6285(//+– 0$/(77,*$VVHVVPHQW
RI 7ZR 9DULDEOH 5DWH ,UULJDWLRQ &RQWUROOHUV XVHG RQ D &HQWUH-3LYRW $JULFXOWXUDO
(QJLQHHULQJ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO WKH &,*5 (MRXUQDO 9RO 9,, 0DQXVFULSW (( 9RO 9,,
6HSWHPEHU'RVWXSQpQDLQWHUQHWH
KWWSGVSDFHOLEUDU\FRUQHOOHGXELWVWUHDP/:$O-.XIDLVKL%ODFNPRUHILQDO'HFSGI
$6$( 6WDQGDUGV 6 7HVW SURFHGXUH IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH XQLIRUPLW\ RI ZDWHU
GLVWULEXWLRQ RI FHQWHU SLYRW DQG ODWHUDO PRYH LUULJDWLRQ PDFKLQHV HTXLSSHG ZLWK VSUD\ RU
VSULQNOHU QR]]OHV6W-RVHSK0LFK$6$(
$<$56 -( – +870$1&+(5 5% – 9$,/ 66 – 6&+21(0$1 5$ &RWWRQ
UHVSRQVHWRQRQXQLIRUPDQGYDU\LQJGRSKWVRILUULJDWLRQ$JULFXOWXUDO:DWHU-0DQDJHPHQW
UþV-,661-
)5,(/,1*+$8608QLIRUPLW\RIZDWHU-GLVWULEXWLRQDQGGLIIHUHQFHVLQVRLOPRLVWXUH
EHIRUH DQG DIWHU VSULQNOHU LUULJDWLRQ =HLWVFKULIW IU .XOWXUWHFKQLN XQG /DQGHQWZLFNOXQJ
UþV-,661- ,627& 6& 1 =iYODKRYi ]DĜt]HQt 6WDQRYHQt URYQRPČUQRVWL UR]GČOHQt YRG\
X ]iYODKRYêFK ]DĜt]HQt V FHQWUiOQ\P þHSHP D V SĜtþQ\P SRK\EHP Y\EDYHQêFK
UR]SUDãRYDFtPLQHER]DGHãĢRYDFtPLWUDVNDPL-VNXãHEQtSRVWXS
44
./(0(1729È ( – /È7(ý.$ 0 – 6,021Ë. - $ .YDOLWD ]iYODK\ SiVRYêPL
]DYODåRYDþPL ,Q $FWD KRUWLFXOWXUDH HW UHJLRWHFWXUDH ,661 - 5Rþ þ
PLPRULDGQHV-
./(0(1729È ( - /È7(ý.$ 0 - 6,021Ë. - % .YDOLWD ]iYODK\ SiVRYêPL
]DYODåRYDþPL ,Q (19,52 1LWUD YêEHU SUtVSHYNRY ]R PHG]LQiURGQHM YHGHFNHM
NRQIHUHQFLH 5DþNRYi GROLQD - VHSWHPEUD Y 1LWUH 6ORYHQVNi
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWD6-
/È7(ý.$ 0 5RYQRPHUQRVĢ SRVWUHNX SUL ]iYODKH RWiþDYêPL SRVWUHNRYDþPL ,Q
0RQRJUDILD1LWUDV,6%1--
LET(< - ,UULJDWLRQ XQLIRUPLW\ DV UHODWHG WR RSWLPXP FURS SURGXFWLRQ ,UULJDWLRQ
6FLHQFHUþV-,661-
3(55< & – 32&.1(( 6 3UHFLVLRQ SLYRW LUULJDWLRQ FRQWUROV WR RSWLPL]H ZDWHU
DSOLFDWLRQ >RQOLQH@ *HRUJLD 1(63$/ 'RVWXSQp QD LQWHUQHWH
KWWSZZZQHVSDORUJ3UHF$JYULSGI!
Rģä,ý.$ 0 – SIMONÍK - 6LPXODþQp PRGHORYDQLH URYQRPHUQRVWL SRVWUHNX ,Q
7HFKQLNDD WHFKQROyJLHSUHXGUåDWHĐQpSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVWYR1LWUD638V-
SIMONÍK - .YDOLWDWtYQH KRGQRWHQLH SiVRYêFK ]DYODåRYDþRY ,Q $FWD
7HFKQRORJLFD$JULFXOWXUDHURþþV-
6,021Ë.-– 5$7$-9+RGQRWHQLHSiVRYpKR]DYODåRYDþD1RYPHW-07
,Q$JURWHFK1LWUD,GLHO=ERUQtNUHIHUiWRY] YHGHFNHMNRQIHUHQFLH1LWUD638
V-
62/2021 .+ <LHOG UHODWHG LWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI LUULJDWLRQ XQLIRUPLW\ DQG HIILFLHQF\
PHDVXUHV,UULJDWLRQ6FLHQFHQRS-,661-
67(,1(5-'QJHUDSSOLNDWLRQEHU%HUHJQXQJ– THFKQLVFKH/|VXQJHQ,Q
%HUHJQXQJYRQ.DUWRIIHOQXQG0DLV'RVWXSQpQDLQWHUQHWH
KWWSZZZPOXYEUDQGHQEXUJGHFPVPHGLDSKSSSEHUHJSGI
.RQWDNWQiDGUHVD
,QJ-iQ-REEiJ\3K', .DWHGUDVWURMRYD YêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY, 6381LWUD7U$+OLQNX,
(PDLO-DQ-REEDJ\#XQLDJVN
45
=+2'127(1,(.9$/,7<6(-%<35,328ä,7Ë5Ð=1<&+ 9é6(91é&+
Ò6752-(167,(9
JÁ1785$1*, 3$92/),1'85$3$9(/=(0È1(./$=$56$9,1
* 3RĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDIDNXOWD, 8QLYHU]LWD 1RYê 6DG
7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD6ORYHQVNiSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY1LWUH
ÒVWDY]iKUDGQLFNpWHFKQLN\0HQGHORYDXQLYHU]LWDY %UQH
Abstract:
9 SUiFL V~ SUH]HQWRYDQp YêVOHGN\ ]KRGQRWHQLD NYDOLW\ SUiFH YêVHYQêFK
~VWURMHQVWLHY Y SRĐQêFK SRGPLHQNDFK 3UiFRX MH ]DKUQXWi DQDOê]D YODVWQRVWt RVLYD
NXNXULFH SRXåLWpKR SUL VHMEH Y SRĐQêFK SRGPLHQNDFK &LHĐRP SUiFH EROR XUþLĢ UR]GLHO
UHVS SRGREQRVĢ Y NYDOLWH SR]GĎåQHKR UR]PLHVWQHQLD VHPHQD SRþDV VHME\ SUL U{]Q\FK
SUDFRYQêFK UêFKORVWLDFK 9êVOHGN\ ]DKUĖXM~ DQDOê]X NYDOLW\ SUiFH GYRFK SQHXPDWLFNêFK
YêVHYQêFK W\SRY $QDO\]RYDQp EROR YêVHYQp ~VWURMHQVWYR SUDFXM~FH QD Ei]H SUHWODNX D
YêVHYQp~VWURMHQVWYRSUDFXM~FHQDEi]HSRGWODNX3RXåLWtPãWDWLVWLFNêFKPHWyGY]P\VOH
QRUP\,62V~Y\YRGHQp]iYHU\RNYDOLWHVHME\YêVHYQêFK~VWURMHQVWYLHY
6HMDþN\ EROL VN~ãDQp SUL GYRFK SUDFRYQêFK UêFKORVWLDFK D UHVS NPK-
=YêãHQLHSUDFRYQHMUêFKORVWLVS{VRELOR]YêãHQLHYDULDELOLW\YêVHYQêFKY]GLDOHQRVWLDWHGD
DM]KRUãHQLHãWDQGDUGQHMRGFKêON\]QDUHVS]RQDPP
.Đ~þRYpVORYi VHMEDVHMDþNDRVLYRNXNXULFD
Ò92'
9 SUiFL V~ SUH]HQWRYDQp YêVOHGN\ ]KRGQRWHQLD NYDOLW\ SUiFH YêVHYQêFK
~VWURMHQVWLHY Y SRĐQêFK SRGPLHQNDFK 9 H[SHULPHQWRFK VPH KRGQRWLOL DM I\]LNiOQRPHFKDQLFNp YODVWQRVWL RVLYD NXNXULFH SRXåLWpKR Y SUiFL YêVHYQêFK ~VWURMHQVWLHY Y
SRĐQêFK SRGPLHQNDFK 9êVOHGN\ ]DKUĖXM~ DQDOê]X SUiFH GYRFK YêVHYQêFK ~VWURMHQVWLHY
$QDO\]RYDQp EROR SQHXPDWLFNp YêVHYQp ~VWURMHQVWYR SUHWODNRYp D YêVHYQp ~VWURMHQVWYR
SRGWODNRYp 8SODWQHQtP ãWDWLVWLFNêFK PHWyG Y ]P\VOH QRUP\ ,62 VPH KRGQRWLOL
NYDOLWXSUiFHXYHGHQêFKYêVHYQêFK~VWURMHQVWLHY9êVHYQp~VWURMHQVWYi V SQHXPDWLFNêP
SULQFtSRP QiEHUX NRQFRP -W\FK URNRY Y\WODþLOL PHFKDQLFNp YêVHYQp ~VWURMHQVWYi SUL
VHMEH ãLURNRULDGNRYêFK SORGtQ %XUJ-=HPiQHN 0HãL 3DOWLN )LQGXUD
D R QLFK VD ]PLHQLPH Y WHMWR SUiFL 'QHV VD VLWXiFLD RSlĢ PHQt Y
SURVSHFK PHFKDQLFNêFK YêVHYQêFK ~VWURMHQVWLHY 1R Y UiPFL XYHGHQHM SUREOHPDWLN\ MH
G{OHåLWi DM SR]EHURYi ~SUDYD EXG~FLFK RVtY 9LWi]HN-+DYHOND 9LWi]HN äLGHN
0$7(5,È/$0(7Ï'<
3UL SRĐQêFK H[SHULPHQWRFK VPH ]DPDUDOL QD YêVHYQp ~VWURMHQVWYi NWRUp QLH V~
FLWOLYpQDUR]PHURY~YDULDELOLWXMHGQDORVDRSQHXPDWLFNpYêVHYQp~VWURMHQVWYi9SUYRP
SUtSDGH URELOD VHMDþND QD Ei]H SUHWODNX D Y GUXhRP SUtSDGH EROD SRXåLWi VHMDþND
SQHXPDWLFNi SRGWODNRYi 7HFKQLFNp SDUDPHWUH YêVHYQêFK ~VWURMHQVWLHY V~ XYHGHQp Y
WDEXĐNH3RåDGRYDQiYêVHYQiY]GLDOHQRVĢMHQDVWDYHQiQDDPP6HMDþNDQD
Ei]HSUHWODNXREUi]RNDPiSULHPHUYêVHYQpKRNRW~þDPPDRWYRURY6HMDþND
QDEi]HSRGWODNX REUi]RNEPiRWYRU\QDYêVHYQRPNRW~þLRSULHPHUHPPDPi
RWYRURY
46
7DEXĐND7HFKQLFNpSDUDPHWUHYêVHYQêFK~VWURMHQVWLHY
3RþHWRWYRURY 3RåDGRYDQi
7\SYêVHYQpKR
3ULHPHU
Y]GLDOHQRVĢ
QDNRW~þL
~VWURMHQVWYD
YêVHYQpKR
VHME\
1XPEHURI
6HHGLQJ
NRW~þD
7KHRUHWLFDO
SHUIRUDWLRQV
PHFKDQLVPW\SH
'LDPHWHURI
LQ-EHWZHHQ
LQWKHGLVF
VHHGLQJGLVF
JDS
PP
PP
1DEi]H
SUHWODNX
:LWK
RYHUSUHVVXUH
1DEi]HSRGWODNX
:LWKXQGHU
SUHVVXUH
8FK\WHQLH
YêVHYQHM
MHGQRWN\
7\SHRI
FRQQHFWLRQ
ZLWKIUDPH
7\S
YêVHYQHM
SlWN\
7\SHRI
LQOHW
3DUDOHORJUDP UDGOLþNRYi
3DUDOOHORJUDP VKDUH
3DUDOHORJUDP UDGOLþNRYi
3DUDOOHORJUDP VKDUH
DQDEi]HSUHWODNX EQDEi]HSRGWODNXYêVHYQê NRW~þ
2EUi]RN 9êVHYQêPHFKDQL]PXVVN~ãDQêFK VHMDþLHN
3UL VN~ãDQt VHME\ SRXåLWp EROR K\EULGQp VHPHQR NXNXULFH NOtþLYRVWL FKDUDNWHULVWLN\ VHPHQD V~ Y WDEXĐNH 6HPHQR NXNXULFH XVSRNRMXMH ]iNODGQp
SRGPLHQN\VHPHQD]DVSHNWXNOtþLYRVWLDUR]PHURY9LWi]HN, +DYHOND, 3LUãHO 7DEXĐND 5R]PHURYpYODVWQRVWLRVLYD
'ĎåND
+\EULG
.OtþLYRVĢ
/HQJKW
+\EULG
*HUPLQDWLRQ
PP
16
35%
âtUND
:LGHQHVV
PP
+U~END
7KLFNQHVV
PP
+PRWQRVĢ]ĚQ
0DVVRI
JUDLQVJ
333
3RĐQpPX VN~ãDQLX VWURMRY SUHGFKiG]DOR PHUDQLH SUDFRYQêFK UêFKORVWL 3RþDV
VHME\VPHVDVQDåLOLGRGUåDĢQDVWDYHQpSUDFRYQpUêFKORVWLDWRNPK- DUHVS
NPK- Y UiPFL PRåQRVWt HQHUJHWLFNpKR SURVWULHGNX 1D ]iNODGH QDPHUDQêFK KRGQ{W
P{åHPH NRQãWDWRYDĢ åH XYHGHQp VD YLDFPHQHM SRGDULOR 0HUDQLH KRUL]RQWiOQHKR
UR]PLHVWQHQLDVHPLHQVPHXVNXWRþQLOLQDY\EUDQêFKYêVHYQêFKVHNFLiFKD6HMDþN\
V~ Y\EDYHQp DM HOHNWURQLFNêPL ]DULDGHQLDPL SUH VOHGRYDQLH SRþWX VHPLHQ SULþRP V~
VHQ]RU\ XPLHVWQHQp YR YêVHYQêFK SlWNiFK XYHGHQp WLHå VO~åL SUH QHSULDPX NRQWUROX
SUHVQRVWLVHME\
&LHĐRPSUiFHEROR]KRGQRWLĢNYDOLWXSR]GĎåQHKRUR]PLHVWQHQLDVHPLHQSRþDVVHME\
SUL U{]Q\FK SUDFRYQêFK UêFKORVWLDFK 3UHG VHMERX EROD UREHQi VN~ãND YêVHYX D
VNRQWURORYDQp MHGQRWOLYp SUDFRYQp þDVWL VHMDþN\ 3{GQH SRGPLHQN\ EROL URYQDNp SUH
RELGYHVHMDþN\9þDVQHERODY\NRQDQi]iNODGQiSUtSUDYDS{G\– MHVHQQiVWUHGQiRUED
GRFPDSUHGVHMERYiSUtSUDYD NRPELQiWRURPGRKĎEN\FP6HMEDERODY\NRQDQiY
47
DJURWHFKQLFNRP WHUPtQH VHME\ NXNXULFH Y WUHWHM GHNiGH DSUtOD 9 ]iYLVORVWL RG UR]PHURY
VHPHQDEROLQDVWDYHQpYêVHYQp~VWURMHQVWYi
9é6/('.<$',6.86,$
ÒGDMH]tVNDQp]SRĐQêFKPHUDQtV~VSUDFRYDQpSRGĐDãWDQGDUGQêFKãWDWLVWLFNêFK
PHWyG0HDG1D]iNODGHQDVWDYHQHMWHRUHWLFNHMY]GLDOHQRVWLVHME\UHVS
PPEROLGHILQRYDQpSUi]GQHY\QHFKiYN\DGYRMLWpPLHVWDGYRMiN\GYRMLWpPLHVWREROR
YSUtSDGHVHME\QDY]GLDOHQRVĢPHQãLXDNRQiVRENXWHRUHWLFNHMY]GLDOHQRVWLDSUi]GQH
PLHVWR EROR Y SUtSDGH VHME\ QD Y]GLDOHQRVĢ YlþãLX DNR QiVRERN WHRUHWLFNHM
Y]GLDOHQRVWL9êVOHGN\WHMWRDQDOê]\V~]Qi]RUQHQpYWDEXĐNH$QDOê]RXWDEXĐN\PRåQR
SUtVĢ N ]iYHUX åH MH SRGLHO XVNXWRþQHQêFK Y]GLDOHQRVWt Då SUL VHMDþNH QD Ei]H
SUHWODNXYlþãtYSRURYQDQtVRVHMDþNRXQDEi]HSRGWODNXDåYSRURYQDQtVR
Då 2ELGYH VHMDþN\ PDOL Ylþãt SRGLHO SUi]GQ\FK PLHVW Y\QHFKiYRN Y
SRURYQDQtVGYRMLWêPLYêVHYPLSULVN~ãDQêFKSUDFRYQêFKUêFKORVWLDFKRNUHPSULVHMDþNH
QDEi]HSUHWODNXSULSUDFRYQHMUêFKORVWLNPK-
7DEXĐND=KRGQRWHQLHQDPHUDQêFKY]GLDOHQRVWtSULVHMEH
7HRUHWLFNi
6HMDþND6HHG 2VLYR 3UDFRYQi 3RþHWPHUDQt
Y]GLDOHQRVĢ
6HHG UêFKORVĢ 1XPEHURI
GULOO
:RUNLQJ PHDVXUHPHQWV
VHME\
VSHHG
7KHRUHWLFDO
VHHGLQJLQEHWZHHQJDS
-
NPK
-
PP
1DEi]H
16
SUHWODNX
:LWK
RYHUSUHVVXUH
35%
1DEi]H
SRGWODNX:LWK
XQGHUSUHVVXUH
3HUFHQWXiOQH]DVW~SHQLH
QDPHUDQêFKY]GLDOHQRVWt
7KHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRILQEHWZHHQJDSV
!
=D ~þHORP DQDOê]\ D KRGQRWHQLD NYDOLW\ SR]GĎåQHKR UR]PLHVWQHQLD RVLYD VPH
DQDO\]RYDOL SDUDPHWHU ]RGSRYHGDM~FL KRGQRWH Då QiVRENX WHRUHWLFNHM
Y]GLDOHQRVWL1D]iNODGHVSUDFRYDQêFK~GDMRYERODVWUHGQiKRGQRWDY]GLDOHQRVWt
DPPYSRURYQDQtVWHRUHWLFNRXKRGQRWRXPPSULVHMDþNHQDEi]HSUHWODNX3UL
VHMDþNH QD Ei]H SRGWODNX Y]GLDOHQRVĢ VHME\ EROD D PP Y SRURYQDQt V
WHRUHWLFNêPLPP
âWDQGDUGQpRGFKêON\V~YUR]SlWtDåPPDV~YKRGQRWiFKNWRUpGRVWDOL
DMLQtEiGDWHOLDYWHMWRSUREOHPDWLNH3DOWLN
7DEXĐND3DUDPHWUHVHME\SULUR]OLþQêFKSUDFRYQêFKUêFKORVWLDFKEH]SUi]GQ\FKDGYRMLWêFK
PLHVW
6WUHGQi âWDQGDUGQi3RþHWPHUDQt
7HRUHWLFNi
6HMDþND
6HPHQR 3UDFRYQi
6HHGGULOO
RVLYR UêFKORVĢ Y]GLDOHQRVĢVHME\ KRGQRWD RGFKêOND 1XPEHURI
$YHUDJH
7KHRUHWLFDO
6WDQGDUG PHDVXUHPHQWV
:RUNLQJ
6HHG
VHHGLQJLQGHYLDWLRQ
VSHHG
EHWZHHQJDS
-
NPK
PP
PP
PP
-
1DEi]HSUHWODNX16
:LWK
RYHUSUHVVXUH
1DEi]HSRGWODNX35%
:LWKXQGHU
SUHVVXUH
48
3R]GĎåQH UR]PLHVWQHQLH RVLYD Y ULDGNX DQDO\]RYDQp WDE SUL U{]Q\FK
SUDFRYQêFK UêFKORVWLDFK D KRGQRWH Y]GLDOHQRVWL VHME\ ] GLDSD]yQX Då QiVRENX
WHRUHWLFN\QDVWDYHQHMY]GLDOHQRVWLV~DQDO\]RYDQpW-WHVWRPSULþRPV~]tVNDQpãWDWLVWLFN\
Yê]QDPQp UR]GLHO\ SUH SUDYGHSRGREQRVĢ L W MH - D - =iNODGQê
]iYHUWRKWRSRURYQDQLDMHåHVR]YêãHQtPSUDFRYQHMUêFKORVWL]QDUHVSNPK-
VDYê]QDPQHPHQtDMNYDOLWDSR]GĎåQHKRUR]PLHVWQHQLDVHPHQDNXNXULFHYVHMEH
7DEXĐNDâWDWLVWLFNpSDUDPHWUH]KRGQRWHQLDSUiFHYêVHYQêFK~VWURMHQVWLHYSULU{]Q\FK
SUDFRYQêFKUêFKORVWLDFKEH]Y\QHFKiYRNDGYRMiNRY
6HMDþND 3UDFRYQiUêFKORVĢ 6WUHGQiKRGQRWD WNULW]D
6HHGGULOO
:RUNLQJVSHHG
$YHUDJH
WFULWIRU
-
NPK
PP
Į
Į
1DEi]HSUHWODNX
:LWKRYHUSUHVVXUH
1DEi]HSRGWODNX:LWK
XQGHUSUHVVXUH
W
-
-
9]iMRPQpSRURYQiYDQLHNYDOLW\VHME\GYRFKVHMDþLHNERORY\NRQDQpSULUêFKORVWL
NPK- D SUL UêFKORVWLDFK UHVS NPK- 3RXåLWtP )-WHVWX SUH Y]RUN\ V UR]OLþQRX
VWUHGQRXKRGQRWRXDUR]OLþQêPSRþWRPY]RULHNQDSUDFRYQ~UêFKORVĢNPK- DUHVS
NPK- VD ]LVWLOR åH H[LVWXMH ãWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQê UR]GLHO YR YDULiFLL SR]GĎåQHKR
UR]PLHVWQHQLDVHPHQDNXNXULFHSULSUiFLWêFKWRGYRFKVHMDþLHN
7DEXĐNDâWDWLVWLFNpSDUDPHWUH]KRGQRWHQLDSUiFHUR]OLãQêFKYêVHYQêFK~VWURMHQVWLHYEH]
Y\QHFKiYRNDGYRMiNRY
)NULW
)NULW
F
6WUHGQi
6HMDþND
3UDFRYQi
UêFKORVĢ KRGQRWD $YHUDJH
:RUNLQJ
VSHHG
-
NPK
PP
Į
Į
Į Į
1DEi]HSUHWODNX
:LWKRYHUSUHVVXUH
1DEi]HSRGWODNX
:LWKXQGHUSUHVVXUH
DEi]HSUHWODNX
:LWKRYHUSUHVVXUH
1DEi]HSRGWODNX :LWKXQGHUSUHVVXUH
=È9(5
2VLYR SRXåLWp SUL H[SHULPHQWRFK ]RGSRYHGDOR ]iNODGQêP ãWDQGDUGRP SUH XUþHQê
VHPHQQêPDWHULiO
$QDOê]D SUiFH VHMDþN\ V U{]QRX NRQFHSFLRX GiYNRYDQLD – VHMED SUL ]YêãHQêFK
SUDFRYQêFK UêFKORVWLDFK D NPK- XNi]DOD åH V~ WR SUDFRYQp UêFKORVWL NWRUp
SUHNRQDOLPRåQRVWLWêFKWRVHMDþLHNUHODWtYQHQt]N\SRGLHOSRåDGRYDQHMY]GLDOHQRVWLVHME\
RGGRQD~URYQLRGGR
6R]YêãHQtPSUDFRYQHMUêFKORVWLUDVWLHSRGLHOSUi]GQ\FKPLHVWY\QHFKiYRNYSR]GĎåQRP
UR]PLHVWQHQtRVLYDNXNXULFHDåGR
3RURYQiYDQtP URYQDNHM VHMDþN\ SUL U{]Q\FK SUDFRYQêFK UêFKORVWLDFK D UHVSNPK-VPHSULãOLNãWDWLVWLFN\Yê]QDPQpPXUR]GLHOX1D ]iNODGHWRKWRSODWtåH
]PHQD SUDFRYQHM UêFKORVWL RYSO\YĖXMH NYDOLWX UR]PLHVWQHQLD RVLYD D åH VR ]YêãHQtP
SUDFRYQHM UêFKORVWL VD NYDOLWD UR]ORåHQLD RVLYD ]QLåXMH ]YêãHQLH ãWDQGDUGQHM GHYLiFLH ]
QDUHVS]RQDPP
49
6HMDþND QD Ei]H SUHWODNX Y]KĐDGRP QD VHMDþNX QD Ei]H SRGWODNX GRVLDKOD ãWDWLVWLFN\
]QDþQHOHSãLHYêVOHGN\SUL)L
3UL ćDOãtFK H[SHULPHQWRFK WUHED NOiVĢ G{UD] QD QLåãLH SUDFRYQp UêFKORVWL SUL VHMEH
NXNXULFH FFD NPK- $ H[SHULPHQW\ Y\NRQDĢ DM QD VHMDþNiFK XUþHQêFK SUH SULDPX
VHMEX
LLWHUDW~UD
%85*3=EMÁNEK, 30HFKDQL]DþQtSURVWĜHGN\SURSĜHGYêVDGERYRXSĜtSUDYX
SĤG\ 9LQDĜVNêRE]RUþURþQtNV-,661-
),1'85$ 3 -2%%$*< - 6,021,. - (YDOXDWLRQ RI VHHGLQJ TXDOLW\ E\ VXJDU
EHHW FURS VWDQG HVWDEOLVKPHQW $FWD WHFKQRORJLFD DJULFXOWXUDH,661 - ),1'85$33È/7,.-.YDOLWDVHME\FXNURYHMUHS\,Q9HGHFNiPRQRJUDILD
,6%1---
),1'85$37Ï7+3321-,ý$12785$1-8WLFDMGXELQHQDVHWYHãHüHUQH
UHSH Savremena poljoprivredna tehnika--
0($'5&8512:51+$67('$06WDWLVWLFDOPHWKRGVLQDJULFXOWXUDHDQG
H[SHULPHQWDOELRORJ\&KDSPDQ+DOO/RQGRQ
0(â,08WLFDMURWDFLMHLWUDQVODFLMHVHWYHQHSORþHQDXMHGQDþHQRVWUD]PDND]UQDX
UHGXIn Doktorska dizertacija3ROMRSULYHGQLIDNXOWHW1RYL 6DG-
3È/7,. -, 5$7$- 9, %$â(. 3 9SO\Y RSRWUHEHQLD YêVHYQHM SlWN\ QD
UR]PLHVWQHQLHVHPLHQYULDGNX$FWD7HFKQRORJLFD$JULFXOWXUDH1LWUD9â3-
3È/7,. - 0$*$ J, FIN'85$ 3 +RGQRWHQLH NYDOLW\ UR]PLHVWQHQLD UDVWOtQ SR
VHMEH UHS\ U{]Q\PL VHMDþNDPL =ERUQtN ] PHG]LQiURGQHM YHGHFNHMNRQIHUHQFLH $JURWHFK
1LWUD638, V -
9,7È=(.,, +$9(/.$-, 3,5â(/0$HURG\QDPLF3RURVLW\0HDVXUHPHQW,Q
$JULFXOWXUH9ROý6- VITÁZEK, I7HSHOQpSURFHV\YSO\QQRPSURVWUHGtPRGLILNRYDQpL-[GLDJUDP\1LWUD
6389(6V
ä,'EK, %VSO\Y WHFKQLN\D WHFKQROyJLHY PDQDåPHQWHSR]EHURYHM~SUDY\]UQtQ
QDNYDOLWXYêVOHGQpKRSURGXNWX,Q'L]HUWDþQiSUiFD1LWUD638V
3R]QiPND SUiFD MH V~þDVĢRX YêVNXPX QD SURMHNWRFK 75 D 75 NWRUp ILQDQFXMH
0LQLVWHUVWYRSUHYHGXD WHFKQRORJLFNê UR]YRM5HSXEOLN\6UEVNR
.RQWDNWQiDdresa:
GRFGU-DQ7XUDQ8QLYHU]LWHWX1RYRP6DGX3ROMRSULYUHGQLIDNXOWHW1RYL6DGWUJ'RVLWHMD,
2EUDGRYLüD6UELMDKWWSSROMXQVDFUVH-PDLOMWXUDQ#SROMXQVDFUV
50
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TILLAGE AND SOIL MOISTURE IN VINEYARD
INTERROWS WHEN USING AVAILABLE FARM MECHANIZATION
BARBORA BADALÍKOVÁ1-$1ý(59,1.$2
Agricultural Research, Ltd. Troubsko, Czech Republic
2
0HQGHO8QLYHUVLW\LQ%UQR'HSDUWHPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RRGDQG(QYLURQPHQWDO
(QJLQHHULQJ%UQR&]HFK5HSXEOLF
1
Abstract:
Possibilities of vineyard interrow tillage and application of crushed grapevine chips
ZHUHVWXGLHGLQWZRORFDOLWLHVZLWKGLIIHUHQWVRLOFRQGLWLRQVLQäDEþLFHDQG9HONp%tORYLFH
(Czech Republic) within the period of 2008 – 2010. Altogether three experimental variants
were analysed from the viewpoint of their effects on water retention and the content of soil
moisture. The obtained results indicate that variants with organic material either
incorporated into the soil or used as mulching material retained more soil moisture than
control (i.e. without organic matter). This means that the incorporation of crushed
grapevine chips into the soil increases its infiltration capacity and improves the retention of
soil moisture for a longer time interval.
Keywords: soil moisture, grapevine chips, soil tillage
INTRODUCTION
As far as the water content is concerned, the method of tillage is very important
because it contributes to the establishment of either positive or negative soil water regime.
Both infiltration and antigravitation movement of water in soil can be regulated by changes
in or modificaton of the soil environment so that it is possible to control the overall soil
water regime. Although a deeper tillage reduces surface runoff in the spring season and
assures higher water reserves in soil, it also reduces the reserve of productive water and
this shows a negative effect on growth and development of plants during periods of
reduced precipitations and/or draught. By tillage we can therefore influence the soil water
regime, i.e. not only its infiltration but also the redistribution and preservation of wataer
ZLWKLQ WKH VRLO SURILOH ,Q WKLV ZD\ LW Ls also possible to influence the soil drainage
%DGDOtNRYi +UXEê 6R IRU H[DPSOH Matula (2003) found out that tillage plaid a
siginificant role in changes of hydrophysical soil properties and, above all, in the saturated
hydraulic conductivity (Ksat RI WKH SORXJKLQJ OD\HU ,Q YLWLFXOWXUH VRLO DQG ZHDWKHU
conditions principially influence all systems of soil cultivation. The basic objective of tillage
operations is to maintain an optimum level of soil moisture on the one hand and a good
supply of DOOQXWULHQWVWRSODQWVRQWKHRWKHU=HPiQHN%XUJ7KLVPHDQVWKDWDOO
cultivation measures are performed above all with the aim to kill and liquidate weeds and
the interrupt soil capilarity by disruption of the soil surface layer.
As already mentioned by many authors, it is well-known that the reserve of
productive water is dependent on the content of organic matter in soil because it has a
high retention capacity and can retain water for longer time intervals. This means that it is
quite necessary to process and recycle all residues of organic matter. At present, there
are various methods of crushing and mulching of woody residues, which can either remain
on the soil surface or be incorporated into the top layer of the soil horizon,QWKLVZDy it is
therefore possible to improve the water-binding capacity of soil and to alleviate the
densification and compaction of subsoil. The incorporation of grapevine chips into the soil
is one of possible methods how to supply organic matter into soil and how to maintain soil
KXPLGLW\IRUWKHSRVVLEO\ORQJHVWWLPHLQWHUYDOVDERYHDOOLQSHULRGVRIGUDXJKW%DGDOtNRYi
ýHUYLQND 7KHUH DUH QRW WRR PDQ\ SRVVLELOLWLHV KRZ WR XVH ZDVWH ZRRG LH
grapevines GURP YLQH\DUGV LQ D PHDQLQJIXO ZD\ ,Q WKH SDVt, the most usual method of
grapevine treatment was to remove it from interows and burn it in vain outside the
51
MHFKDQL]DFH]HPČGČOVWYt - =YOiãWQtY\GiQt
YLQH\DUG 6RXþHN $W SUHVHQW WKH PRVW IUHTXHQW PHWKRG RI FDQH WUHDWPHQW LV LWV
crushing directly in interrows and recyclation either as mulching material or as a source of
RUJDQLF PDWWHU ZKLFK LV LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR WKHWRS OD\HU RI VRLO ,W LVNQRZQ WKDW DIWHU WZR
years, this incorporation is beneficial and increases the stability of soil texture even after
the movement of mulching machiner\LQWKHYLQH\DUG,QWKLVZD\LWLVWKHUHIRUHSRVVLEOHWR
increase the retention capacity of soil. The incorporation of any kind of organic matter into
soil thus enables not only to maintain the crumbly soil texture with a great number of
valuable aggregations but also to improve the retention capacity due to the formation of
numerous pores and micropores (Duvigneaud, 1998; Burg =HPiQHN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporated organic material
(i.e. crushed woody canes) on soil humidity.
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
Within the period of 2008 – 2010, possibilities of soil cultivation in vineyards
situated in wine-JURZLQJPXQLFLSDOLWLHVäDEþLFHDQG9HONp%tORYLFH&]HFK5HSXELFZHUH
investigated with regard to incorporation of cane woody chips into the soil surface layer.
Altogether three experimental variants were established in each locality to evaluate the
effect of grapevine chips on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. The
content of water in soil was assessed and evaluated in all three experimental variants.
([SHULPHQWDOYDULDQWV
Variant 1 – Control, without incorporation of woody grapevine chips
Variant 2 – ,QFRUSRUDWLRQRIFUXVKHGgrapevine (chips) into the depth of 0.10 m
Variant 3 – Crushed grapevines (chips) + grass left on the soil surface as mulching
material
The minimum total length of each variant was 100 m; their width corresponded with the
distance between individual rows.
,QERWKORFDOLWLHVVRLOIRUWKHDVVHVPHQWRILWVEDVLFSURSHUWLHVZDs sampled from
two depths, viz. 0 – 0.15 and 0.10 – P6DPSOHVIRUWKHHVWLPDWLRQRIVRLOKXPLGLW\
were taken from three depths, viz 0 – 0.10, 0.10 – 0.20 and 0.20 – 0.30 m. All samplings
were performed at the beginning and to the end of the growing season.
6RLOPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWZDVHVWLPDWHGLQORRVHVDPSOHVXVLQJWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOJUDYLPHWULF
PHWKRG 6RLO VDPSOHV ZHUH SODFHG LQWR D GHVVLFDWRU DQG ZHLJKHG LQ IUHVK FRQGLWLRQ
Thereafter they were dried at 105 0C for 8 hours, cooled and weighed again. The weight
percentage of water content was calculated using weights of fresh and dry soil samples.
Charcteristics of both experimental localities
The wine-growing municipality 9HONp %tORYLFH is situated in the maize-growing
region and belongs into the warm and dry climatic region. The altitude is up to 200 m and
soils are classified as chenozem developed on the loessial subsoil, with loam to clay-loam
texture and a marked proportion of dust particles.
The wine-growing municipality äDEþLFH is also situated in the maize-growing region
and belongs into the warm and dry climatic region. The altitude here is also up to 200 m
and soils are classified as alluvial fluvisols with loam to sand-loam texture. .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After winter pruning, the woody grapevines can be liquidated using a number of
YDULRXVWHFKQROJLHV5HPRYHGFDQHVFDQEHFUXVKHGFKLSSHGRUEDOHG=HPiQHN Burg,
2010); after the treatment they are usually carried away. These technologies, however,
are mostly rather expensive and result in the export and subsequent defficiency of
valuable organic matter. The incorporation of organic matter in the form of cane chips
increases the value of soil structure coefficient and this then results in a reduced risk of
XQGHVLUDEOHVRLOFRPSDFWLRQ%DGDOtNRYi ýHUYLQND
52
Data about soil recorded in individual variants of grapevine recycling in the locality
9HONp %tORYLFH DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 7DE $V RQH FDQ VHH WKHUH ZDV D PRYHPHQW RI VRLO
within its profile and there were also changes in idnvidual variants at the beginning and to
the end of the growing season. An increase in soil moisture in the middle and bottom soil
layer was observed in Variant 2 while in the control Variant 1 it was increased in near the
surface. This was caused by the mulch layer, which protected the soil against too
intensive drying off (above all at the beginning of the growing season). Differences
between individual years were affected by the annual course of weather.
,Q WKH ORFDOLW\ äDEþLFH 7DE WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ VRLO KXPLGLW\ UHFRUGHG LQ
individual variants were rather similar. Decreased contents of soil humidity were observed
in upper soil layers in all experimental variants; this was caused above all by the sandloam texture of soil. Also the content of soil humidity was lower than in 9HONp%tORYLFH,Q
2009, particularly low precipitations were manifested also in a decrease in soil humidity,
ZKLFKGURSSHGEHORZYROXPHLQWKHVXUIDFHVRLOOD\HULQ9DULDQWVDQG,QFRQWUol
(Variant 1), a decrease in soil humidity was recorded in both experimental localities.
Table 1 – 6RLOPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWLQWKHORFDOLW\9HONp%tORYLFH– 2010)
2008
Variant
depth
(m)
2009
Beginning of the
(QGRIWKH
Beginning of the
(QGRIWKH
Beginning of the
(QGRIWKH
growing season growing season growing season growing season growing season growing season
weight %
1
2
3
0.0-0.10
0.10-0.20
0.20-0.30
0.0-0.10
0.10-0.20
0.20-0.30
0.0-0.10
0.10-0.20
0.20-0.30
2010
15.12
18.37
16.80
15.33
17.55
weight %
16.13
15.01
17.89
19.25
19.55
16.25
17.65
weight %
10.65
7.72
11.80
12.08
8.13
9.87
10.23
7.78
10.02
13.31
11.30
16.19
16.38
16.93
19.17
16.76
18.22
19.68
20.78
22.20
20.16
19.78
19.90
20.23
Table 2 – 6RLOPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWLQWKHORFDOLW\äDEþLFH– 2010)
2008
Variant
depth
(m)
2009
weight %
1
2
3
0.0-0.10
0.10-0.20
0.20-0.30
0.0-0.10
0.10-0.20
0.20-0.30
0.0-0.10
0.10-0.20
0.20-0.30
2010
Beginning of the
(QGRIWKH
Beginning of the
(QGRIWKH
Beginning of the
(QGRIWKH
growing season growing season growing season growing season growing season growing season
19.07
19.13
19.05
19.22
18.67
19.87
20.05
20.32
weight %
8.26
11.07
8.12
11.56
12.66
7.26
11.38
12.33
17.08
17.15
17.60
20.13
19.83
weight %
6.12
6.16
5.05
6.65
7.85
5.27
5.78
13.90
13.83
13.31
15.11
16.92
15.67
13.68
11.06
12.37
12.10
11.57
12.81
13.79
9.19
10.72
10.77
Trends of average contents of soil water in individual experimental variants in the
ORFDOLW\ 9HONp %tORYLFH DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJ 7KH IORZOLQHV RI WKHVH WUHQGV ZLWK
regression equations indicate higher soil moisture contents in Variant 2 (i.e. with crushed
DQGLQFRUSRUDWHGFKLSV,QD,QZKLFKZDVH[WUHPHO\GU\KLJKHUYDOXHV
were observed in Variant 3 (with crushed grapevines mixed with grass), and in Variant 2.
,QWKHDEVROXWHO\KLJKHVWFRQWHQWVRIVRLOPRLVWXUHIRUWKHZKROHVWudy perioed were
UHFRUGHG ,Q WKH ORFDOLW\ äDEþLFH WKH IORZOLQHV VKRZHG D VLPLODU WUHQG EXW WKH DEVROXWH
YDOXHV ZHUH ORZHU WKDQ LQ 9HONp %tORYLFH )LJ 7KLV GLIIHUHQFH ZDV FDXVHG SDUWO\ E\
different soil types and partly also by the locality.
The course of trend flowlines was similar and the regression equations indicated in
Variants 2 and 3 similar contents of soil moisture. This can be explained by the fact that
incorporated grapevine chips function wirhin the soil profile as a source of organic matter
53
so that it enables a good infiltration and a long-term retention of water. Organic matter not
only shows a positive effect on the content or soil moisture but also on the resistency of
soil to compaction.
Variant 1: y = 8.073x2 - 30.84x + 38.81
R² = 1
25,00
Variant 2: y = 6.947x2 - 26.95x + 37.57
R² = 1
Variant 3: y = 5.624x2 - 21.53x + 32.77
R² = 1
weight %
20,00
15,00
10,00
1
5,00
2
3
Polyg. (1)
0,00
2008
2009
2010
Polyg. (2)
Polyg. (3)
weight %
Figure 1 – Trend of soil humidity content in individual years
and different experimental variants – 9HONp%tORYLFH
25,00
Variant 1: y = 7.472x2 - 32.59x + 43.30
R² = 1
20,00
Variant 2: y = 7.959x2 - 34.81x + 46.43
R² = 1
15,00
Variant 3: y = 8.772x2 - 38.74x + 50.11
R² = 1
10,00
1
2
3
5,00
Polyg. (1)
Polyg. (2)
0,00
Polyg. (3)
2008
2009
2010
Figure 2 – Trend of soil humidity content in individual years
and different experimental variants – äDEþLFH
+RUQ HW DO DQG /KRWVNê DOVR SRVWXODWHG D SRVLWLYH HIIHFW of presence of
organic matter in soils exposed to the compaction caused by the movement of heavy
machinery on the soil surface.
Use of machinery for the cultivation of vineyards is important not only with regard
to the extension of the age of vineyards but also from the viewpoint of maintenance of the
soil fertility and yielding capacity. Machinery for cultivation of interrows is used for weed
killing, application of mineral fertiisers and green manure, and destruction of the surface
crust (to improve the infiltration capacity of soil). This destruction can be done with skive
cultivators, disk stubble ploughs and/or rotary cultivators. Deep cultivation, soil loosening,
and aeration of soil horizon can be done with heavy blade cultivators and deep tillers.
Orgamic matter can be incorporated into the soil also by means of spade ploughs and and
URWDU\LQFRUSRUDWRUV=HPiQHN %XUJ,QWKVLFRQWH[WLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRVD\WKDWLWLV
54
LPSRUWDQWWRFKRRVHWKHULJKWPDFKLQHU\LQWKHULJKWWLPHRQO\LQWKLVZay it can be assured
that the soil environment will be destroyed for at least..
CONCLUSIONS
Results of these experiments enabled to evaluate effects of grapevine chips
LQFRUSRUDWLRQ RQ WKH SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI VRLO KXPLGLW\ ([SUHULPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG LQ WZR
localities with different soil conditions within the period of 2008 – (VWDEOLVKHGZHUH
altogether three variants (i.e. control, incorporation of organic matter into the soil, and its
applicaton on the soil surface). The obtained results indicated that Variants 2 and 3 with
incorporated organic matter and mulching, respectively, were able to retain more moisture
than control Variant 1 (i.e. without the application of grapevine chips). This means that
organic matter showed a positive effect on soil humidity in both experimental localities.
The incorporation of crushed grapevine enables a good infiltration of water into the soil
and its retention for a longer time interval.
$FNQRZOHGJPHQW7KHVHUHVXOWVZHUHREWDLQHGZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKHSURMHFWQ4+
National Agency of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic.
References:
%$'$/Ë.29È % ý(59,1.$ - 0RåQRVWL Y\XåLWt ãWČSN\ ] UpY\ YLQQp NH ]OHSãHQt
VWUXNWXU\ SĤG\ SUR ~þHO ]DPH]HQt MHMtKR ]KXWQČQt 9LQDĜ – 6DGDĜ V - ,6%1
978-80-87091-06-7
%$'$/Ë.29È%ý(59,1.$-9\XåLWt]HPČGČOVNp WHFKQLN\YPH]LĜiGFtFKYLQLFDMHMt
YOLYQDSĤGQtVWUXNWXUX,Q7HFKQRIyUXP=ERUQtNYHGHFNêFKSUiF1LWUD65
s. 20-,6%1-80-552-0380-5
%$'$/Ë.29È%+58%é-0LQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRORJLH]DUXþXMtVWDELOQČMãt]iVREXYRG\
Y SĤGČÒURGDþV-,661-6013
%85* 3 =(0È1(. 3 7KH LQIOXHQFH RI FRPSRVW RQ RSWLPDOL]DWLRQ RI K\GURSK\VLFDO
characteristics of soils. ,Q&'3URFHHGLQJV,QWHUQDWLRQDOVFLHQWLILFFRQIHUHQFH1HZWUHQGV
LQ 'HVLJQ DQG 8WLOLVDWLRQ RI 0DFKLQHV LQ $JULFXOWXUH /DQGVFDSH 0DLQWHQDQFH DQG
(QYLURQPHQW3URWHFWLRQ, Praha, 2009, s.50-,6%1-80-213-1897-7
'89,*1($8'3(NRORJLFNiV\QWp]D. 2., 1998, Vyd. Praha Academia
+2515 )OHLJH K 3HWK 6 6RLO PDQDJHPHQW IRU VXVWDLQDELOLW\. Reiskirchen.
&DWHQD9HUODJ*0%+V
/+276.é-=KXWĖRYiQtSĤGDRSDWĜHQtSURWLQČPX3UDKDÒ=3,V
0$78/$67KHLQIOXHQFHRIWLOODJHWUHDWPHQWVRQZDWHULQILOWUDWLRQLQWRVRLOSURILOH Plant
6RLO(QYLURQ49–306
628ý(. - 'UWLþH ãWČSNRYDþH D ĜH]DþN\ SUR ~SUDYX URVWOLQQp ELRPDV\ 3UDKD
9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\-,6%1-80--31-8.
=(0È1(. 3 %85* 3 9LQRKUDGQLFNi PHFKDQL]DFH 1.vyd. Olomouc, 2010, 220 s.
,6%1-80-87091--2
Contact address:
,QJ%DUERUD%DGDOtNRYi$JULFXOWXUDO5HVHDUFK/WG=DKUDGQt7URXEVNR&]HFK
Republic, [email protected]
55
=$7Ëä(1Ë2.2/1Ë+235267ě('Ë+/8.(03ě,6KLIZNI TRVALÝCH TRAVNÍCH
325267ģ
0$5,(âË67.29È9È&/AV VÁVRA
-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDY ýHVNêFK%XGČMRYLFtFK=HPČGČOVNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNp
Abstrakt:
Na louce s WUYDOêP WUDYQtP SRURVWHP E\OR SURYHGHQR PČĜHQt KOXNRYp ]iWČåH
RNROQtKRSURVWĜHGtY]QLNDMtFtSĜLVNOL]QL]DYDGOpStFHXUþHQpKRNVHQiåL6NOL]HĖ]DMLãĢRYDOD
VNOt]HFt ĜH]DþND -2+1 '((5( D QiNODGQt DXWRPRELO 7$75$ 1DPČĜHQp
KRGQRW\XND]XMtåHKOXNY]QLNDMtFtSĜLVNOL]QLVLFHSĜHY\ãXMHSRYROHQpK\JLHQLFNpOLPLW\SUR
FKUiQČQê YHQNRYQt SURVWRU VWDYHE D FKUiQČQê YHQNRYQt SURVWRU G% ale je
]SĤVRERYiQ SRX]H QČNROLNUiW URþQČ PLQLPiOQČ NUiW D WR MHQ NUiWNRGREČ FHONRYi
VNOL]HĖWUYDODKRGLQ\.
.OtþRYiVORYD VNOt]HFtĜH]DþNDVNOL]HĖWUYDOpKRWUDYQtKRSRURVWXKOXNSĜLVNOL]QL
+OXN MH NDåGê ]YXN MHKRå ~þLQHN MH SURYi]HQê QHSĜtMHPQêP\ YMHP\ QHER
SRãNR]HQtP]GUDYt1HJDWLYQt~þLQN\KOXNXQDOLGVNp]GUDYtMVRXMHGQDN~þLQN\VSHFLILFNp
SURMHYXMtFt VH SRUXFKDPL þLQQRVWL VOXFKRYpKR DQDO\]iWRUX D MHGQDN ~þLQN\ QHVSHFLILFNp
PLPRVOXFKRYp NG\ GRFKi]t N RYOLYQČQt IXQNFt UĤ]QêFK V\VWpPĤ RUJDQLVPX 7\WR
QHVSHFLILFNpV\VWpPRYp~þLQN\VHSURMHYXMtSUDNWLFN\YFHOpPUR]VDKXLQWHQ]LWKOXNXþDVWR
VH QD QLFK SRGtOt VWUHVRYi UHDNFH =D GRVWDWHþQČ SURNi]DQp QHSĜt]QLYp ]GUDYRWQt ~þLQN\
KOXNX MH Y VRXþDVQRVWL SRYDåRYiQR SRãNR]HQt VOXFKRYpKR DSDUiWX YOLY QD
NDUGLRYDVNXOiUQtV\VWpPREWČåRYiQtDUXãHQtVSiQNXDSRG
+OXN QiV REWČåXMH WpPČĜ YH YãHFK REODVWHFK åLYRWD D MHKR QiUĤVW VH URN RG URNX
]Y\ãXMH 2FKUDQD OLGVNpKR ]GUDYt SĜHG KOXNHP MH GiQD ]iNRQHP þ 6E 2
RFKUDQČYHĜHMQpKR]GUDYtK\JLHQLFNpOLPLW\SURKOXNMVRXSRGUREQČVWDQRYHQ\QDĜt]HQtP
YOiG\ þ 6E 2 RFKUDQČ ]GUDYt SĜHG QHSĜt]QLYêPL ~þLQN\ KOXNX D YLEUDFt
=iNODGQt OLPLW QHMY\ããt SĜtSXVWQp HNYLYDOHQWQt KODGLQ\ DNXVWLFNpKR WODNX SUR FKUiQČQê
YHQNRYQt SURVWRU VWDYHE D FKUiQČQê YHQNRYQt SURVWRU MH SRGOH WRKRWR QDĜt]HQt VWDQRYHQ
na 50 dB. K WRPXWR ]iNODGQtPX OLPLWX VH SDN SRGOH GUXKX FKUiQČQpKR SURVWRUX SRYDK\
KOXNX D GHQQt D QRþQt GRE\ SĜLþtWi NRUHNFH RG - G% Då GR G% Y SĜtSDGČ Y\VRFH
LPSXOVQtKR KOXNX VH SĜLþtWi GDOãt NRUHNFH -12 dB nebo obsahuje-OL KOXN WyQRYp VORåN\
SĜtSDGQČ Pi-OL YêUD]QČ LQIRUPDþQt FKDUDNWHU QDSĜ ĜHþ SĜLþtWi VH GDOãt NRUHNFH -5dB.
CKUiQČQêP YHQNRYQtP SURVWRUHP VH SRGOH ]iNRQD þ UR]XPt QH]DVWDYČQp
SR]HPN\ NWHUp MVRX Y\XåtYiQ\ N UHNUHDFL VSRUWX OpþHQt D YêXFH V YêMLPNRX OHVQtFK D
]HPČGČOVNêFKSR]HPNĤDYHQNRYQtFKSUDFRYLãĢ
5XãLYê KOXN PĤåH PtW UR]GtOQê FKDUDNWHU D SUĤEČK D Y GĤVOHGNX WRKR VH OLãt
i YHOLþLQ\NWHUpMHSRWĜHEDPČĜLW+OXNVHRGERGRYpKR]GURMHãtĜtY NXORYêFKYOQRSORFKiFK
a jeho iQWHQ]LWDVHY\MDGĜXMHY GHFLEHOHFKMDNXYiGČMt1RYê6PHWDQD*QWHU
+DQVHQ9HLW'HFLEHOG%MHORJDULWPLFNiMHGQRWNDVRXYLVHMtFtV REMHYHQtP:HEHU)HFKQHURYD]iNRQDNWHUêGHILQXMHMDNXYiGt5HLFKOYQtPiQtI\]LNiOQtFKSRGQČWĤ
Ä0ČQt-OL VH I\]LNiOQt SRGQČW\ SĤVREtFt QD QDãH VP\VO\ ĜDGRX JHRPHWULFNRX YQtPiPH
MHMLFK ]PČQX Y ĜDGČ DULWPHWLFNp³ 7DNp 7URMDQ :HEHU-)HFKQHUĤY ]iNRQ GHILQXMH
jDNR LQWHQ]LWX YMHPX ]Y\ãXMtFt VH OLQHiUQČ NG\å LQWHQ]LWD SRGQČWX Y]UĤVWi ORJDULWPLFN\
,QWHQ]LWD YMHPX MH WHG\ ~PČUQi ORJDULWPX LQWHQ]LW\ SRGQČWX 3RXåLWt KODGLQ DNXVWLFNêFK
YHOLþLQ WHG\ SO\QH ] :HEHURYD–)HFKQHURYD ]iNRQD 1D ]iNODGČ WRKRWR ]iNRQD Pi
slucKRYêRUJiQVFKRSQRVWSRMPRXWD]SUDFRYDWLQIRUPDFHY UR]VDKXQČNROLNDĜiGĤOLGVNê
VOXFKRYêRUJiQDåVHGPĜiGĤ
.ROtViQt KODGLQ\ DNXVWLFNpKR WODNX ]GURMH MH ]SĤVREHQR QDSĜ MHKR SURPČQQêP
SUDFRYQtPUHåLPHP. FKDUDNWHULVWLFHNROtVDYpKODGLQ\KOXNXMHGLQRXKRGQRWRXVHSRXåtYi
56
tzv. „HNYLYDOHQWQt KODGLQD DNXVWLFNpKR WODNX³ MH WR YODVWQČ VWĜHGQt HQHUJHWLFNi KODGLQD =
þDVRYpKRUR]ORåHQtKODGLQ\KOXNXMHHNYLYDOHQWQtKODGLQDDNXVWLFNpKRWODNX$WM/AeqT GiQD
WtPWRY]WDKHP
LA eq ,T
§1 n
·
10 log¨ .¦ ti .10 0,1. Li ¸
©T i 1
¹
[dB],
(1)
NGH LAeq,T«HNYLYDOHQWQt WUYDOi KODGLQD DNXVWLFNpKR WODNX >G%@ T«FHONRYi GRED PČĜHQt
[s],
ti GREDGtOþtKRLQWHUYDOX/i [s]; n SRþHWGtOþtFKþDVRYêFKLQWHUYDOĤ
(NYLYDOHQWQt KODGLQD DNXVWLFNpKR WODNX PXVt EêW YåG\ VSRMHQD V ~GDMHP R trviQt
PČĜtFt SHULRG\ +OXN D ]GUDYt WDNp SRGOH 6PHWDQ\ MH þDV MDNR GRED
SĤVREHQtKOXNXMHGHQ] QH]E\WQêFKIDNWRUĤKRGQRFHQtKOXþQRVWL
9ČWãLQD KOXNĤ V QLPLå VH VHWNiYiPH VH QHSURMHYXMH EH]SURVWĜHGQČ EROHVWt QHER
SDWUQRXIXQNþQtSRUXFKRXRUJDQLVPXMDNXYiGt1RYêDOHMHMLFK~þLQN\VHNXPXOXMt
DQHJDWLYQtGRSDG\QDH[SRQRYDQRXRVREXVHSURMHYtDåSRGHOãtGREČ1HJDWLYQt~þLQN\
KOXNX QD OLGVNp ]GUDYt SRSLVXMH YH VYp SUiFL +DYUiQHN MHGQDN MDNR ~þLQN\
VSHFLILFNp SRUXFK\ þLQQRVWL VOXFKRYpKR DQDO\]iWRUX D MHGQDN MDNR ~þLQN\ QHVSHFLILFNp
PLPRVOXFKRYp NG\ GRFKi]t N RYOLYQČQt IXQNFt UĤ]QêFK V\VWpPĤ RUJDQL]PX 7\WR
QHVSHFLILFNpV\VWpPRYp~þLQN\VHSURMHYXMtSUDNWLFN\YFHOpPUR]VDKXLQWHQ]LWKOXNXþDVWR
VHQDQLFKSRGtOtVWUHVRYiUHDNFH%DELVFKSURYiGČOVWXGLHYOLYXGRSUDYQtKRKOXNX
QD OLGVNp ]GUDYt NWHUp QD]QDþXMt åH KOXN ]SĤVREXMH FKURQLFNê VWUHV NWHUê MH UL]LNRYêP
IDNWRUHP SUR NDUGLRYDVNXOiUQt RQHPRFQČQt 7DNp SRGOH 6WiWQtKR ]GUDYRWQtKR ~VWDYX
]D GRVWDWHþQČ SURNi]DQp QHSĜt]QLYp ]GUDYRWQt ~þLQN\ KOXNX MH Y VRXþDVQRVWL
SRYDåRYiQRSRãNR]HQtVOXFKRYpKRDSDUiWXYOLYQDNDUGLRYDVNXOiUQtV\VWpPREWČåRYiQtD
UXãHQtVSiQNXDQHSĜt]QLYpRYOLYQČQtYêYRMHXGČWt
3XEOLNDFH+OXND]GUDYtKRGQRWtYýHVNpUHSXEOLFHVRXþDVQêVWDYRKURåHQt
]GUDYt RE\YDWHO KOXNHP D SRNURN YH VQLåRYiQt KOXNX D SRYDåXMH VLWXDFL ]D VURYQDWHOQRX
s Y\VSČOêPLHYURSVNêPLVWiW\
MATERIÁL A METODIKA
&tOHP E\OR SURYHGHQt PČĜHQt KOXNRYp ]iWČåH Y]QLNDMtFtKR SURYR]HP ]HPČdČOVNp
WHFKQLN\ EČKHP VNOL]QČ WUYDOêFK WUDYQtFK SRURVWĤ 773 D Y\KRGQRWLW GR MDNp PtU\
QDUXãXMH RNROQt SURVWĜHGt 0tVWHP PČĜHQt E\OD ]YROHQD ORXND V 773 QHGDOHNR ýHVNêFK
%XGČMRYLF Y EOt]NRVWL RE\WQp ]iVWDYE\ 6EČU ]DYDGOp StFH E\O SURYiGČn z ĜiGNĤ VNOt]HFt
VNOt]HFt ĜezaþNRX -2+1 '((5( N RGYR]X VHEUDQpKR D QDĜH]DQpKR PDWHULiOX E\O
SRXåLWQiNODGQtDXWRPRELO7$75$6NOt]HFtVRXSUDYXPĤåHPHSRYDåRYDW]DERGRYê
]GURM KOXNX W]Q åH VH KOXNRYi YOQD ãtĜt RG WRKRWR ]GURMH Y NXORYêFK YOQRSORFKiFK YH
stejQp Y]GiOHQRVWL YH YROQpP SURVWRUX MH KOXN YH YãHFK VPČUHFK VWHMQê EH] YOLYX
PHWHRURORJLFNêFKDJHRJUDILFNêFKSRGPtQHN
MČĜHQt KOXNX E\OR SURYHGHQR LPSXO]QtP ]YXNRPČUHP V NRQGHQ]iWRURYêP
mikrofonem a zesilovaþHP SURSRMHQêP GLJLWL]pUHP V SĜHQRVQêP SRþtWDþem. Funkci a
SRGUREQê SRSLV SRXåLWp PČĜtFt DSDUDWXU\ XYiGČMt $GiPHN 3HWHUND D 9iYUD NamČĜHQi GDWD E\OD XNOiGiQD GR WH[WRYpKR VRXERUX D GiOH ]SUDFRYiQD SURJUDPHP
0LFURVRIW2IILFH:RUGD([FHO9ODVWQtPČĜHQtE\ORSURYiGČQRVYiKRYêPILOWUHP$GRED
NDåGpKR PČĜHQt WUYDOD V SĜL V IUHNYHQFt ]i]QDPX V WM RGHþWĤ SUR MHGQR
PČĜHQt3ĜLNDåGpPPČĜHQtE\OPLNURIRQXPtVWČQQDVWDWLYXYHYêãFHPQDGWHUpQHP
GOH 0HWRGLFNpKR QiYRGX D E\O QDVPČURYiQ NROPR NH VPČUX Mt]G\ VNOt]HFt
soupravy. 7DNp YãHFKQ\ XYiGČQp Y]GiOHQRVWL VRXSUDY\ RG PLNURIRQX MVRX NROPLFH NH
VPČUXMt]G\VWURMĤ
9H VWHMQp YêãFH P QDG WHUpQHP E\O\ Wpå EČKHP PČĜHQt ]MLãĢRYiQ\
PHWHRURORJLFNp SRGPtQN\ EDURPHWULFNê WODN WHSORWD D UHODWLYQt YOKNRVW Y]GXFKX VPČU D
57
rychlosWSURXGČQtY]GXFKXPHWHRURORJLFNRXVWDQLFt:V-1600-DMHMLFKSUĤPČUQpKRGQRW\
z SČWLRGHþWĤEČKHPVNOL]QČMVRXXYHGHQ\YWDE
Tab. 1 – 0HWHRURORJLFNpSRGPtQN\SĜLPČĜHQt
EDURPHWULFNê
tlak
teplota
vzduchu
UHODWLYQtYOKNRVW
vzduchu
rychlost
vČtru
smČr vČtru
1013 hPa
&
75 %
2 m.s-1
]iSDGQt
DåMLKR]iSDGQt
9]GiOHQRVWL]GURMHKOXNXVNOL]ĖRYiVRXSUDYDRGPLNURIRQXE\O\]YROHQ\Y UR]PH]t
D P 2GFK\ON\ ]YROHQp Y]GiOHQRVWL ]GURMH KOXNX RG PLNURIRQX E\O\
]SĤVREHQ\ WHFKQRORJLt VNOL]QČ 6NXWHþQp Y]GiOHQRVWL MVRX XYHGHQ\ Y WDE 0ČĜHQt
Y]GiOHQRVWt GR P E\OR SURYHGHQR GiONRPČUHP %RVFK 3URIHVVLRQDO '/( .GHOãtY]GiOHQRVWLSDNSRPRFtPČĜtFtKRSiVPD
MČĜHQt E\OR SURYHGHQR QD þW\ĜHFK VWDQRYLãWtFK MHMLFKå SRORKD YL] REU byla
Y\EUiQDSRGOH0HWRGLFNpKRQiYRGXSRGPtQHNWHUpQXDSUREtKDMtFtVNOL]QČ-HGQR
]H VWDQRYLãĢ E\OR ]YROHQR QD KUDQLFL QHMEOLåãt E\WRYp ]iVWDYE\ URGLQQê GĤP VH
]DKUDGRX DE\ E\OR PRåQp ]KRGQRWLW PtUX KOXNRYp ]iWČåH QHMEOLåãtKR VRXNURPpKR
pozemku.
1D NDåGpP VWDQRYLãWL E\OD QHMSUYH PČĜHQD KODGLQD KOXNRYpKR SR]DGt SĜHG
]DSRþHWtPSUiFHVNOL]ĖRYpOLQN\0ČĜHQtKODGLQ\KOXNRYpKRSR]DGtE\ORRSDNRYiQREČKHP
SURVWRMĤ VNOL]ĖRYp OLQN\ SĜL VWHMQêFK SRGPtQNiFK MDNR SĜL QiVOHGQpP YODVWQtP PČĜHQt
hluku (VPLNURIRQHPXPtVWČQêP QDVWDWLYXRULHQWRYDQêPVPČUHPQDVOHGRYDQRXORXNXD
PQDGWHUpQHP
3RORKDYHOLNRVWDWYDUVNOt]HQpORXN\V 773SRORKDMHGQRWOLYêFKPtVWPČĜHQt- VWDQRYLãĢ
(1 - SRORKDDVPČUMt]G\VNOt]HFtVRXSUDY\VNOt]HFtĜH]DþNDDQiNODGQtDXWRPRELOMVRX
]Qi]RUQČQ\QDREUi]NX
VÝSLEDKY A DISKUZE
StanovištČ2G SR]HPQtNRPXQLNDFHY]GiOHQpPDP RG]iSDGQtKRURKXORXN\
YL]REU]GHSURYHGHQDSUYQtGYČPČĜHQt0ČĜHQtþKOXNRYpSR]DGtDPČĜHQtþSUREtKDORY RVPLPHWURYpY]GiOHQRVWLRGVNOt]HFtVRXSUDY\
6WDQRYLãWČ 2: 9]GiOHQRVW RG SR]HPQt NRPXQLNDFH P D P RG NUDMH ]iSDGQtKR
okraMH ORXN\ YL] REU 3R ]MLãWČQt KOXNRYpKR SR]DGt PČĜHQt þ QD WRPWR VWDQRYLãWL
SUREČKODGDOãtPČĜHQtSĜLSUiFLVRXSUDY\YHY]GiOHQRVWLPþPČĜPþPČĜ
D P þ PČĜ 3RORK\ D VPČU VNOt]HFt VRXSUDY\ YL] REU KRGQRW\
ekYLYDOHQWQtFK KODGLQ WDE 3UĤEČK\ QDPČĜHQêFK KODGLQ YH Y]GiOHQRVWHFK D P
jsou vyobrazeny v grafu QDREUi]NXNGHMVRXWpå]Qi]RUQČQ\KRGQRW\KOXNRYpKRSR]DGt
RERXVWDQRYLãĢþiUNRYDQČ
6WDQRYLãWČ 3: 9]GiOHQRVW RG SR]HPQt NRPXQLNDFH P P RG SORWX VRXNURPpKR
SR]HPNXFFDPSĜHGURGLQQêPGRPHPYL]REU1DWRPWRVWDQRYLãWLE\ORSURYHGHQR
PČĜHQt ĜH]DþN\ Y]GiOHQp D P 3ĜL PČĜHQt þ YH Y]GiOHQRVWL P VH
HNYLYDOHQWQt KODGLQD URYQDOD KRGQRWČ KOXNRYpKR SR]DGt W]Q åH Y WpWR Y]GiOHQRVWL ]YêãLO
HNYLYDOHQWQtKODGLQXKOXNXSUĤMH]GRVREQtKRDXWRPRELOXSRSĜLOHKOpVLOQLþQtNRPXQLNDFLQD
51,7 dB (viz tab. 2 hodnota v ]iYRUFH3ĜLPČĜHQtþNG\Y]GiOHQRVWVNOt]HFtVRXSUDY\
E\OD P ]DþDOD VH VYêPL ]YXN\ SURMHYRYDW GUĤEHå NRNUKiQt DSRG QD QHGDOHNpP
VRXNURPpP SR]HPNX D ]YêãLOD HNYLYDOHQWQt KODGLQX KOXNX R G% W]Q QD G% 3ĜL
WRPWRPČĜHQtE\O]D]QDPHQiQPDOêUR]GtOPH]LKODGLQRXPČĜHQpKRKOXNXDKOXNXSR]DGt
G%DSURWRSRGOH0HWRGLFNpKRQiYRGXPČĜHQtQHO]HKRGQRtit. Z XYHGHQpKR
O]HY\YRGLWåHþLQQRVWVNOt]HFtVRXSUDY\Y WpWRY]GiOHQRVWLQDRE\YDWHOHGRPXQHJDWLYQČ
QHSĤVREt
58
Tab. 2 – 1DPČĜHQpKRGQRW\KODGLQKOXNRYpKRSR]DGtDHNYLYDOHQWQtFKKODGLQY UĤ]QêFK
Y]GiOHQRVWHFKRG]GURMHKOXNXVNOt]HFtĜH]DþNDDQiNODGQtDXWRPRELO
þ
PČĜHQt
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
þVWDQRYLãWČ
PtVWRPČĜHQt
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
Y]GiOHQRVW
[m]
8
50
165
300
313
8
38
HNYLYDOHQWQt
hladina [dB]
97,8
67,1
58,0
51,1
77,3
KODGLQDKOXNRYpKR
SR]DGt>G%@
37,5
37,5
39,1
39,1
39,1
39,1
6WDQRYLãWČ 4: 7RWR VWDQRYLãWČ E\OR ]YROHQR QD YêFKRGQtP RNUDML ORXN\ P RG SĜLOHKOp
SR]HPQt NRPXQLNDFH REU NG\ VH VNOL]HĖ FKêOLOD NH NRQFL 7DP E\OR SURYHGHQR
QHMSUYH]PČĜHQtKOXNRYpKRSR]DGtSDNSĜHGSRVOHGQtPČĜHQtYHY]GiOHQRVWLĜH]DþN\P
RGPLNURIRQX3RVOHGQtPPČĜHQtPE\ODPČĜHQDKODGLQDKOXNXĜH]DþN\SĜLEČKXQDSUi]GQR
s Y\VRNêPLRWiþNDPLNG\VWiODYHY]GiOHQRVWLPRGPLNURIRQX9\VRNpRWiþN\]SĤVRELO\
Y\ããt HNYLYDOHQWQt KODGLQX KOXNX G% QHå MDNRX ]SĤVRERYDOD ĜH]DþND PČĜHQi YH
VWHMQpY]GiOHQRVWLSĜLSUDFRYQtP]DWtåHQtG%
59
(NYLYDOHQWQtKODGLQDMHY\SRþtWDQiKRGQRWDY\MDGĜXMtFtWUYDORXKODGLQXXVWiOHQpKR
KOXNX NWHUi Pi QD OLGVNê RUJDQLVPXV VWHMQê ~þLQHN MDNR VOHGRYDQê þasovČ promČQQê
KOXN +RGQRW\ WpWR KODGLQ\ KOXNX /AeqT MVRX XYHGHQ\ Y WDEXOFH D Y\SRþtWiQ\ SRGOH
0HWRGLFNpKRQiYRGXDQRUHPý61,62-ý61,62-2(2009).
+ODGLQ\DNXVWLFNpKRWODNXYHY]GiOHQRVWLDP
RG]GURMHKOXNXVNOt]HFtVRXSUDY\
120
ŚůĂĚŝŶǇ
ĂŬƵƐ ƚŝĐ ŬĠŚŽ
ƚůĂŬƵ΀Ě ΁
100
80
60
40
20
1
7
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
67
73
79
85
91
97
103
109
115
121
127
133
139
145
151
157
163
169
175
181
0
ƉŽē Ğ ƚŵ Ģ ƎĞ ŶşͲē ĂƐ ;ϭŵ Ģ ƎĞ ŶşсϬ͕ϱƐ Ğ Ŭ ƵŶĚǇͿ
ŶĂŵĢƎĞŶĠŚůĂĚŝŶǇĂŬƵƐ ƚŝĐ ŬĠŚŽƚůĂŬƵͲϱϬŵŽĚǌ ĚƌŽũĞŚůƵŬƵ
ĞŬǀŝǀĂůĞŶƚŶşŚůĂĚŝŶĂĂŬƵƐ ƚŝĐ ŬĠŚŽƚůĂŬƵͲϱϬŵŽĚǌ ĚƌŽũĞŚůƵŬƵ
ŚůĂĚŝŶĂŚůƵŬŽǀĠŚŽƉŽǌ ĂĚşͲƐ ƚĂŶŽǀŝƓ ƚĢϮ
ŶĂŵĢƎĞŶĠŚůĂĚŝŶǇĂŬƵƐ ƚŝĐ ŬĠŚŽƚůĂŬƵͲϴŵŽĚǌ ĚƌŽũĞŚůƵŬƵ
ĞŬǀŝǀĂůĞŶƚŶşŚůĂĚŝŶĂĂŬƵƐ ƚŝĐ ŬĠŚŽƚůĂŬƵͲϴŵŽĚǌ ĚƌŽũĞŚůƵŬƵ
ŚůĂĚŝŶĂŚůƵŬŽǀĠŚŽƉŽǌ ĂĚşͲƐ ƚĂŶŽǀŝƓ ƚĢϭ
ŚůĂĚŝŶǇĂŬƵƐ ƚŝĐ ŬĠŚŽƚůĂŬƵ΀Ě ΁
ǀǌ ĚĄůĞŶŽƐ ƚƐ ƚĂŶŽǀŝƓ ƚĢŽĚǌ ĚƌŽũĞŚůƵŬƵ΀ŵ΁
Obr.2 - 1DPČĜHQpDY\SRþtWDQpKODGLQ\Y UĤ]QêFKY]GiOHQRVWHFKPLNURIRQX
od zdroje hluku – VNOt]HFtVRXSUDY\VNOt]HFtĜezaþND-2+1'((5(
QiNODGQtDXWRPRELO7$75$
W Ǝ şƌƽƐ ƚŬǇ ŚůĂ ĚŝŶǇ Ă ŬƵƐ ƚŝĐ ŬĠ ŚŽƚůĂ ŬƵǀ ƌƽǌ Ŷǉ Đ Ś
ǀ ǌ ĚĄ ůĞ ŶŽƐ ƚĞ Đ ŚŽĚǌ ĚƌŽũĞ ŚůƵŬƵ;Ɛ Ŭůşǌ Ğ Đ şƐ ŽƵƉƌĂ ǀ Ǉ Ϳ
350
313
300
250
200
165
150
104
100
63,9
60,3
50
8
38
42,7
50
8
28
18,9
0
12
2,6
ǀǌ ĚĄůĞŶŽƐ ƚƐ ƚĂŶŽǀŝƓ ƚĢ;ŵşƐ ƚĂŵĢƎĞŶşͿŽĚǌ ĚƌŽũĞ
ŚůĂĚŝŶĂŚůƵŬŽǀĠŚŽƉŽǌ ĂĚş
ĞŬǀŝǀĂůĞŶƚŶşŚůĂĚŝŶĂĂŬƵƐ ƚŝĐ ŬĠŚŽƚůĂŬƵ
ƉƎşƌƽƐ ƚĞŬŚůĂĚŝŶǇĂŬƵƐ ƚŝĐ ŬĠŚŽƚůĂŬƵ
Obr. 3 - 3ĜtUĤVWN\KODGLQ\ DNXVWLFNpKRWODNX
9HOLNRVW SĜtUĤVWNX KODGLQ\ DNXVWLFNpKR WODNX þLQQRVWt VNOt]HFt VRXSUDY\ Y UĤ]QêFK
Y]GiOHQRVWHFKMH]Qi]RUQČQDJUDIHP QDREUi]NX 30ČĜHQtPKOXNRYêFKKODGLQY UĤ]QêFK
Y]GiOHQRVWHFKRG]GURMHKOXNXVNOt]HFtVRXSUDYDE\ODSRWYU]HQD]iYLVlost intenzity hluku
QDY]GiOHQRVWLRG]GURMHYL]graf na REUi]ku ).
60
=iYLVORVWHNYLYDOHQWQtKODGLQ\DNXVWLFNpKRWODNXQD
Y]GiOHQRVWLRG]GURMHKOXNXVNOt]HFtVRXSUDY\
HNYLYDOHQWQtKODGLQD
DNXVWLFNpKRWODNX>G%@
120
100
80
60
2
R 20
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Y]GiOHQRVWP LNURIRQXRGVNOt]HFtVRXSUDY\>P @
2EU- =iYLVORVWHNYLYDOHQWQtKODGLQ\DNXVWLFNpKRWODNXQDY]GiOHQRVWL
0ČĜHQtE\ODSURYHGHQDKOXNRPČUHPWĜtG\SĜHVQRVWL3RGOH0HWRGLFNpKRQiYRGX
DQRUP\ý61,62WDWRPČĜHQtVSDGDMtGRWĜtG\SĜHVQRVWLW]QåHVH
MHGQiRSĜHKOHGRYiPČĜHQtVRGKDGHPFHONRYpQHMLVWRW\PČĜHQtG%RYOLYQČQpKRMHãWČ
PHWHRURORJLFNêPLSRGPtQNDPLV koeficientem ]DNĜLYHQtGUiK\]YXNRYpKRSDSUVNXN!
PURY]GiOHQRVWVNOt]HFtVRXSUDY\RGPLNURIRQXGRPMHSDNKRGQRWDRGKDGXQHMLVWRW\
PČĜHQt8 G%DSURY]GiOHQRVWQDGP8 G%
ZÁVċR
3ĜL SRVX]RYiQt KOXNRYp ]iWČåH QHGDOHNp E\WRYp ]iVWDYE\ SĜL VNOL]QL SR]HPNX
(louky s 773E\OVLFHSĜtSXVWQê K\JLHQLFNêOLPLWHNYLYDOHQWQtKODGLQ\DNXVWLFNpKRWODNX$
NWHUêMHSURGHQQtGREXVWDQRYHQQDG%Y EOLåãtFKY]GiOHQRVWHFKSĜHNURþHQDOHWHQWR
OLPLW SODWt QHMHQ SUR XUþLWê GUXK SURVWRUX SRGOH QDĜt]HQt YOiG\ SUR FKUiQČQê YHQNRYQt
prostor staveb a chriQČQê YHQNRYQt SURVWRU DOH QHY]WDKXMH VH QD OHVQt D ]HPČGČOVNp
SR]HPN\ D YHQNRYQt SUDFRYLãWČ DOH WDNp SUR XUþLWRX GREX WUYiQt /LPLW G% E\O SĜL
sklizni pĜHNURþHQ Y EOLåãtFK Y]GiOHQRVWHFK VNOL]ĖRYp VRXSUDY\ DOH SĤsobil pouze
NUiWNRGREČGREDVNOL]QČFHOpORXN\WUYDODFFDKRGLQ\DPLQXWDQHQtWHG\Y åiGQpP
SĜtSDGČ SUDYGČSRGREQp åH E\ SĜL VNOL]QL StFH QD WRPWR SR]HPNX GRFKi]HOR
k QHJDWLYQtPXRYOLYĖRYiQt]GUDYtRE\YDWHOSĜLOHKOêFKRE\WQêFKVtGHO
6NOL]HĖ 773 SRPRFt VNOL]ĖRYp WHFKQLN\ VH XVNXWHþĖXMH NUiW QČNG\ L YtFHNUiW
URþQČ YČWãLQRX QD SR]HPFtFK ORXNiFK VH þOHQLWêPL SĤGRU\VQêPL WYDU\ VRXVHGtFtPL
v SRGKRUVNêFK þL KRUVNêFK REODVWHFK GRVWXSQRVW VNOt]HFt WHFKQLN\ QXWQi V PQRåVWYtP
OHVQtFKSRURVWĤNWHUpMVRXREêYiQ\]YČĜtDSWDFWYHP3ĜLVNOL]QL773DWRSĜHGHYãtPSĜL
SUYQt VHþL GRED KQt]GČQt SWiNĤ Y\YiGČQt POićDW MVRX RNUDMRYp REODVWL WČFKWR OHVQtFK
SRURVWĤ D UHPt]NĤ RYOLYĖRYiQ\ Y\VRNRX LQWHQ]LWRX KOXNX Då G% NWHUi QDUXãXMH
ZHOIDUHGLYRFHåLMtFt]YČĜHDSWDFWYDDWtPPĤåHRKURåRYDWMHMLFK~VSČãQRXUHSURGXNFL
7HQWRþOiQHNY]QLNOY UiPFLSURMHNWX0]H4+
/LWHUDWXUD
$'È0(.33(7(5.$$$9È95$90ČĜHQtKOXNXDMHKR]SUDFRYiQt,Q
3HGDJRJLFNêVRIWZDUHý%XGČMRYLFHV
%$%,6&+:,6,1*9*$//$&+(5-(-+HDOWKVWDWXVDVDSRWHQWLDOHIIHFW
modifier of the relation between noise annoyance and incidence of ischaemic heart
disease. 2FFXSDWLRQDODQG(QYLURQPHQWDO0HGLFLQH London, 2003, vol.60, s.739-
,661-0711
61
*h17+(5%+$16(1.+9(,7,7HFKQLVFKH$NXVWLN– Ausgewählte Kapitel.
*UXQGODJHQDNWXHOH3UREOHPHXQG0HVVWHFKQLNDXIODJH([SHUW9HUODJ5HQQLQJHQ
V,6%1-3-8169-2788-
+$95È1(.-$.2/+OXND]GUDYt3UDKD$YLFHQXPV,6%1-201-00202
+OXND]GUDYt3UDKD)RUWXQDV0tVWQtRUJiQ\VWiWQtVSUiY\åLYRWQtSURVWĜHGtD
]GUDYt,6%1-7071-185-X.
129é5+OXNDFKYČQtý9873UDKDV,6%1-01-01306-5.
6PHWDQD&DNRO+OXNDYLEUDFHPČĜHQtDKRGQRFHQt3UDKD6GČORYDFtWHFKQLND
V,6%1-901936-2-5
0HWRGLFNêQiYRGSURPČĜHQtDKRGQRFHQtKOXNXY PLPRSUDFRYQtPSURVWĜHGt0LQLVWHUVWYR
]GUDYRWQLFWYt3UDKDþM+(0-300-11.12.01-
6EtUND]iNRQĤþ]iNRQþ2RFKUDQČYHĜHMQpKR]GUDYt3UDKD
6EtUND ]iNRQĤ þ ]iNRQ þ QDĜt]HQt YOiG\ R RFKUDQČ ]GUDYt SĜHG
QHSĜt]QLYêPL~þLQN\KOXNXDYLEUDFt3UDKD
ý61,62-1 Akustika – 3RSLVPČĜHQtDKRGQRFHQtKOXNXSURVWĜHGtýiVW=iNODGQt
YHOLþLQ\DSRVWXS\SURKRGQRFHQt3UDKD
ý61 ,62 -2 Akustika – 3RSLV PČĜHQt D SRVX]RYiQt KOXNX SURVWĜHGt ýiVW 8UþRYiQtKODGLQKOXNXSURVWĜHGt3UDKD
ý61,62$NXVWLND6PČUQLFHSURPČĜHQtDSRVX]RYiQtH[SR]LFHKOXNXY SUDFRYQtP
SURVWĜHGt3UDKD
KWWSZZZV]XF]WHPD]LYRWQL-prostredi/zakladni-informace-o-monitorovani-hluku
(8.3.2011)
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD:
,QJ0DULHâtVWNRYi&6F-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDY ýHVNêFK%XGČMRYLFtFK=HPČGČOVNiIDNXOWD
.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNpGRSUDYQtDPDQLSXODþQtWHFKQLN\DVOXå[email protected];
,QJ9iFODY9iYUD3K'-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDY ýHVNêFK%XGČMRYLFtFK=HPČGČOVNiIDNXOWD
.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNpGRSUDYQtDPDQLSXODþQtWHFKQLN\DVOXå[email protected];
62
9/,91$67$9(1Ë35$&291Ë&+&<./ģ$8720$7,&.é&+6<67e0ģ352
2'./Ë=(1Ë&+/e96.e059<1$(0,6($021,$.8
0,526/$9ý(â3,9$3(75$=$%/28',/29È
9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\YYL3UDKD
Abstrakt:
(PLVH DPRQLDNX ]H VWiMt SUR FKRY KRVSRGiĜVNêFK ]YtĜDW MVRX VWiOH YtFH
VOHGRYDQêP SUREOpPHP 3UR MHMLFK VQLåRYiQt NH NWHUpPX VH VWiW\ (8 YþHWQČ ýHVNp
republiky ]DYi]DO\MHY\QDNOiGiQR]QDþQpPQRåVWYtILQDQþQtFKSURVWĜHGNĤDMVRXY\YtMHQ\
VWiOHQRYpWHFKQRORJLHYþHWQČDXWRPDWLFNêFKSURVWĜHGNĤSURRGNOt]HQtFKOpYVNpPUY\1H
YåG\ MH YãDN Y\XåLWR YHãNHUêFK PRåQRVWt NWHUp QRYp WHFKQRORJLH PRKRX SĜLQpVW
3ĜtVSČYHN SRSLVXMH YêVOHGN\ PČĜHQt HPLVt DPRQLDNX YH VWiML SUR FKRY GRMQLF VH
VKUQRYDFtPLORSDWDPLDYHVWiMLVHVDPRMt]GQêPVKUQRYDþHPNHMG\
.OtþRYi VORYD HPLVH DPRQLDNX DXWRPDWLFNp V\VWpP\ SUR RGNOt]HQt FKOpYVNp PUY\
ZHOIDUHVWiMSURFKRYGRMQLF
ÚVOD
(PLVHVNOHQtNRYêFKDGDOãtFK]iWČåRYêFKSO\QĤ]HMPpQDDPRQLDNX]H]HPČGČOVNp
þLQQRVWLQHJDWLYQČRYOLYĖXMtåLYRWQtSURVWĜHGt7\WRSO\Q\Y]QLNDMtSĜtPRYHVWiMtFKSURFKRY
KRVSRGiĜVNêFK ]YtĜDW SĜL VNODGRYiQt D PDQLSXODFL VH VWDWNRYêPL KQRMLY\ D SĜL MHMLFK
QiVOHGQp DSOLNDFL GR SĤG\ 9êVOHGQp HPLVH ]iWČåRYêFK SO\QĤ ]H ]HPČGČOVNp SURGXNFH
MVRX YHOPL Yê]QDPQp 1iYDURYi MRVTXHUD HW DO ýHVNi UHSXEOLND VH
]DYi]DODSRGSLVHP*|WHERUJVNpKRSURWRNROXNHVQtåHQtHPLVtDPRQLDNX]H]HPČGČOVNp
þLQQRVWLSĜLþHPåVQtåHQtSURGXNFHDPRQLDNXSĜtPR]HVWiMtSURFKRY]YtĜDWMHSĜHGHSViQR
PLQLPiOQČR
'RViKQRXW SRåDGRYDQpKR VQtåHQt DPRQLDNX Y\åDGXMH REY\NOH ]QDþQp QiNODG\ DĢ
QD ~SUDYX WHFKQRORJLH FKRYX QHER SRXåtYiQt SĜtSUDYNĤ XUþHQêFK SUR UHGXNFL HPLVt
DPRQLDNX þL MLQi RSDWĜHQt -HOtQHN 'RODQ 8UþLWpKR VQtåHQt HPLVt O]H GRViKQRXW L
RSWLPiOQtP QDVWDYHQtP SUDFRYQtFK F\NOĤ QČNWHUêFK DXWRPDWLFNêFK V\VWpPĤ SUR ~NOLG
FKOpYVNpPUY\QDIDUPiFKSURFKRYVNRWX=DPČĜLOLMVPHVHQDVOHGRYiQtHPLVt] KQRMQp
FKRGE\ VWiMH SUR FKRY GRMQLF ]H NWHUp MH Y SUDYLGHOQêFK LQWHUYDOHFK RGNOt]HQD PUYD
VKUQRYDFtPLORSDWDPLD] URãWRYpSRGODK\VWiMHSURFKRYGRMQLFNGHMHPUYDRGNOt]HQDW]Y
URãWRYQtNHP VDPRMt]GQê VKUQRYDþ NHMG\ GR SRGURãWRYêFK SURVWRU 9 SUYQtP SĜtSDGČ MH
QHMYê]QDPQČMãtP]GURMHPHPLVtKQRMQiFKRGEDNGHVKUQRYDFtORSDWDY\WYRĜtSRNDåGpP
SUĤMH]GXVRXYLVORXVODERXYUVWYXþHUVWYpNHMG\] NWHUpVHXYROĖXMHDPRQLDN-HGQiVHR
]QDþQRX SORFKX D SURWR MVRX YêVOHGQp HPLVH SRPČUQČ Y\VRNp 9 GUXKpP SĜtSDGČ MH
PDUJLQiOQtP ]GURMHP HPLVt DPRQLDNX URãWRYi SRGODKD QD NWHURX ]YtĜDWD NiOHMt 9êSRþHW
HPLVt YH VWiMtFK V SĜLUR]HQRX YHQWLODFt MH QiURþQê ] GĤYRGX REWtåQpKR VWDQRYHQt SUĤWRNX
vzduchu. K PČĜHQt E\O\ SURWR SRXåLW\ PČĜLFt NRPRU\ V RWHYĜHQêP GQHP XPtVWČQp QD
povrchu chodby. V NDåGp NRPRĜH E\O ]DEXGRYiQ RGWDKRYê YHQWLOiWRU NWHUê ]DEH]SHþLO
NRQVWDQWQt SUĤWRN Y]GXFKX QDG VOHGRYDQêP SRYUFKHP FKRGE\ 7DWR PHWRGD RGSRYtGi
UHiOQêP SRGPtQNiP NG\ QDG SRYUFKHP SURXGt DWPRVIpULFNê Y]GXFK 0ČĜLFt NRPRU\
s QXFHQêP SUĤWRNHP Y]GXFKX E\O\ SRXåLW\ WDNp ] GĤYRGX SR]GČMãtKR VURYQiYDFtKR
PČĜHQtYHVWiMtFKV MLQRXWHFKQRORJLtXVWiMHQtRSDNRYDWHOQRVWLPČĜHQtDHOLPLQRYiQtYOLYX
SURXGČQtRNROQtKRY]GXFKXQDVWDQRYHQtHPLVt
MATERIÁL A METODY
0ČĜHQt HPLVt DPRQLDNX YH VWiML VH VKUQRYDFtPL ORSDWDPL SUREČKOR YH YROQp
EH]VWHOLYRYpVWiMLSURGRMQLF8SURVWĜHGVWiMHMHSUĤMH]GQiNUPQiFKRGED'RMQLFHPDMt
k GLVSR]LFL ĜDG\ OHKDFtFK ER[Ĥ 6KUQRYDFt ORSDW\ VKUQXMt H[NUHPHQW\ ] FHOpKR SRYUFKX
GYRXKQRMQêFKFKRGHEDXWRPDWLFN\NDåGRXKRGLQXGRKQRMQpKRNDQiOXNWHUêMHXPtVWČQ
63
QD MHMLFK NRQFL &HONRYi SORFKD KQRMQêFK FKRGHE YH VWiML MH P2 0ČĜLFt NRPRUD
s RWHYĜHQêP GQHP Pi UR]PČU\ ]iNODGQ\ [ PP D YêãNX PP 3ĤGRU\V
NRPRU\PiSORFKXP21DNUDWãtVWUDQČMHNRPRUDRSDWĜHQDQDViYDFtPLRWYRU\DQD
SURWLOHKOpVWČQČMHXPtVWČQRGWDKRYêYHQWLOiWRURSDWĜHQêQiWUXENHPRSUĤPČUXPPD
GpOFH PP = QiWUXENX NRPRU\ E\O RGHEtUiQ VRQGRX Y]GXFK WHIORQRYRX KDGLþNRX
do DQDO\]iWRUX 5\FKORVW SURXGČQt Y]GXFKX Y PČĜLFt NRPRĜH QDG SRYUFKHP Fhodby byla
]YROHQDQD]iNODGČĜDG\QDãLFKPČĜHQtY REGREQêFKVWiMtFKDSRK\ERYDODVHRNROR
m.s-1 .RPRUD E\OD SĜL SUĤMH]GX ORSDW\ QD QHMNUDWãt PRåQRX GREX QDG]YHGQXWD DE\ E\O
]DMLãWČQ KODGNê SUĤMH]G VKUQRYDFt ORSDW\ 'UXKi VWiM VH VDPRMt]GQêP VKUQRYDþHP NHMG\
E\OD]FHODREGREQiSRX]HE\ODRSDWĜHQDURãWRYRXSRGODKRX0ČĜLFtNRPRUDE\ODVWĜtGDYČ
XPtVWČQD QD RþLãWČQp SORãH WČVQČ SĜHG ]DSRþHWtP GDOãtKR VKUQRYDFtKR F\NOX WČVQČ SR
SUĤMH]GXURãWRYQtNXDSURSRURYQiQtQDURãWRYpSRGOD]HY GUXKpSRORYLQČVWije, kde kejda
QHQt DXWRPDWLFN\ RGNOt]HQD 3UR PČĜHQt NRQFHQWUDFt VOHGRYDQêFK SO\QĤ E\O SRXåLW
DQDO\]iWRU SUDFXMtFt QD IRWRDNXVWLFNpP SULQFLSX 9êKRGRX WRKRWR SULQFLSX Y SRURYQiQt
s DQDO\]iWRU\ NWHUp SUDFXMt QD NODVLFNp LQIUDSDVLYQt PHWRGČ MH YHONi G\QDPLND PČĜLFtKR
UR]VDKX YHOLFH Qt]Np GHWHNþQt OLPLW\ OLQHDULWD D GORXKRGREi VWDELOLWD DQDO\]iWRUX
KoncentrDFHDPRQLDNXE\ODPČĜHQDSO\QRYêPDQDO\]iWRUHP$3KRWRDFRXVWLF0XOWLJDV0RQLWRUY\UREHQêPGiQVNRXILUPRX,1129$$LU7HFK,QVWUXPHQWV-HKRYêKRGRXMH
PRåQRVW PČĜHQt NRQFHQWUDFH VRXþDVQČ Då UĤ]QêFK SO\QĤ D YRGQt SiU\ D Y\VRNi
Y]RUNRYDFt U\FKORVW $QDO\]iWRU MH NRPSDNWQt D VYRX NRQVWUXNFt MH YHOLFH YKRGQê SUR
PČĜHQt Y WHUpQX %\O RVD]HQ RSWLFNêPL ILOWU\ SUR PČĜHQt DPRQLDNX R[LGX XKOLþLWpKR
PHWDQX R[LGX GXVQpKR D YRGQt SiU\ 3ĜtVWURM QDPČĜHQp NRQFHQWUDFH DXWRPDWLFN\
SĜHSRþtWiYi QD VWDQGDUGQt SRGPtQN\ WHSORWD & WODN K3D VXFKê Y]GXFK
7HSORWD WODN D UHODWLYQt YOKNRVW Y]GXFKX E\O\ PČĜHQ\ D ]D]QDPHQiYiQ\ SĜtVWURMHP
&200(7(5'
VÝSLEDKY A DISKUSE
0ČĜHQt Y KDOH VH VKUQRYDFt ORSDWRX SUREČKOR 1D REU MH JUDI
NRQFHQWUDFH 1+3 YH YêGHFKX ] NRPRU\ ýHUYHQp þiU\ Y\]QDþXMt RNDPåLN\ SĜHMH]GX
VKUQRYDFtORSDW\9 WRPWRRNDPåLNXE\ODNRPRUDQDG]YHGQXWDDSRORåHQD]SČWQDþHUVWYê
film na povrchu chodby.
koncentrace NH
koncentrace NH (mg.m)
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
22.6.10 22.6.10 22.6.10 22.6.10 22.6.10 22.6.10 22.6.10 22.6.10
þDVK
Obr. 1 – Graf koncentrace amoniaku
64
Z SUĤPČUQp KRGQRW\ QDPČĜHQp NRQFHQWUDFH DPRQLDNX E\OD Y\SRþWHQD PČUQi
YêUREQtHPLVHDPRQLDNXY]WDåHQiQDURNDGRMQLFLSĜLGDQpPW\SXXVWiMHQtSĜLQDVWDYHQp
U\FKORVWLSURXGČQtY]GXFKXQDGSRYUFKHPKQRMQpFKRGE\0ČUQiYêUREQtHPLVHE\OD
kg.ks-1.rok-1. &RMHYãDNQDJUDIX]DMtPDYpMVRXYêUD]QpSRNOHV\NRQFHQWUDFHDPRQLDNXSR
30 – PLQXWiFK RG SĜHMH]GX VKUQRYDFt ORSDW\ 3RNOHV\ GRVDKXMt – SĤYRGQt
KRGQRW\ 3ĜtþLQRX SRNOHVX MH Y\þHUSiQt þiVWL PROHNXO DPRQLDNX ] ILOPX UR]HWĜHQpKR
lopatou po povrchX KQRMQp FKRGE\ GLI~]t GR Y]GXFKX SURXGtFtKR QDG SRYUFKHP D WDNp
VQtåHQtYOKNRVWLUR]HWĜHQpKRILOPX/]HWDNXVRXGLWåHYêVOHGQiPČUQiYêUREQtHPLVHE\
E\OD YêUD]QČ QLåãt SĜL VQtåHQt þHWQRVWL SĜHMH]GX VKUQRYDFt ORSDW\ SR FHORX GREX QHER
DOHVSRĖY QRþQtFKKRGLQiFKNG\DNWLYLWD]YtĜDWMHPLQLPiOQt
0ČĜHQt Y hale s URãWRYRX SRGODKRX SUREČKOR 1HMGĜtYH E\OD PČĜLFt
NRPRUDSRORåHQDQDSRYUFKURãWRYpSRGODK\WČVQČSĜHGGDOãtPSUĤMH]GHPVDPRMt]GQpKR
VKUQRYDþH NHMG\ 3RYUFK E\O ]DVFKOê D ] WHQNpKR ILOPX MLå YČWãLQD PROHNXO DPRQLDNX
GLIXQGRYDOD GR RNROQtKR RY]GXãt 1DPČĜHQp NRQFHQWUDFH E\O\ UHODWLYQČ YHOLFH Qt]Np
SUĤPČUQi KRGQRWD NRQFHQWUDFH DPRQLDNX VH SRK\ERYDOD RNROR PJP-3. Graf
koncentrace amoniaku z WRKRWRPČĜHQtMHQDREU
KONCENTRACE AMONIAKU
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
þDVK
Obr. 2 – .RQFHQWUDFHDPRQLDNXSĜHGSUĤMH]GHPVDPRMt]GQpKRVKUQRYDþH
1D REU MH JUDI QDPČĜHQp NRQFHQWUDFH DPRQLDNX QD SRYUFKX URãWRYp SRGODK\
EH]SURVWĜHGQČSRSUĤMH]GXVDPRMt]GQpKRVKUQRYDþHNHMG\1DFHOpSORãHURãWRYpSRGODK\
]ĤVWDO SR SUĤMH]GX VKUQRYDþH ILOP ] þHUVWYp NHMG\ REGREQČ MDNR SR SUĤMH]GX VKUQRYDFt
ORSDW\.RQFHQWUDFHMHYêUD]QČY\ããtSUĤPČUQiKRGQRWDGRVDKRYDODPJP-3 .
65
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
11:00
11:10
þDVK
11:20
Obr. 3 – *UDINRQFHQWUDFHDPRQLDNXSRSUĤMH]GXVDPRMt]GQpKRVKUQRYDþH
Z JUDIXMHSDWUQêGUDPDWLFNêQiUĤVWNRQFHQWUDFHDV ttPVSRMHQpHPLVHDPRQLDNX
3UR SRURYQiQt E\OD PČĜHQD NRQFHQWUDFH DPRQLDNX L ] NRQWUROQt SRORYLQ\ VWiMH EH]
DXWRPDWLFNpKRVKUQRYiQtNHMG\
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
10:10
10:20
10:40
þDVK
11:00
Obr. 3 – NRQFHQWUDFHDPRQLDNXQDURãWRYpSRGOD]HEH]DXWRPDWLFNpKRVKUQRYiQtNHMG\
, Y WRPWR SĜtSDGČ E\OD QDPČĜHQi NRQFHQWUDFH DPRQLDNX SRPČUQČ Y\VRNi
SUĤPČUQi KRGQRWD VH SRK\ERYDOD RNROR PJP-3. Z QDPČĜHQêFK KRGQRW Y\SOêYi åH
VSUiYQêPQiYUKHPSUDFRYQtKRF\NOXDXWRPDWLFNêFKV\VWpPĤSURRGNOL]FKOpYVNpPUY\O]H
Yê]QDPQČ VQtåLW HPLVH DPRQLDNX ]H VWiMH 3UR RSWLPiOQt QDYUåHQt LQWHUYDOX PH]L
66
MHGQRWOLYêPL SRMH]G\ YH VWiML VH VDPRMt]GQêP VKUQRYDþHP NHMG\ E\ E\OR QXWQp SURYpVW
GORXKRGREČMãtPČĜHQtPLQLPiOQČSRGREXKRGLQDE\E\O]DFK\FHQYOLYFKRYiQt]YtĜDW
QDYêVOHGQpHPLVHDPRQLDNX
ZÈ9ċ5
&tOHP SĜtVSČYNX E\OR XSR]RUQLW QD Y]iMHPQê Y]WDK YHOLNRVWL HPLVt DPRQLDNX D
RSWLPiOQtKR Y\XåtYiQtDXWRPDWL]RYDQêFKV\VWpPĤSURRGNOt]HQtFKOpYVNpPUY\YHVWiMtFK
pro chov skotu. Z QDPČĜHQêFK NRQFHQWUDFt DPRQLDNX O]H SĜHGSRNOiGDW åH VSUiYQêP
QDVWDYHQtP SUDFRYQtFK F\NOĤ WHFKQRORJLt SUR RGNOt]HQt FKOpYVNp PUY\ O]H SĜLVSČW NH
VQtåHQtHPLVtDPRQLDNX]DWČåXMtFtFKQHJDWLYQČåLYRWQtSURVWĜHGtDQHJDWLYQČRYOLYĖXMtFtFKL
ZHOIDUHXVWiMHQêFK]YtĜDW
3ĜtVSČYHN Y]QLNO Y UiPFL ĜHãHQt SURMHNWX 0LQLVWHUVWYD ]HPČGČOVWYt 1$=9 4+ Ä9ê]NXP
ziNODGQtFK HQYLURQPHQWiOQtFK DVSHNWĤ Y FKRYHFK KRVSRGiĜVNêFK ]YtĜDW ] KOHGLVND VNOHQtNRYêFK
SO\QĤSDFKXSUDFKXDKOXNXSRGSRUXMtFtFKZHOIDUH]YtĜDWDWYRUEX%$7³
/LWHUDWXUD:
-(/Ë1(.$'2/$1$.RPSOH[Qt]KRGQRFHQtQHMOHSãtFKGRVWXSQêFKWHFKQLN%$7YH
Y\EUDQpP ]HPČGČOVNpP ]DĜt]HQt YH NWHUpP MH ]DVWRXSHQR YtFH NDWHJRULt SUĤP\VORYêFK
þLQQRVWt GOH SĜtORK\ þ ]iNRQD þ 6E Y SODWQpP ]QČQt 2 LQWHJURYDQp SUHYHQFL
=iYČUHþQi]SUiYDSUR0]Hý5GOHVPORXY\RGtORþ,33&
NÁVAROVÁ+ 9OLYUĤ]QêFKSRGHVWêONRYêFKPDWHULiOĤDSĜtGDYNXSĜtSUDYNX$PDOJHUROX
QD SURGXNFL 1+3 D XåLWNRYRVW EURMOHUĤ $NWXiOQt RWi]N\ ELRNOLPDWRORJLH ]YtĜDW %UQR
2001, s. 59–62.
02648(5$, J., 0217(1< G.J., (5,60$1 -: 2YHUYLHZ DQG DVVHVVPHQW RI
WHFKQLTXHV WR PHDVXUH DPPRQLD HPLVVLRQV IURP DQLPDO KRXVHV WKH FDVH RI WKH
1HWKHUODQGV(QYLURQ3ROOXW-388
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ0LURVODYýHãSLYD, ,QJ3HWUD=DEORXGLORYi, 9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\YYL
'UQRYVNi3UDKD– 5X]\QČ,
[email protected] , [email protected]
67
9é52%$.203267ģ6 5ģ=1282%-(02928+02TNOSTÍ
$0,7$9$52<67$1,6/$9/$85,.
9Ò=7YYLRGERUHNRORJLH]HPČGČOVNêFKWHFKQRORJLFNêFKV\VWpPĤ
Abstrakt:
=QDORVWI\]LNiOQtFKYODVWQRVWtUĤ]QêFKW\SĤY\UREHQêFKNRPSRVWĤXVQDGQtSĜLMHMLFK
DSOLNDFL GR SĤG\ SĜHGHP RGKDGQRXW MHMLFK YOLY QD I\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL RãHWĜRYDQêFK SĤG
3UR XUþRYiQt D KRGQRFHQt Y\EUDQêFK I\]LNiOQtFK YODVWQRVWt VXURYLQ ]SUDFRYiYDQêFK
kompRVWRYiQtP D KRWRYêFK NRPSRVWĤ PH]L NWHUi ]HMPpQD SDWĜt REMHPRYi KPRWQRVW
SyURYLWRVW D YOKNRVW H[LVWXMH ĜDGD PHWRG 8YHGHQp ]MLãĢRYDQp I\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL MVRX
XVSRĜiGiQ\ GR QD VHEH QDYD]XMtFtFK WDEXOHN V MHMLFKå SRPRFt O]H GRSĜHGX VWDQRYRYDW
vlastnosti Y\UREHQpKR NRPSRVWX 7DEXON\ MVRX N GLVSR]LFL SRGQLNĤP NWHUp KOHGDMt
XSODWQČQtSURNRPSRVWYHOHNWURQLFNpSRGREČQDZZZYX]WHX
.OtþRYiVORYD NRPSRVWI\]LNiOQtYODVWQRVWLREMHPRYiKPRWQRVWSyURYLWRVWYOKNRVW
ÚVOD
9\XåtYiQt NRPSRVWĤ Y VRXþDVQRVWL QHQt SURYiGČQR ]GDOHND Y WDNRYpP UR]VDKX MDNê
by si kompost zasluhoval. Jednou z PRåQRVWt MDN Y\XåtYiQt NRPSRVWĤ ]YêãLW MH SRXåLWt
PHWRG\NWHUi QD ]iNODGČ ]QDORVWL XUþLWêFK I\]LNiOQtFK YODVWQRVWt VXURYLQ ]SUDFRYiYDQêFK
kRPSRVWRYiQtPXPRåQtGRSĜHGXVWDQRYLWYODVWQRVWLY\UREHQpKRNRPSRVWX
7DWR ]QDORVW I\]LNiOQtFK YODVWQRVWt UĤ]QêFK W\SĤ Y\UREHQêFK NRPSRVWĤ XVQDGQt SĜL
MHMLFK DSOLNDFL GR SĤG\ SĜHGHP RGKDGQRXW MHMLFK YOLY QD I\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL RãHWĜRYDQêFK
SĤG NRPSRVW V Y\ããt REMHPRYRX KPRWQRVWt MH YKRGQê SUR DSOLNDFL GR OHKNêFK SĤG
kompost s Qt]NRXREMHPRYRXKPRWQRVWtSDNGRSĤGWČåãtFK
MATERIÁL A METODY
7HFKQRORJLHYêURE\NRPSRVWĤV UĤ]QRXREMHPRYRXKPRWQRVWt
3UR YêUREX NRPSRVWĤ V UĤ]QRX REMHPRYRX KPRWQRVWt D SyURYLWRVWt O]H Y\XåtYDW
WHFKQRORJLHĜt]HQpKRNRPSRVWRYiQtY SiVRYêFKKURPDGiFKQDYROQpSORãH
2 Ĝt]HQpP NRPSRVWRYiQt O]H KRYRĜLW SRNXG MH NDåGê ]iVDK GR NRPSRVWRYDFtKR
SURFHVX SĜHVQČ QDþDVRYiQ Pi VYp RSRGVWDWQČQt D XVNXWHþĖXMH VH QD ]iNODGČ
SRGUREQpKR PRQLWRURYiQt MHKR SUĤEČKX ět]HQp NRPSRVWRYiQt YêUD]QČ XU\FKOt FHOê
SURFHVSURWRVHSUiYHPQČNG\KRYRĜtRU\FKORNRPSRVWRYiQt.
2SWLPDOL]DFHVXURYLQRYpVNODGE\
-HGQtP ]H ]iNODGQtFK SĜHGSRNODGĤ VSUiYQpKR SUĤEČKX NRPSRVWRYiQt MH RSWLPiOQt
VXURYLQRYiVNODGED]DNOiGky. 2SWLPiOQtVXURYLQRYRXVNODGEXRYOLYĖXMHFHOiĜDGDIDNWRUĤ
SĜLþHPåQHMYČWãtYê]QDPPiVSUiYQêSRPČUXKOtNXDGXVtNXW]YSRPČU&1DSRþiWHþQt
vlhkost. 3RPČU &1 E\ VH PČO X þHUVWYČ ]DORåHQpKR NRPSRVWX SRK\ERYDW Y UR]PH]t
(20 Då Y OHSãtP SĜtSDGČ Då 6SROX V KRGQRWRX SRPČUX &1 MH WĜHED ]DUXþLW
SRþiWHþQtYOKNRVW]DNOiGN\Y UR]PH]tDåXSRUp]QtFKVXURYLQDå
'H]LQWHJUDFHNRPSRVWRYDQêFKVXURYLQ GUFHQtSRSĜãWČSNRYiQt)
Z GĤYRGX VQDGQp D NYDOLWQt KRPRJHQL]DFH Y\åDGXMt YVWXSQt suroviny XNOiGDQp GR
NRPSRVWRYDQêFK ]DNOiGHN UR]PČOQČQt þL UR]GUFHQt 7\WR RSHUDFH PDMt YHONê YOLY QD
NRQHþQRXKRGQRWXREMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLDSyURYLWRVWLY\UREHQpKRNRPSRVWX
2 9ODVWQRVWLVXURYLQDMHMLFKPHWRG\]MLãĢRYiQt
9HGOH ]MLãĢRYiQt I\]LNiOQtFK PLNURELRORJLFNêFK D FKHPLFNêFK YHOLþLQ ]SUDFRYiYDQêFK
VXURYLQDKRWRYpKRNRPSRVWXNWHUpSĜHGHSLVXMH ý61Ä3UĤP\VORYpNRPSRVW\³ a
NWHUp PDMt Yê]QDPQê YOLY QD ]DMLãWČQt RSWLPiOQtKR SUĤEČKX NRPSRVWRYDFtKR SURFHVX MH
68
v QČNWHUêFK SĜtSDGHFK YKRGQp ]MLãĢRYDW L GDOãt YODVWQRVWL ]SUDFRYiYDQêFK VXURYLQ UHVS
NRPSRVWX7\WRYODVWQRVWLQHPXVtVLFHSĜtPRRYOLYĖRYDWSUĤEČKNRPSRVWRYDFtKRSURcesu,
DYãDN PDMt Yê]QDP SUR YHGHQt HYLGHQFH ]SUDFRYiYDQêFK VXURYLQ QHER Y\UREHQpKR
NRPSRVWXSRPiKDMtSĜL]DNOiGiQtQRYêFKNRPSRVWĤDO]HMHY\XåtYDWSĜLRGKDGHFK]PČQ\
I\]LNiOQtFKYODVWQRVWtSĤGSRDSOLNDFLNRPSRVWX GRSĤG\DSRG
-GHRW\WRI\]LNiOQtYODVWQRVWL
¾ REMHPRYiKPRWQRVW[kg.m-3],
¾ pórovitost [%],
¾ YHOLNRVWþiVWLF>PP@
V QiVOHGXMtFtFK RGVWDYFtFK MVRX SRSViQ\ PHWRG\ ]MLãĢRYiQt WČFKWR I\]LNiOQtFK YHOLþLQ
3UR ~SOQRVW MVRX GRSOQČQ\ ]SĤVRE\ ]MLãĢRYiQt YOKNRVWL ]SUDFRYiYDQêFK VXURYLQ UHVS
NRPSRVWĤNWHUiV XYHGHQêPLI\]LNiOQtPLYODVWQRVWPLSĜtPRVRXYLVt.
0HWRGD]MLãĢRYiQtREMHPRYpKPRWQRVWL
3UR ]MLãĢRYiQt REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL VXURYLQ YKRGQêFK NH NRPSRVWRYiQt O]H Y\XåtW
PHWRGX NG\ MH YiåHQ ]QiPê REMHP VXURYLQ\ D ] QDYiåHQp KRGQRW\ MH GRSRþtWiQ ~Gaj
v SRåDGRYDQpPUR]PČUX– kg.m-33URPČĜHQtVHSRXåtYiEČåQiYiKDDQiGREDXQtåMH
RFHMFKRYiQREMHP
3URVWDQRYHQtREMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLVXURYLQE\O]SUDFRYiQQiVOHGXMtFtSRVWXS
1) =RYČĜRYDQpVXURYLQ\FHONRYpPQRåVWYtFFDP3MHRGHEUiQY]RUHNSURVWDQRYHQt
vlhkosti.
2) 3R QDSOQČQt PČĜLFt QiGRE\ YROQêP V\SiQtP R GHILQRYDQpP REMHPX PLQ O MH
QiGREDV RYČĜRYDQRXVXURYLQRX]YiåHQDDRG]MLãWČQpKRGQRW\MHRGHþWHQDKPRWQRVW
PČĜLFtQiGRE\REU.
3) 9iåHQt SUREtKi FHONHP SUR QHMPpQČ WĜL RGHEUDQp Y]RUN\ z FHONRYpKR PQRåVWYt
RYČĜRYDQpVXURYLQ\
=MLãĢRYDQiREMHPRYiKPRWQRVWVHY\SRþtWiSRGOHY]RUFH
mv
NGH
m1, m2 DåPn –
n–
mv –
V–
m1 m2 ... mn
n V
>kg.m @
3
KPRWQRVWLMHGQRWOLYêFKY]RUNĤ>NJ@
SRþHW]YiåHQêFKY]RUNĤ>–]
YêVOHGQiREMHPRYiKPRWQRVW>NJP-3]
REMHPPČĜLFtQiGRE\ [m3]
2EU9iåHQtRGHEUDQpKRY]RUNXSUR
VWDQRYHQtREMHPRYpKPRWQRVWL
69
(1)
0HWRGDSURVWDQRYRYiQtSyURYLWRVWL
Pórovitost surovin, resp. NRPSRVWXMHGHILQRYiQDMDNRSRPČUREMHPXGXWLQY]QLNOêFK
v NRPSRVWRYDQpKPRWČNX FHONRYpPXREMHPXNRPSRVWRYDQpKPRW\
3yURYLWRVWDWDNpVWUXNWXUDVXURYLQVRXYLVHMtVI\]LNiOQtPL YODVWQRVWPLVXURYLQMDNêPL
MVRX QDSĜtNODG YHOLNRVW þiVWLF ]UQLWRVW VXURYLQ WYDU D NRQ]LVWHQFH 6WUXNWXUD Y\SRYtGi R
SHYQRVWLþiVWLFWHG\RMHMLFKRGROQRVWLSURWL]KXWQČQt'REUiVWUXNWXUD]DEUDĖXMHVQLåRYiQt
SyURYLWRVWLYHYOKNpPSURVWĜHGtNRPSRVWRYp]DNOiGN\
3yURYLWRVW RYOLYĖXMH SURFHV NRPSRVWRYiQt WtP åH XUþXMH PQRåVWYt Y]GXFKX XYQLWĜ
VXURYLQ Y KURPDGČ 3yURYLWRVW D VWUXNWXUD MH GiQD YKRGQêP YêEČUHP VXURYLQ SUR
NRPSRVWRYiQt SĜtSDGQČ PtURX QDGUFHQt D NYDOLWRX SURPtFKiQt MHGQRWOLYêFK ]DORåHQêFK
VXURYLQ9êVN\WYČWãtFKDKRPRJHQQtFKþiVWLFYKURPDGČ]Y\ãXMHMHMtSyURYLWRVW
'ĤOHåLWRXUROLSĜLNRPSRVWRYiQtKUDMHSUiYČYHOLNRVWþiVWLF]DORåHQêFKVXURYLQ0HQãt
þiVWLFH PDMt YČWãt SRYUFKRYRX SORFKX Y SRURYQiQt V MHMLFK REMHPHP D PRKRX EêW
Y\VWDYHQ\YêUD]QČMãtPXSĤVREHQtPLNURRUJDQLVPĤFRåXU\FKOXMHSURFHVUR]NODGXDWHG\L
kompRVWRYiQt 1D GUXKp VWUDQČ PRKRX PDOp þiVWLFH ]SĤVRERYDW MLVWp SUREOpP\ VH
VQtåHQtPSyURYLWRVWLDWHG\VPRåQRVWtGRVWDWHþQpKRSURY]GXãQČQtNRPSRVWX1HMOHSãtFK
YêVOHGNĤEêYiREY\NOHGRVDKRYiQRSĜLNRPSRVWRYiQtVXURYLQVSUĤPČUQRXYHOLNRVWtþiVWLF
v rozme]tDåPP6RXþDVQČDOHPXVtVWUXNWXUDKURPDG\XPRåQLWYêPČQXSO\QĤPH]L
]UDMtFtPNRPSRVWHPDRNROtPWDNDE\YKURPDGČE\OGRVWDWHNN\VOtNX9êVOHGQiVPČVVXURYLQWYRĜtFtFKKURPDGXPXVtEêWN\SUiSRUp]QtDQHSĜHYOKþHQi
=WHFKQLFNpKRKOHGLVNDMH WHG\GRVDåHQtYKRGQpSyURYLWRVWL]UQLWRVWLDKRm o g e n i t y
N R P S R V W R Y D Q ê F K V X U R Y L Q M H G Q t P ]QHMYê]QDPQČMãtFKSRåDGDYNĤ1HYêKRGDMHåH
GHVLQWHJUDFH VXURYLQ SĜHGVWDYXMH Y\VRNp HQHUJHWLFNp D LQYHVWLþQt QiURN\ QD SRXåtYDQi
]DĜt]HQt NWHUêPLMVRXGUWLþHDãWČSNRYDþH
=tVNiQtYKRGQp]UQLWRVWLDWtPLVQDGQČMãtKRPRJHQL]DFHMHGĤOHåLWpKODYQČWDPNGHVH
VXURYLQ\ RSURWL MLQêP UR]NOiGDMt SRPDOHML =H ]DKUDGQLFNêFK RGSDGĤ WR MH ]HMPpQD
VWURPRYiNĤUDGĜHYQtãWČSNDGUFHQpUpYtDSRG-VRX-li tyto suroviny ve foUPČGUREQêFK
þiVWLF QDSĜ ãWČSN\ DSRG MVRX SĜLMDWHOQRX VORåNRX NWHUi VH SĜtPR ~þDVWQt
NRPSRVWRYDFtKR SURFHVX QDRSDN YH IRUPČ YČWãtFK þiVWLF QDSĜ þiVWL YČWYt SURFKi]HMt
NRPSRVWRYDFtPSURFHVHPEH]YêUD]Qp]PČQ\
1D GUXKp VWUDQČ YHOPL MHPQp VORåN\ SLOLQ\ SUDFK DSRG Y\WYiĜt NRPSDNWQt WČåNR
SURY]GXãQLWHOQRXVWUXNWXUXDEUiQtWDNVSRQWiQQtPXUĤVWXPLNURRUJDQLVPĤ7\WRVXURYLQ\MH
WĜHEDUR]SWêOLWSRFHOpKURPDGČSĜtSDGQČSURORåLWSURPtFKDWQDSĜGUFHQRXVOiPRXNWHUiMH
YKRGQêP SĜtGDYNHPXSUDYXMtFtPNRQ]LVWHQFLVPČVL
&HORX SUREOHPDWLNX I\]LNiOQtFK YODVWQRVWt VXURYLQ ]DNOiGDQêFK GR NRPSRVWĤ O]H
]REHFQLWWDNWR
¾ þtPPHQãtMVRXþiVWLFHVXURYLQWtPYČWãtMHR[LGDþQtDVW\þQiSORFKDþiVWLF
ി ELRGHJUDGDELOQtSURFHVSUREtKi~þLQQČML
¾ þtPVXURYLQDOpSHGHJUDGXMHWtPYČWãtPRKRXEêWMHMtþiVWLFHY]DNOiGFH
¾ þtP PHQãt þiVWLFH MVRX GR ]DNOiGN\ SRåDGRYiQ\ WtP YČWãt MVRX QiNODG\ na jejich
rozPČOQČQt
0HWRGLFNêSRVWXS]MLãĢRYiQtSyURYLWRVWLVXURYLQ
=MLãĢRYiQt SyURYLWRVWL VXURYLQ YKRGQêFK SUR NRPSRVWRYiQt O]H SURYiGČW SRPRFt
PHWRG\ Y\XåtYDMtFt %R\OH-0DULHWWRYD ]iNRQD SUR Y]WDK PH]L REMHPHP DWODNHP SO\QX SĜL
NRQVWDQWQtWHSORWČPČĜHQt7DWRPHWRGDMH]DWtåHQiQHMPHQãtFK\ERX
0ČĜHQt VH SURYiGt SRPRFt SĜtVWURMH NWHUê MH VFKHPDWLFN\ ]Qi]RUQČQ QD REU =MLãĢRYiQt SyURYLWRVWL VXURYLQ O]H SURYiGČW MDN Y ODERUDWRUQtFK SRGPtQNiFK WDN SĜtPR QD
NRPSRVWiUQiFKQDSĜY PČĜLFtPYR]H
3URVWDQRYHQtSyURYLWRVWLVXURYLQE\O]SUDFRYiQQiVOHGXMtFtSRVWXS
1) =RYČĜRYDQpVXURYLQ\FHONRYpPQRåVWYtFFDP3MHRGHEUiQY]RUHNSURVWDQRYHQt
vlhkosti.
70
2) 3R QDSOQČQt PČĜLFt QiGRE\ VXURYLQRX MH QDWODNRYiQD SĜHWODNRYi QiGRED
kompresorem.
3) 2GHþWHVHWODNS1 YSĜHWODNRYpQiGREČ
3ĜHSXVWtVHY]GXFK]SĜHWODNRYpQiGRE\GRPČĜLFtQiGRE\
5) 2GHþWHVHWODNp2 YFHOpVRXVWDYČSĜtVWURMH
6) =MLãĢRYDQiSyURYLWRVWVHY\SRþtWi]UR]GtOXWODNĤSRGOHY]RUFH
M
p1 p2
100
p2
>%@
(2)
NGH p1 – WODNYSĜHWODNRYpQiGREČSĜtVWURMH
p2 – WODNYFHOpVRXVWDYČSĜtVWURMHSRSĜHSXãWČQtY]GXFKXGRPČĜLFtQiGRE\
7) 2YČĜHQêY]RUHNMH]PČĜLFtQiGRE\ Y\MPXWDQDKUD]HQGDOãtPY]RUNHPRGHEUDQêP]
FHONRYpKRPQRåVWYtRYČĜRYDQpVXURYLQ\
8) 0ČĜHQtSRVWXSXMHYHVWHMQpPVOHGXMDNRXSUYQtKRY]RUNX
9) 3URMHGQXRYČĜRYDQRXVXURYLQXMVRXPČĜHQ\FHONHPWĜLY]RUN\
10) =MLãWČQpKRGQRW\VH]D]QDPHQDMtGRSURWRNROXRPČĜHQt
L
/HJHQGD
1,3,5 – Y]GXFKRYêYHQWLO
2 – PČĜLþWODNX
– VSRMRYDFtSRWUXEt
6 – vstup od kompresoru,
7 – SĜHWODNRYiQiGRED
8 – PČĜLFtQiGRED
2EU6FKpPDSĜtVWURMHSUR]MLãĢRYiQtpórovitosti surovin
0HWRG\XUþRYiQtYOKNRVWL
3ĜL ]DNOiGiQt D EČKHP FHOp GRE\ ]UiQt SDWĜt YOKNRVW PH]L SDUDPHWU\ NWHUp YHONRX
PČURXRYOLYĖXMt]GiUQêSUĤEČKNRPSRVWRYDFtKRSURFHVX-DNRNDåGêåLYêRUJDQLVPXVWDN
i PLNURRUJDQLVP\SĜtWRPQpY kompostu, pRWĜHEXMtXUþLWpPQRåVWYtYRG\2SWLPiOQtYOKNRVW
MH WDNRYi SĜL Qtå MH SyURYLWRVWL NRPSRVWX ]DSOQČQR YRGRX 3ĜL QHGRVWDWNX YOKNRVWL
PLNURRUJDQLVP\ ]DVWDYXMt SĜtSDGQČ ]SRPDOXMt VYRML UR]NODGQRX þLQQRVW SĜL QDGE\WHþQp
OKNRVWLGRFKi]tU\FKOHN QHåiGRXFtPKQLOREQêPSURFHVĤPDN W]YÄ]N\VQXWt³NRPSRVWX
*UDYLPHWULFNiPHWRGDVWDQRYHQtYOKNRVWL
*UDYLPHWULFNi PHWRGD VH SRXåtYi MDNR VWDQGDUGQt PHWRGD SUR XUþRYiQt YOKNRVWL
suroviny v ODERUDWRĜLDMHY\XåtYiQDSURNDOLEUDFLMLQêFKYOKNRPČUĤSUDFXMtFtFKQDUĤ]QêFK
I\]LNiOQtFKSULQFLSHFK
3RGVWDWRXWpWRPHWRG\MHSĜtPpPČĜHQt – RGGČOHQtYRG\RGSHYQpIi]H
Vlhkost je stanovena z UR]GtOX SRþiWHþQt KPRWQRVWL YOKNpKR Y]RUNX D NRQHþQp
KPRWQRVWLY]RUNXSRMHKR~SOQpPY\VXãHQt]DVWDQRYHQêFKSRGPtQHN
9êKRGRX WpWR PHWRG\ MH YHONi SĜHVQRVW D YHONê PČĜLFt UR]VDK QHYêKRGRX MVRX MHMt
YD]E\ QD ODERUDWRUQt ]DĜt]HQt 9D]EX QD ODERUDWRĜ MH PRåQp RGVWUDQLW SRXåLWtP ]DĜt]HQt
NWHUp EČKHP QČNROLND PLQXW SURYHGH Y\VXãHQt Y]RUNX MHKR ]YiåHQt SĜHG L SR Y\VXãHQt
Y\SRþtWi D na dLVSOHML SĜtVWURMH ]REUD]t ]MLãĢRYDQRX YOKNRVW VXURYLQ\ 1HYêKRGRX WČFKWR
]DĜt]HQtMHMHMLFKY\VRNiSRĜL]RYDFtFHQD
71
3RVWXS]MLãĢRYiQtYOKNRVWLSURKRWRYêNRPSRVW
2GHEUDQê Y]RUHN R KPRWQRVWL FFD NJ VH UR]SURVWĜH QD SRGORåNX YČWãt KUXGN\ VH
UR]GUWtNYDUWDFtVH]PHQãtY]RUHNQDKPRWQRVWFFDJ9]RUHNVHSURVHMHSĜHVVtWRR
velikost ok 5×5 mm. Z WRKRWR Y]RUNX VH RGYiåt GR SĜHGHP ]YiåHQp Y\VRXãHþN\ J
s SĜHVQRVWt J D SĜL WHSORWČ & VH Y\VXãt GR NRQVWDQWQt KPRWQRVWL 3R
Y\FKODGQXWtY exsikiWRUXVHY]RUHN]YiåtD]MLVWtVHREVDKYOKNRVWL
9êSRþHWREVDKYOKNRVWL[Y\MiGĜHQêYVHY\SRþWH]QiVOHGXMtFtKRY]RUFH
x 100 NGH
m2 mV 100
m1
>%@
(3)
m1 – KPRWQRVWY]RUNXSĜHGY\VXãHQtPEH]Y\VRXãHþN\>J@
m2 – KPRWQRVWY]RUNXSRY\VXãHQt>J@
mV – KPRWQRVWY\VRXãHþN\>J@
0ČĜHQtYOKNRVWLVXURYLQSĜHQRVQêPLYOKNRPČU\
3ĜHQRVQêPLYOKNRPČU\O]HSURYiGČW PČĜHQtYOKNRVWLVXURYLQQHSĜtPR. K MHMtPXXUþHQt
VHY\XåtYiQČNWHUi]I\]LNiOQtFKYODVWQRVWtYRG\NWHUiMHREVDåHQiY VXURYLQiFK0ČĜHQtP
WČFKWRYODVWQRVWtQDSĜYRGLYRVWNDSDFLWDMHSDNXUþHQMHMtREVDKY GDQêFKVXURYLQiFK
9êKRGRXWČFKWRPHWRGMHRNDPåLWi]QDORVWYêVOHGNXPRåQRVWQHGHVWUXNWLYQtKRPČĜHQt
D PRELOQRVW SĜtVWURMH QDRSDN PH]L QHYêKRG\ SDWĜt ]HMPpQD PHQãt SĜHVQRVW PČĜHQt
(REU 3).
Obr. 3 $QDO\]iWRUYOKNRVWL0/- 50
2ULHQWDþQt]NRXãNDYOKNRVWL
V SĜtSDGČ QXWQRVWL O]H XUþLW YOKNRVW NRPSRVWRYDQêFK VXURYLQ SRPRFt RULHQWDþQt
]NRXãN\ . MHMtPX SURYHGHQt MH QXWQp NRPSRVWRYDQRX VXURYLQX Y]tW GR UXN\ D SHYQČ
]PiþNQRXWREU 4).
/HJHQGD
«VXURYLQD]PiþNQXWiYUXFH
«VXURYLQDSĜtOLãYOKNi
«VXURYLQDSĜtOLãVXFKi
«RSWLPiOQtYOKNRVWVXURYLQ\
2EU2ULHQWDþQt]NRXãNDYOKNRVWL
3ĜL RSWLPiOQt YOKNRVWL VH QHVPt PH]L SUVW\ REMHYLW YRGD 6XURYLQD MH SĜtOLã YOKNi MLå SĜL
REMHYHQt YtFH QHå MHGQpNDSN\ YRG\ 3ĜL RWHYĜHQt SČVWL Y SĜtSDGČ VSUiYQp YOKNRVWL PXVt
VXURYLQD ]ĤVWDW SRKURPDGČ YH IRUPČ ÄNQHGOtNX³ -H-OL VXURYLQD SĜtOLã VXFKi SĜL RWHYĜHQt
SČVWLVHRSČWUR]SDGQH
72
ýDVRYpLQWHUYDO\KRGQRFHQtYOKNRVWLVXURYLQEČKHPMHGQp]DNOiGN\
V SUĤEČKXNRPSRVWRYiQt VH Y NDåGp ]DNOiGFH SURYiGt QČNROLN WHVWĤ QD Y\KRGQRFHQt
YOKNRVWLVXURYLQ3RþHWWHVWĤMHXUþHQGRERX]UiQtNRPSRVWXYGDQp]DNOiGFH'RED]UiQt
MH]iYLVOiQDYVWXSQtFKVXURYLQiFKDMHMLFKSRPČUXY ]DNOiGFH
ýDVRYpLQWHUYDO\KRGQRFHQtYOKNRVWLVXURYLQO]HGRSRUXþLWWDNWR
¾ SRþiWHþQt KRGQRFHQt YOKNRVWL VH SURYHGH LKQHG SR XNRQþHQt SUYQt KRPRJHQL]DþQt
SĜHNRSiYN\
¾ EČKHP LQWHQ]LYQt DHUREQt þLQQRVWL WM Då GHQ – v WpWR GREČ VH UR]KRGXMH R
~VSČFKX NRPSRVWRYiQt MH KRGQRFHQt YOKNRVWL YKRGQp SURYiGČW SRGOH PRåQRVWt FR
QHMþDVWČMLPLQî]DGREXLQWHQ]LYQtDHUREQtþLQQRVWL
¾ RSWLPiOQtLQWHUYDO\GDOãtKR]MLãĢRYiQtYOKNRVWLY prĤEČKXNRPSRVWRYiQtMVRXWêGQ\
3RXNRQþHQtNRPSRVWRYDFtKRSURFHVXMHQXWQRXUþLWYOKNRVWKRWRYpKRNRPSRVWX
6HVWDYRYiQt VNODGE\ NRPSRVWRYp ]DNOiGN\ V RKOHGHP QD I\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL
NRPSRVWX
V QiVOHGXMtFtFK NDUWiFK MVRX XYHGHQ\ YVWXSQt VXURYLQ\ X NWHUêFK E\O\ ODERUDWRUQČ
XUþHQ\I\]LNiOQtDFKHPLFNpYODVWQRVWL
¾ REMHPRYiKPRWQRVW
¾ pórovitost,
¾ vlhkost surovin,
¾ &1
¾ S+
6RXERU WDEXOHN GiOH REVDKXMH KRWRYp NRPSRVW\ NWHUp E\O\ Y\UREHQ\ ] XYHGHQêFK
VXURYLQDXNWHUêFKE\O\WDNpODERUDWRUQČXUþHQ\I\]LNiOQtDFKHPLFNpYODVWQRVWL
Vzhledem k WRPX åH Y NDåGp WDEXOFH NRPSRVWĤ MH XYHGHQR SĜHVQp VORåHQt VXURYLQ
XYHGHQêFKY WDEXONRYpPVRXERUXMHPRåQpSĜLRSČWRYQpPGRGUåHQtVXURYLQRYpVNODGE\
Y\URELWNRPSRVWWpPČĜVWHMQêFKI\]LNiOQtFKYODVWQRVWt
-H YãDN QXWQp SR]QDPHQDW åH ELRORJLFN\ UR]ORåLWHOQp RGSDG\ VSDGDMt GR NDWHJRULH
VXURYLQ X QLFKå QHO]H SĜHGSRNOiGDW åH NDåGê R]QDþHQê W\S VXURYLQ\ EXGH PtW VWHMQp
I\]LNiOQt D FKHPLFNp YODVWQRVWL SĜL NDåGpP ]SUDFRYiQt Y UĤ]QêFK þDVRYêFK UR]SČWtFK
Z WRKRWR GĤYRGX MH QXWQp SĜHGSRNOiGDW XUþLWRX FK\EX YH YODVWQRVWHFK Y\UREHQpKR
NRPSRVWX$YãDNSUR~þHO\Y\XåtYiQtNRPSRVWĤSUR~SUDYXI\]LNiOQtFKYODVWQRVWtSĤGGR
NWHUêFKMHNRPSRVWDSOLNRYiQMHWRSĜHVQRVWY\KRYXMtFt
VÝSLEDKY A DISKUZE
3RSLVSRVWXSXY\KOHGiYiQtNRPSRVWXGDQêFKYODVWQRVWtYL]REU
1) 1DOH]HQt NRPSRVWX SRåDGRYDQêFK I\]LNiOQtFK D FKHPLFNêFK YODVWQRVWt Y NDUWiFK
R]QDþHQêFKKQČGRXEDUYRX
2) 3RGOH ~GDMĤ XYHGHQêFK Y NRORQFH Ä6XURYLQRYi VNODGED³ Y NDUWČ .RPSRVW Y\KOHGiQt
SĜtVOXãQêFKVXURYLQY NDUWiFKR]QDþHQêFK]HOHQRXEDUYRX
3) 6HVWDYHQtVXURYLQRYpVNODGE\SURNRPSRVWSRåDGRYDQêFKI\]LNiOQtFKYODVWQRVWt.
2EU6FKHPDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQtYD]HEPH]LYVWXSQtPLPDWHULiO\
DNRPSRVWHPRSRåDGRYDQêFKYODVWQRVWHFK
73
74
75
76
=È9ċ5
.RPSRVWRYiQtP O]H ]tVNDW stabilizovanou organickou hmotu s KXPXVRYêPL OiWNDPL D
URVWOLQQêPL åLYLQDPL NWHUi MH GiOH Y\XåLWHOQi MDNR ~þLQQp RUJDQLFNp KQRMLYR D Y]KOHGHP
k WRPX åH MH ]DQHGEDWHOQp L Y\XåLWt NRPSRVWX MDNR Y\OHKþRYiQt KPRW\ SĜL ]OHSãRYiQt
VWUXNWXU\ WČåNêFK SĤG -H PRåQR NRQVWDWRYDW åH ]QDORVW I\]LNiOQtFK YODVWQRVWt Y\UREHQpKR
NRPSRVWX SRPĤåH QDMtW VSUiYQRX FHVWX N Y\OHSãRYiQt VWDYX QDãLFK SR]HPNĤ RKURåHQêFK
GHJUDGDFt StVþLWp SĤG\ V nedostatkem humusu s SRWĜHERX ]OHSãLW YRGQt UHåLP D VRUSþQt
vlastnosti.
K OHSãtPXUR]ãtĜHQtXYHGHQêFKSR]QDWNĤGRRGERUQpSUD[H– GRSRGQLNĤNWHUpKOHGDMt
XSODWQČQt SUR NRPSRVW Y\UREHQê ]H ]E\WNRYp ELRPDV\ VSDGDMtFt GR NDWHJRULH URVWOLQQêFK
RGSDGĤ D RGSDGĤ ]H ]HPČGČOVWYt WHFKQRORJLt Ĝt]HQpKR NRPSRVWRYiQt E\ PČO\ SĜLVSČW L
ZHERYpVWUiQN\www.vuzt.eu QDNWHUêFKMHN dispozici metodika Ä9êUREDNRPSRVWĤV UĤ]QRX
REMHPRYRXKPRWQRVWt³ SURĜHãHQt]PLĖRYDQpSUREOHPDWLN\
9êVOHGN\ SXEOLNRYDQp v tomto SĜtVSČYNX E\O\ ]tVNiQ\ v UiPFL ĜHãHQt Yê]NXPQpKR SURMHNWX
NAZV þ 4+ „2SWLPDOL]DFHGiYNRYiQtD]DSUDYHQtRUJDQLFNpKPRW\GRSĤG\V FtOHPRPH]LW
SRYUFKRYêRGWRNYRG\SĜLLQWHQ]LYQtFKGHãĢRYêFKVUiåNiFK³
/LWHUDWXUD
52< A. PLÍVA. P. 7HSORWDNRPSRVWX– QHMMHGQRGXãHMLLGHQWLILNRYDWHOQêXND]DWHOMHKR
]UiQt. ,Q7(&+12)Ï580- $GYDQFHVLQUHVHDUFKRIDJULFXOWXUDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDO
HQJLQHHULQJ1LWUD6381LWUD6FLHQWLILF3HGDJRJLFDO3XEOLVKLQJV-211.
,6%1-80-552-0380-5.
PLÍVA. P.: 0ČĜHQtRSWLPiOQtKRSUĤEČKXNRPSRVWRYDFtKRURFHVX. [Where it is possible to
compost in belt piles]. .RPXQiOQtWHFKQLNDURþþV-26 ,661-2391.
&223(5%$1'/7KH$UWDQG6FLHQFHRI&RPSRVWLQJ
University of Wisconsin-Madison,&HQWHUIRU,QWHJUDWHG$JULFXOWXUDO6\VWHPV
March 29, 2002
PLÍVA. P. DNRO .RPSRVWRYiQtYSiVRYêFKKURPDGiFKQDYROQpSORãH. 3UDKD
9\GDYDWHOVWYt3URIL3UHVVVURY\GiQtV,6%1-80-86726-32-8.
%$&+57&%,/',1*0$,(5::$77$1$&+,5$62SHQZLQGURZFRPSRVWLQJ
PDQXDO25%,7H9:HLPDU,6%1--23-X
ý61Ä3UĤP\VORYpNRPSRVW\³
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ$PLWDYD5R\9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\YYL'UQRYVNi
161 01 Praha 6 – 5X]\QČWHO 022 www.vuzt.cz, [email protected]
,QJ6WDQLVODY/DXULN9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\YYL'UQRYVNi
161 01 Praha 6 – 5X]\QČWHO www.vuzt.cz, [email protected]
77
$1$/é=$+/$91Ë&+96783ģ1$3ċ6729È1Ë&+0(/(69<8ä,7Ë01250$7,91Ë
0(72'<
MIROSLAV KAVKA, VÁCLAV CINIBURK. MIROSLAV MIMRA
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H&KPHODĜVNêLQVWLWXWVURäDWHF
$EVWUDFW
+RSLVDFURSZLWKKLJKLQSXWV,WPHDQVODERXUIXHODQGFRVWVFRQVXPSWLRQ,QWKH
SDSHUWKHUHDUHDQDO\VHGLQSXWVEDVHGRQVWDQGDUGV7KHUHDUHDQDO\VHGWHFKQRORJLHV
0 + DQG 7 FKDUDFWHUL]HG GLIIHUHQW LQWHQVLW\ RI SURGXFWLRQ 7KH LQWHQVLW\ 0 LV WKH
tHFKQRORJ\ EDVHG RQ PHULVWHQV ZLWK DYHUDJH \LHOG RI WKD 7KH LQWHQVLW\ + LV WKH
WHFKQRORJ\ EDVHG RQ K\EULGV ZLWK DYHUDJH \LHOG RI WKD 7KH LQWHQVLW\ 7 LV WKH
WHFKQRORJ\ EDVHG RQ WUDGLWLRQDO WHFKQRORJ\ ZLWK DYHUDJH \LHOG RI WKD 7KH
FDOFXODWLRQVZHUHPDGHE\WKHV\VWHP,6=97VHHKWWSLV]YWWIF]XF]
.H\ZRUGV KRSVWDQGDUGVWHFKQRORJLFDOLQSXWV
Ò92'
&KPHOSDWĜtPH]LSORGLQ\V Y\VRNêPLQiURN\QDYVWXS\0H]L]iNODGQtYVWXS\SDWĜt
VSRWĜHEDSUiFHOLGtDVWURMĤVSRWĜHEDHQHUJLHDPDWHULiOXDVSRWĜHEDQiNODGĤ9 SĜtVSČYNX
MVRXGiOHDQDO\]RYiQ\MHGQRWOLYpVORåN\YVWXSĤ]HMPpQDQiNODGĤV Y\XåLWtPQRUPDWLYQt
PHWRG\
328ä,7e0(72'<
$QDO\]RYiQ\ E\O\ WĜL SČVWHEQt WHFKQRORJLH M, H D T FKDUDNWHULVWLFNp UĤ]QRX
LQWHQ]LWRX ,QWHQ]LWD SČVWRYiQt FKPHOH M MH SČVWLWHOVNi WHFKQRORJLH QD Ei]L PHULVWpQĤ
åDWHFNpKR SRORUDQpKR þHUYHĖiNX ä3ý V YêQRVRYRX ~URYQt FFD WKD 1 FKPHOH
,QWHQ]LWDH MHSČVWLWHOVNiWHFKQRORJLHQDEi]LK\EULGĤ+<%5VYêQRVRYRX~URYQtFFD
WKD 1 FKPHOH ,QWHQ]LWD T – MH SČVWLWHOVNi WHFKQRORJLH V Y\XåLWtP NODVLFNpKR ]SĤVREX
PQRåHQtVDGE\ä3ýVYêQRVRYRX~URYQtFFDWKD 1 .
.YêSRþWĤPE\O\Y\XåLW\QRUPDWLY\$JUR&RQVXOWYL]KWWSLV]YWWIF]XF] -HGQRWOLYpXND]DWHOHYVWXSĤMVRXDQDO\]RYiQ\SURãHVWSUĤĜH]RYêFKREGREtWM
A. V UiPFLMHGQRKRURNX
3RG]LPQtRãHWĜHQtFKPHOHDFKPHOQLF3
-DUQtDOHWQtRãHWĜHQtFKPHOHEH]KQRMHQtDFKHPLFNpRFKUDQ\-/EH]+
+QRMHQt+
4. &KHPLFNpRãHWĜHQtFKPHOH&+2
6NOL]HĖFKPHOH6
6. 6XPiUQČ]DFHOêURN
3URDQDOê]XE\O\Y\SRþtWiQ\QiVOHGXMtFtXND]DWHOHYVWXSĤ
$6SRWĜHEDOLGVNpSUiFH >KKD-KW-].
%6SRWĜHEDQDIW\>OKD-; l.t-].
&6SRWĜHEDQiNODGĤFHONHPD]WRKR
9DULDELOQt91>.þKD-.þW-]
x SUiFH9121
x ]iNODGQtPDWHULiO91=0
78
x SRKRQQpKPRW\– QDIWD/72913+QHER1DIWD/72
x VWURMH916 QHER6WURMH
x FHONHP91 &
)L[QtQDVWURMH)16 QHER6WURMH>.þKD-.þW-].
&HONRYpQiNODG\>.þKD-.þW-]
'6XPiUQtXND]DWHOH
73– ]SHQČåLWHOQiWUåQt SURGXNFH>.þKD-.þW-@]YČWãHQiRGRWDFH6$367238373'
PU – SĜtVSČYHN QD ~KUDGX IL[QtFK QiNODGĤ UR]GtO PH]L ]SHQČåLWHOQRX SURGXNFt WUåEDPLDYDULDELOQtPLQiNODG\ >.þKD-.þW-].
738 – WHFKQRORJLFNê SĜtVSČYHN SĜtVSČYHN QD ~KUDGX IL[QtFK QiNODGĤ ]PHQãHQê
R IL[QtQiNODG\SĜLSDGDMtFtQDVWURMH>.þKD-.þW-].
4. HZ – KUXEê ]LVN UR]GtO PH]L ]SHQČåLWHOQRX SURGXNFt D FHONRYêPL QiNODG\
>.þKD-.þW-].
$1$/é=$9é6/('.ģ9é32ý78
6Y\XåLWtPSRSVDQêFKNULWpULtE\O\VSRþtWiQ\UHOHYDQWQtXND]DWHOHYVWXSĤ+RGQRW\
XND]DWHOĤMVRXQDREUDåR]QDþHQtJUDIĤStVPHQHPa MHQDPČUQRXMHGQRWNXKD Db
MHQDPČUQRXMHGQRWNXt
*UDILFNp Y\MiGĜHQt MHGQRWOLYêFK XND]DWHOĤ YVWXSĤ XPRåĖXMHIRUPXORYDW QiVOHGXMtFt
]iYČU\
Z DQDOê]\FHONRYêFKHNRQRPLFNêFKXND]DWHOĤYL]REUDDEDSĜLUHVSHNWRYiQt
UHiOQêFKFHQRGYêUREFHDYêQRVĤY\SOêYiåHFKPHOMH] SRKOHGXWYRUE\SĜtVSČYNXQD
~KUDGXIL[QtFK QiNODGĤ Y NODGQêFK þtVOHFK D ] SRKOHGX WHFKQRORJLFNpKR SĜtVSČYNX QD
~KUDGX D KUXEpKR ]LVNX ]WUiWRYê 9 SUD[L WR ]QDPHQi åH QHMVRX NU\W\ IL[Qt QiNODG\
D WXGtå MH ]QDþQêP ]SĤVREHP RPH]HQD REQRYD MDN FKPHOQLF WDN VWURMRYp WHFKQLN\
Z XYHGHQêFK YDULDQW SČVWHEQtFK WHFKQRORJLt Y\FKi]t OpSH YDULDQW\ 0 – ä3ý QD Ei]L
PHULVWpQĤ 3ČVWHEQt WHFKQRORJLH + – +<%5 Y\FKi]t PpQČ YêKRGQi Y SĜHSRþWX QD
KHNWDUY SĜHSRþWXQDWXQXMHVURYQDWHOQiV YDULDQWRX0– ä3ý
1HMQiURþQČMãtPREGREtPQDVSRWĜHEXOLGVNpSUiFHREUDDEDWXGtåLQDVSRWĜHEX
P]GRYêFK QiNODGĤ MH MDUQt D OHWQt RãHWĜHQt FKPHOH SDN QiVOHGXMH VNOL]HĖ SRG]LPQt
SUiFH D QDNRQHF FKHPLFNp RãHWĜHQt D KQRMHQt = KOHGLVND VSRWĜHE\ SUiFH QD KHNWDU
MVRXYãHFKQ\DQDO\]RYDQpYDULDQW\VURYQDWHOQp= KOHGLVNDVSRWĜHE\SUiFHQDWXQXMH
QHMYêKRGQČMãt YDULDQWD + 6QtåHQt SRWĜHE\ OLGVNp SUiFH MH Y VRXþDVQp GREČ
QHMUHiOQČMãtXVNOL]ĖRYêFKSUDFtPRGHUQL]DFtVNOL]ĖRYpWHFKQLN\QDVNOL]HĖFKPHOHQD
FKPHOQLFLQRYpW\S\VWUKiYDþĤDY\XåLWtPQRYêFKW\SĤ]GRNRQDOHQêFKþHVDFtFKVWURMĤ
D]OHSãHQt~URYQČEDOHQtFKPHOH
6SRWĜHEDQDIW\REUDDEMHY MHGQRWOLYêFKREGREtFKSRPČUQČY\URYQDQiV PtUQêP
]YêãHQtP SĜL MDUQtFK D OHWQtFK SUDFtFK D ]HMPpQD SĜL FKHPLFNp RFKUDQČ FKPHOH
6SRWĜHED /72DHOHNWULFNpHQHUJLHMHSRX]HEČKHPVNOL]QČ9 SĜHSRþWXQDMHGQXWXQX
MH QHMYêKRGQČMãt YDULDQWD + 6QtåHQt VSRWĜHE\ SRKRQQêFK KPRW D SDOLY XPRåĖXMH
Y\XåLWt QRYp WHFKQLN\ Y REODVWL PRELOQtFK HQHUJHWLFNêFK SURVWĜHGNĤ WUDNWRUĤ D
PRGHUQL]DFH ]GURMĤ WHSOD SUR VXãHQt 8UþLWp UH]HUY\ XPRåĖXMH VDPRWQi UHJXODFH
VXãtFtKRSURFHVXDMHKRSĜHVQpGRGUåRYiQt
4. 6WUXNWXUDYDULDELOQtFKQiNODGĤMHXYHGHQDQDREUDEDDDE= REUi]NĤ
Y\SOêYi VNXWHþQRVW åH QHMY\ããt SRORåNX YDULDELOQtFK QiNODGĤ WYRĜt QiNODG\ QD SUiFL
OLGt GiOH QiNODG\ PDWHULiORYp HQHUJLL D VWURMH 6WUXNWXUD YDULDELOQtFK QiNODGĤ
z KOHGLVND REGREt NRStUXMH YVWXS\ VSRWĜHE\WM QHMY\ããt MVRX QiNODG\ QDOLGVNRX SUiFL
EČKHP MDUQtKR D OHWQtKR RãHWĜHQt GiOH QiNODG\ PDWHULiORYp EČKHP FKHPLFNpKR
RãHWĜHQt QiNODG\ QD HQHUJLL D VWURMH EČKHP VNOL]QČ /]H WHG\ GRSRUXþLW RULHQWDFL QD
VQLåRYiQt WČFKWR Yê]QDPQêFK VORåHN YDULDELOQtFK QiNODGĤ RUJDQL]DþQtPL D MLQêPL
RSDWĜHQtPL -HGQRX ] PRåQRVWt VQLåRYiQt YDULDELOQtFK QiNODGĤ MH Y\XåLWt VWURMRYp
79
WHFKQLN\ SČVWRYiQtP RGUĤG V UĤ]QRX GpONRX YHJHWDþQtKR REGREt D ]Y\ãRYiQtP
NRQFHQWUDFHSČVWLWHOVNpSORFK\FKPHOHMHGQRWOLYêFKIDUHP
-1
KW
h*ha-1
7
7
H
H
M
M
3RG]LP
-/EH]+
+QRMHQt
CHO
6NOL]HĖ
6NOL]HĖ
CHO
+QRMHQt
-/EH]+
3RG]LP
REGREt
REGREt
-
-
2EUD6SRWĜHEDOLGVNpSUiFHQDKHNWDUY>KKD @2EUE6SRWĜHEDOLGVNpSUiFHQDWXQX>KW ]
7
OW -1
OKD-1
H
M
7
H
M
3RG]LP -/EH]+ +QRMHQt
CHO
6NOL]HĖ
3RG]LP
REGREt
-
CHO
6NOL]HĖ
-
2EUE6SRWĜHEDQDIW\QDWXQXY>OW ]
7
H
M
.þ*W-1
.þ*ha-1
+QRMHQt
REGREt
2EUD6SRWĜHEDQDIW\QDKHNWDUY>OKD ]
-/EH]+
7
H
M
3RG]LP
-/EH]+ +QRMHQt
CHO
6NOL]HĖ
3RG]LP -/EH]+ +QRMHQt
CHO
6NOL]HĖ
-
2EUD9DULDELOQtQiNODG\QDQDIWXD/722EUE9DULDELOQtQiNODG\QDIWXD/72>.þW ]
-
>.þKD ]
80
VN ON
VN ON
VN ZM
VN ZM
911DIWD/72
911DIWD/72
916WURMH
916WURMH
2EU6WUXNWXUDYDULDELOQtFKQiNODGĤSURYDU7 2EU6WUXNWXUDYDULDELOQtFKQiNODGĤSURYDU+
VN ON
VN ZM
911DIWD/72
916WURMH
2EU6WUXNWXUDYDULDELOQtFKQiNODGĤSURYDULDQWX0
3RG]LP
+QRMHQt
CHO
6NOL]HĖ
6NOL]HĖ
3RG]LP
-/EH]+
+QRMHQt
CHO
-/EH]+
.þ*W-1
.þ*ha-1
7
H
VN ON
M
7
H M
VN ZM
7
H M
VN
1DIWD/72
7
H M
916WURMH
7
H M 7
VN ON
H M 7
VN ZM
H M 7
VN PH
H M
VN S
-
-
2EUD9DULDELOQtQiNODG\QDKHNWDUY>.þKD @2EUE9DULDELOQtQiNODG\QDWXQXY>.þW ]
VN ON
VN ZM
911DIWD/72
VN ON
VN ZM
911DIWD/72
916WURMH
)16WURMH
916WURMH
)16WURMH
2EU6WUXNWXUDFHONRYêFKQiNODGĤSURYDU72EU6WUXNWXUDFHONRYêFKQiNODGĤSURYDU+
81
VN ON
VN ZM
911DIWD/72
916WURMH
)16WURMH
2EU6WUXNWXUDFHONRYêFKQiNODGĤSURYDULDQWX0
M
-1
7
H
7
.þ*W
.þ*ha
-1
H
M
73'
VN
3RMLãWČQt
PU
738
73'
HZ
-
VN
3RMLãWČQt
PU
738
HZ
-
2EUD6RXKUQQpXND]DWHOHQDKHNWDU>.þKD @2EUE6RXKUQQpXND]DWHOHQDWXQX>.þW ]
6. 6WUXNWXUD FHONRYêFK QiNODGĤ MH XYHGHQD Y JUDIHFK Då D D D E = QLFK
Y\SOêYi åH IL[Qt QiNODG\ QD VWURMH WYRĜt – FHONRYêFK QiNODGĤ V WtP åH
QHMYê]QDPQČMãt SRGtO H[LVWXMH X YDULDQW\ 7 GtN\ Qt]NpPX YêQRVX 3RNXG E\FKRP
]DSRþtWDOLYHãNHUpIL[Qt QiNODG\VWURMH]DORåHQtFKPHOQLFHURþQtVWiOpSRSODWN\SDN
IL[QtQiNODG\WYRĜt–1HMYê]QDPQČMãtSRGtOH[LVWXMHXYDULDQW\7GtN\Qt]NpPX
YêQRVX WM SODWt åH SĜL UHVSHNWRYiQt UHiOQêFK FHQ RG YêUREFH D YêQRVĤ MH YêVOHGQê
KRVSRGiĜVNê YêVOHGHN YtFH FLWOLYê QD ]PČQ\ YêQRVX QHå QD ]PČQ\ FHQ RG YêUREFH
0RåQR GiOH GRGDW åH WDWR FLWOLYRVW MH PM ]SĤVREHQD IL[QtPL QiNODG\ NWHUp MVRX QD
KHNWDUUHODWLYQČQHPČQQpD WXGtåPDMtY\ããtYOLYXYDULDQW\V Qt]NêPYêQRVHP
=È9ċ5
9êVOHGN\ YêSRþWĤ XND]XMt QD VNXWHþQRVW åH SĜL VRXþDVQêFK UHiOQêFK FHQiFK RG
YêUREFH D GRVDKRYDQêFK YêQRVHFK QHQt SČVWRYiQt FKPHOH GRVWDWHþQČ UHQWDELOQt
=HPČGČOFL MVRX VLFH Y SUĤPČUX XKUD]HQ\ YDULDELOQt QiNODG\ DOH QLNROLY QiNODG\ IL[Qt
V SUD[L WR ]QDPHQi åH QH]EêYDMt SHQt]H ]HMPpQD QD REQRYX SDUNX VWURMĤ D GDOãt
LQYHVWLþQt þLQQRVW .H ]OHSãHQt PĤåH SĜLVSČW PM VQLåRYiQt QiNODGĤ QD YVWXS\NWHUp E\O\
v SĜtVSČYNX DQDO\]RYiQ\ 8 SČVWLWHOĤ NWHĜt VH YČQXMt ]OHSãHQt VWUXNWXU\ QiNODGĤ D MHMLFK
VQLåRYiQt PQRKG\ QHVWDþt NRPSHQ]RYDW PH]LURþQt QiUĤVW\ FHQ YVWXSĤ Y REODVWL HQHUJLt
SRKRQQêFKKPRWSDOLYKQRMLYVOXåHEDGDOãtKRPDWHULiOX
LLWHUDWXUD
ABRHAM, Z., ,QIRUPDþQt D H[SHUWQt V\VWpP SUR ]HPČGČOVNRX WHFKQLNX 0HFKDQL]DFH
]HPČGČOVWYtV– '2+/(5+HWDO)DXVW]DKOHQIXUGLH/DQGZLUWVFKDIW'DUPVWDGW.7%/V
HAVRLAND, B. HW DO $JULFXOWXUDO 7HFKQRORJ\ 0DQDJHPHQW 3URJUDP Ä$JUR-([SHUW³.
$JULFXOWXUD7URSLFDHW6XEWURSLFDS-
82
KAVKA, M. – CINIBURK, V., 9OLYFHQ\DYêQRVXQD]LVNRYRVWFKPHOHÒURGD
V-
.$9.$0HWDO$QDO\VLVRIHFRQRPLFULVNVRIKRSJURZLQJ. AGRIC. ECON. – CZECH,
S–
5$7$- 9 .$9.$ 0 9\XåLWLH DQDOê]\ UL]LND Y PRGHORYDQt QDVDGHQLD WHFKQLN\ ,Q
$JURWHFK 1LWUD =ERUQtN ] PHG]LQiURGQHM YHGHFNHM NRQIHUHQFLH NRQDQHM SUL
SUtOHåLWRVWL YêURþLD ]DORåHQLD 0HFKDQL]DþQHM IDNXOW\ 6ORYHQVNHM SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHM
XQLYHU]LW\ Y 1LWUH GLHO 1LWUD 6ORYHQVNi SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVND XQLYHU]LWD V –
.
6.283é $ 0XOWLNULWHULiOQt SRVRX]HQt YROE\ WHFKQRORJLt ,Q 6ERUQtN SUDFt
LQVWLWXFLRQiOQtKR Yê]NXPX %UQR 0HQGHORYD ]HPČGČOVNi D OHVQLFNi XQLYHU]LWD Y %UQČ
V-
:(7=67(,10((':$5'6'00866(5:1$QHFRQRPLFVLPXODWLRQRIULVN
HIILFLHQF\ DPRQJ DOWHUQDWLYH GRXEOH-FURS PDFKLQHU\ VHOHFWLRQV $WKHQV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
*HRUJLDS
9êVOHGN\E\O\]tVNiQ\Y UiPFLĜHãHQtYê]NXPQpKR]iPČUX0â07þ060
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
3URI,QJ0LURVODY.DYND'U6F, ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H, .DPêFNi
3UDKD- 6XFKGRO
83
35$â12679 2%-(.7(&+9é.508.8ě(&Ë&+%52-/(5ģ
-$1'2/(-â-26()ä,'2/'ě,&+728)$5-26().1Ëä(.
9ê]NXPQê~VWDYåLYRþLãQpYêURE\3UDKD8KĜtQČYHVYYL
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWD3UDKD6XFKGRO
$EVWUDNW
V SUĤEČKX OHW E\O\ PČĜHQ\ YH REMHNWHFK NRQFHQWUDFH D VWDQRYHQ\ HPLVH
SUDFKRYêFK IUDNFt 30 D 30 z REMHNWĤ SUR YêNUP EURMOHUĤ 6RXEČåQČ V PČĜHQtP
NRQFHQWUDFH SUDFKRYêFK þiVWLF Y REMHNWHFK YêNUPX E\OD PČĜHQD L YHQNRYQt NRQFHQWUDFH
v RNROt REMHNWĤ MDNR LPLVH +RGQRW\ LPLVH RERX IUDNFt E\O\ Y\XåLW\ SUR VWDQRYHQt þLVWp
SURGXNFH ] PČĜHQpKR REMHNWX W]YQHWWR SURGXNFH = DQDOê]\ GDW Y\SO\QXOR åH VH WDWR
QHWWRSURGXNFHSRGtOtQDEUXWWRSURGXNFLXIUDNFH30 v SUĤPČUXXIUDNFH30
=iURYHĖE\OR]MLãWČQRåHY REMHNWHFKYêNUPXEURMOHUĤY]QLNiYČWãtþiVWMHPQpKR
SUDFKX 30 %\O VWDQRYHQ ]DWtP OLQHiUQt UHJUHVQt PRGHO QHWWR SURGXNFH SUR NDåGRX
IUDNFL SUDFKX 3R GRSOQČQt GDOãtFK PČĜHQt EXGH PtW SUĤEČK ]iYLVORVWL QHWWR SURGXNFH
SUDFKXQDKPRWQRVWLEURMOHUĤSUDYGČSRGREQČH[SRQHQFLiOQtFKDUDNWHU
.OtþRYiVORYDYêNUPEURMOHUĤGUĤEHåSUDãQRVW3M, PMHPLVHLPLVH
Ò92'
=QHþLãWČQt RY]GXãt MH SĜHGPČWHP SR]RUQRVWL RG GRE\ NG\ SUĤP\VORYê UR]YRM
VSROHþQRVWL ]DþDO YQiãHW Y GĤVOHGNX MHKR þLQQRVWL GR SĜtURGQtKR VORåHQt RY]GXãt GDOãt
SĜtPČVL%\ORSURNi]iQRåH]QHþLãWČQtRY]GXãtPiYOLYQD]GUDYRWQtVWDYRE\YDWHO-HGQi
VH R ĜDGX SURMHYĤ RG ]YêãHQt YêVN\WX VXEMHNWLYQtFK SRWtåt SĜHV ]PČQX SDUDPHWUĤ
UHVSLUDWRUQtKR V\VWpPX Då SR ]YêãHQt ~PUWQRVWL RVRE RVODEHQêFK FKURQLFNêP
RQHPRFQČQtP UHVSLUDþQtKR D NDUGLRYDVNXOiUQtKR ~VWURMt ÒþLQHN SUDFKRYêFK þiVWLF QD
RUJDQL]PXV MH ]iYLVOê QD VORåHQt WYDUX D YHOLNRVWL ýiVWLFH QDG ȝP VH GR GêFKDFtFK
FHVW EXć YĤEHF QHGRVWDQRX QHER MVRX ]DFK\FHQ\ Y KRUQtFK FHVWiFK GêFKDFtFK 0HQãt
þiVWLFH SRG ȝP SURQLNDMt GR GROQtFK SDUWLt GêFKDFtFK FHVW D ]WČåXMt ]GH VDPRþLVWLFt
PHFKDQL]P\SOLFýiVWLFHPHQãtQHåȝPVHGRVWiYDMtDåGRSOLFQtFKDOYHRODQHJDWLYQČ
SĤVREtQDIXQNþQt~þLQQRVWGêFKiQt
3RGOHVRXþDVQpKRYČGHFNpKRSR]QiQtGOHYDQ/HHXZHQDQHQtPRåQpSUR
SUDãQê DHURVRO VWDQRYLW EH]SHþQRX SUDKRYRX NRQFHQWUDFL SRG Qtå E\ QHGRFKi]HOR
N ~þLQNĤP QD OLGVNp ]GUDYt 3RGOH ]iYČUĤ :+2 :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQLVDWLRQ MH SUDãQê
DHURVRO OiWNRX V EH] SUDKRYêP ~þLQNHP =GURMHP SUDFKX YH VWiMRYêFK REMHNWHFK MVRX
SĜHGHYãtP NUPLYD MHPQp þiVWLFH XSUDYHQêFK RELOQLQ D XVXãHQêFK URVWOLQ RGSDGOp
þiVWHþN\ NĤåH ]YtĜDW NU\VWDON\ PRþH D þiVWLFH YêNDOĤ .RQFHQWUDFH WČFKWR SUDFKRYêFK
þiVWLFYãDNQHPiGOH&KDUGRQDNRQVWDQWQtSUĤEČKNROtViYSUĤEČKXĜDG\URNĤLY
MHMLFK URþQtFK REGREtFK 1HMY\ããt NRQFHQWUDFH MH GRVDKRYiQR QD MDĜH QHMQLåãt QDRSDN Y
OpWČD]LPČ8PČVtþQtFKSUĤPČUĤNRQFHQWUDFHVHY\VN\WXMHYHONiYDULDQFH- - 'HQQt YDULDQFL NRQFHQWUDFH SROpWDYpKR SUDFKX YH VWiML VOHGRYDOL 26KDXJKQHVV\ HW
DO=MLVWLOLåHY QHSĜtPp]iYLVORVWLQD WHSORWČSURVWĜHGtD~URYQtYêPČQ\Y]GXFKXYH
VWiML 3RGOH RþHNiYiQt VH Y\VN\WRYDOD ]YêãHQi NRQFHQWUDFH Y EČKHP FKODGQêFK PČVtFĤ
DOH UR]GtO\ RG RVWDWQtFK PČVtFĤ QHE\O\ VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp 8YHGHQp ]iYLVORVWL E\O\
]YOiãĢSDWUQpYHGQHFKNG\E\O\YHONpYDULDQFHYH YHQNRYQtWHSORWČY]GXFKXMDNXYiGČMt
$FKXWDQ HW DO , Y ]LPQtP REGREt E\OD NRQFHQWUDFH SUDFKX YHOPL Qt]Ni SUĤPČU
v SUĤEČKX URNX E\O NROHP PJP- %RWWFKHUD HW DO ]MLVWLOL åH YêVOHGN\ PČĜHQt
]iSDFKXMVRXRYOLYQČQ\SUDFKRYêPLþiVWLFHPL NWHUp]Y\ãXMtSĜHWUYiQt]iSDFKXQDG~URYHĖ
SO\QQêFK]DSiFKDMtFtFKOiWHN
&tOHPSUiFHMHSUHVHQWRYDWYêVOHGN\PČĜHQtNRQFHQWUDFHDSURGXNFHSUDFKXYHIUDNFtFK
PM D 30 v OHWHFK – Y REMHNWHFK YêNUPX NXĜHFtFK EURMOHUĤ V RKOHGHP QD
Y\MiGĜHQtEUXWWRDQHWWRSURGXNFHXYHGHQêFKIUDNFt
84
0(72',.$$0$7(5,È/
ýHVNpWHFKQLFNpQRUP\
0ČĜHQtNRQFHQWUDFHWKRUDNiOQtFKþiVWLFWMþiVWLFSURQLNDMtFtFK]DKUWDQPi]iNODG
v JUDYLPHWULFNêFK PHWRGiFK -HGQi VH R ý61 (1 .YDOLWD RY]GXãt – 6WDQRYHQt
IUDNFH 30 DHURVRORYêFK þiVWLF D ý61 (1 .YDOLWD RY]GXãt – 1RUPRYDQi
JUDYLPHWULFNi PHWRGD VWDQRYHQt IUDNFH 30 DHURVRORYêFK þiVWLF 7R MVRX YãHFKQ\
þiVWLFHREVDåHQpY GDQpPREMHPXY]GXFKXSHYQpLWHNXWp
7HFKQLNDPČĜHQt
3UR PČĜHQt NRQFHQWUDFH SUDãQRVWL E\O\ SRXåLW\ V\VWpP\ $SH[ 3UR &DVVHOD
V KODYLFHPL SUR XPtVWČQt H[SRQRYDQêFK D Y\PH]RYDFtFK ILOWUĤ SUR IUDNFH 30 D 30.
)LOWU\E\O\H[SRQRYDQpSRGREXK= PČĜHQpKRSUĤFKRGXY]GXFKXþHUSDGOHP]DGREX
H[SR]LFHDQHWWRKPRWQRVWL]DGUåHQpKRSUDFKXE\OD]tVNiQDKRGQRWDNRQFHQWUDFHSUDFKX
GDQp IUDNFH Y PJP- 1D WXWR JUDYLPHWULFNRX PHWRGX SĜtPR QDYD]XMH ÄRQ-OLQH³ V\VWpP
0LFURGXVWD'XVWWUDN3UĤPČUNRQFHQWUDFH]DGREXPČĜHQtKPXVtEêWSĜHSRþtWiQGOH
KRGQRW\GRVDåHQpJUDYLPHWULFNêPPČĜHQtP%\ODPČĜHQDNRQFHQWUDFHSUDFKXXYQLWĜVWiMH
DYHQNX8PtVWČQtSĜtVWURMĤY PČĜHQpPREMHNWXE\ORYHYêãFHPRG~URYQČSRGODK\
S RKOHGHPQDVWDQRYHQtSURGXNFHSUDFKXE\OPČĜHQSUĤWRNY]GXFKX
9\KRGQRFHQt
S RKOHGHP QD SRPČUQČ YHONRX YDULDELOLWX LPLVt NRQFHQWUDFH SUDFKX Y RNROt
PČĜHQpKR REMHNWX E\OD Y\MiGĜHQD SURGXNFH SUDFKX VOHGRYDQêFK IUDNFt YH IRUPČ EUXWWR
NGHE\O]DKUQXWLLPLVQtSRGtODYHIRUPČQHWWRNWHUiSĜHGVWDYXMHYODVWQtSURGXNFLSUDFKX
z PČĜHQpKRREMHNWX
6RXþiVWt Y\KRGQRFHQt MH L VWUXNWXUQt SRGtO þiVWLF 30 QD 30. Z YêVOHGNĤ HPLVt MH
VHVWDYHQ]DWtPOLQHiUQtUHJUHVQtPRGHOSURREČIUDNFHSUDFKX
2EMHNW\SURYêNUPEURMOHUĤ
2EHFQČ MVRX W\WR REMHNW\ KDO\ V UR]PČU\ [ – P ]H YãHFK VWUDQ
RSOiãWČQp D Y\EDYHQp WHFKQLNRX SUR YHQWLODFL D WHPSHURYiQt Y]GXFKX 9êNUP ]DþtQi
QDVNODGQČQtP NXĜDW EURMOHUĤ YH VWiĜt GQt QD KOXERNRX SRGHVWêONX NWHUi MH WYRĜHQD
GĜHYQêPLSLOLQDPL9 SURVWRUXKDO\MVRXXPtVWČQDNUPtWNDDQDSiMHþN\9êNUPSUREtKiSR
GREX– GQt3DNMVRXY\NUPHQtEURMOHĜLSĜHYH]HQ\QDSRUiåNXD] KDO\VHRGVWUDQt
SRXåLWiSRGHVWêONDDKDODVHDVDQXMHSURGDOãtSRXåLWt3ĜHKOHGMHXYHGHQY WDEXOFH
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
V SUĤEČKX WĜt OHW E\OR PČĜHQR YH REMHNWHFK Y UĤ]QRX URþQt GREX -HMLFK SĜHKOHG
YH VSRMHQt V MHMLFK NDSDFLWRX D KPRWQRVWt EURMOHUĤ Y GREČ PČĜHQt MH XYHGHQ Y WDEXOFH -HGQRWOLYiPČĜHQtMVRXXVSRĜiGiQDY v þDVRYpĜDGČ
7DEXOND3ĜHKOHGXPtVWČQtREMHNWĤGREČPČĜHQtD~GDMHRY\NUPRYDQêFK]YtĜDWHFK
þ
PtVWR
GDWXP
MPHQRYLWi
EURMOHĜLSĜLPČĜHQt
NDSDFLWDNV
NV
KPRWQRVWNJNV
1
%OãDQ\
2
7iERU
3
7iERU
4
7iERU
.DPêN
6
.DPêN
7
.DPêN
9VWXSQtKRGQRW\
0ČĜHQtP ]tVNDQp NRQFHQWUDFH RERX IUDNFt SUDFKX XYQLWĜ REMHNWX D YHQNX Y RNROt
REMHNWXYþHWQČSUĤFKRGXY]GXFKXREMHNWHPMVRXXYHGHQ\Y WDEXOFH8YHGHQpKRGQRW\
E\O\GiOHSRXåLW\SURYêSRþHWSURGXNFHSUDFKX
85
7DEXOND9VWXSQtKRGQRW\PČĜHQtNRQFHQWUDFHIUDNFtSUDFKXDSUĤFKRGXY]GXFKX
-3
þ
GDWXP
SUĤWRN
.RQFHQWUDFHSUDFKX- JP
Y]GXFKX
YQLWĜQt
YHQNRYQt
3 -1
m K
PM10
PM
PM10
PM
1
2
664
3
4
68
89
6
7
648
'HQQtSURGXNFHSUDFKX
3URGXNFH SUDFKX MH Y\MiGĜHQD MHGQDN YH IRUPČ EUXWWR WM YþHWQČ LPLVt MHGQDN YH
IRUPČ QHWWR-SURGXNFH NWHUi Y\MDGĜXMH SURGXNFL SUDFKX SĜtPR ] PČĜHQpKR REMHNWX
3URGXNFH SUDFKX MH XYHGHQD Y RERX YêãH XYHGHQêFK IRUPiFK D SUR NDåGRX IUDNFL
v WDEXOFH
-
-
7DEXOND3URGXNFHSUDFKXY PJNV GHQ
-1
-1
þ
GDWXP
PJNV GHQ
SURGXNFH3010
SURGXNFH30
EUXWWR
QHWWR
EUXWWR
QHWWR
1
2
3
4
6
7
$QDOê]DSURGXNFHSUDFKX
3RGtOQHWWR-SURGXNFH
-HGQi VH R SRGtO QHWWR-SURGXNFH SRGtO NWHUê Y]QLNi SĜtPR YH VWiML ]YtĜDW
V SUĤPČUXYãHFKPČĜHQtFKE\OWHQWRSRGtOXIUDNFH30 XIUDNFH30 MLå
7DWRVNXWHþQRVWXND]XMHQDY]QLNY\ããtKRSRGtOXMHPQpIUDNFH30 v KDOiFKV YêNUPHP
EURMOHUĤ
6WUXNWXUDSUDFKX
9\MDGĜXMH ML SRGtO 30 QD 30. V UiPFL EUXWWR-SURGXNFH E\O Y\KRGQRFHQ WHQWR
SRGtOQD]DWtPFRXQHWWR-SURGXNFHE\OWHQWRSRGtOY\ããt– 7DWRVWUXNWXUD
]DVHXND]XMHQDY\ããtWYRUEXMHPQêFKþiVWLFY KDOiFKV YêNUPHPEURMOHUĤ
/LQHiUQČUHJUHVQtPRGHO
3UR QHWWR-SURGXNFL SUDFKX E\O QD ]iNODGČ Y\KRGQRFHQt YãHFK PČĜHQtFK 9 WRPWR
PRGHOXMH]iYLVORXSURPČQQRXGHQQtSURGXNFHSĜtVOXãQpIUDNFHSUDFKXY PJNV-GHQ- D
QH]iYLVOi SURPČQQi MH KPRWQRVW EURMOHUĤ Y JNV- %\O\ VWDQRYHQ\ QiVOHGXMtFt UHJUHVQt
PRGHO\
3UR30-[««NRUHODþQtNRHILFLHQWU PM- [«U 1HGRVWDWNHP XYHGHQêFK OLQHiUQtFK UHJUHVQtFK PRGHOĤ MH PDOê SRþHW PČĜHQt X YêNUPX
EURMOHUĤ =DWtP QHMVRX N GLVSR]LFL GDWD ] PČĜHQt PH]L KPRWQRVWt Då J 'i VH
SĜHGSRNOiGDWåHOLQHiUQt]iYLVORVWVHSDN]PČQtQDH[SRQHQFLiOQt
86
=È9ċ5
Z GRVDYDGQtKRUR]VDKXPČĜHQtMH]ĜHMPpåHVHQHWWR-SURGXNFHSRGtOtQDFHONRYp
SUDãQRVWLVNRUR] 9 REMHNWHFKV Y\NUPRYDQêPLEURMOHU\VHWYRĜtY\ããtSRGtOMHPQêFK
IUDNFt 30 (PLVH ] WČFKWR REMHNWĤ MVRX RYOLYĖRYiQ\ SĜHGHYãtP KPRWQRVWt
Y\NUPRYDQêFKEURMOHUĤDWHFKQRORJLtYêNUPXQDKOXERNpSRGHVWêOFH
3ĜtVSČYHNE\O]SUDFRYiQQD]iNODGČYêVOHGNĤSURMHNWX1$=9þ4+VILQDQþQtSRGSRURX
0]Hý5
/LWHUDWXUD
$&+87$1& 1(/621=( .$567(1$W., 26+$8*+1(66<37 7HPSRYDO
YDULDWLRQ LQ VZLQH FRQILQHPHQW LQGRRU DLU TXDOLW\ 3URFHHG RI WKH WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO
6\PSRVLXP-0D\/RXVYLOOH.HQW86$-
%277&+(55: .((1(R,K.M., MUNILLA,R.D., WILLIAMS,C.M., SCHIFFMAN,S.S.
('XVWDQGRGRUHPLVVLRQVIURPWXQQHOYHQWLODWHGVZLQHEXLOGLQJVLQ1RUWK.DUROLQD
DQG FRPSDUDVLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW RGRU HYDOXDWLRQ PHWKRGV $SSO(QJLQHHULQJ LQ $JUL -
CHARDON,W.J., (PLVVLRQ RI ILQH GXVW LQ IDUPLQJ 5DSRUW-3ODQW-5HVHDUFK,QWHUQDW
1RSSUHI
26+$8*+1(66<37 $&+87$1&, .$567(1$: 7HPSRUDO YDULDWLRQ RI
LQGRRUDLUTXDOLW\LQDQHQFORVHGVZLQHFRQILQHPHQWELOGLQJ-RI$JULFXOWXUDODQG+HDOWK
-
VAN LEEUWEN,R.F.X.,8SGDWHDQGUHYLVLRQRI:+2$LU'XDOLW\*XLGHOLQHVIRU
(XURSHDQ(XURSHDQ(SL0DUNHU1RSS-
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ-DQ'ROHMã&6F- 9Òä93UDKD8KĜtQČYHV3ĜiWHOVWYt3UDKD
7 886 ) H-PDLOGROHMVMDQ#YX]YF]
87
29ċě29È1Ë35267ě('.ģ 3520ċě(1Ë7(3/27<.2032678
67$1,6/$9/$85,.$0,7$9$52<
9Ò=7YYL– RGERUHNRORJLH]HPČGČOVNêFKWHFKQRORJLFNêFKV\VWpPĤ
$EVWUDNW
0ČĜHQt D HYLGHQFH WHSORW MH ]iNODGQt SRGPtQNRX NRQWURO\ VSUiYQpKR SUĤEČKX
NRPSRVWRYDFtKR SURFHVX ýOiQHN SRSLVXMH H[SHULPHQW N RYČĜHQt PRGHUQtFK SURVWĜHGNĤ
N PČĜHQt WHSORW\ NRPSRVWX – WHSORPČUX V EH]GUiWRYêP SĜHQRVHP QDPČĜHQêFK GDW D
]DSLFKRYDFtKRWHSORPČUVH]i]QDPQtNHPGDW
.OtþRYiVORYDNRPSRVWRYiQtPČĜHQtWHSORW\NRPSRVWX]DSLFKRYDFtWHSORPČU
Ò92'
7HSORWD NRPSRVWX MH QHMMHGQRGXãHML LGHQWLILNRYDWHOQêP XND]DWHOHP MHKR ]UiQt
0ČĜHQt D HYLGHQFH WHSORW MH SURWR ]iNODGQt SRGPtQNRX NRQWURO\ VSUiYQpKR SUĤEČKX
NRPSRVWRYDFtKR SURFHVX 0ČĜHQt WHSORW\ MH GĤOHåLWp QHMHQ ] GĤYRGX VOHGRYiQt SUĤEČKX
]UiQtNRPSRVWXDOHLSURXUþHQtMHKR]UDORVWL– ]YêãHQiWHSORWDNRPSRVWXVYČGþtRGRVXG
SUREtKDMtFtFK SURFHVHFK UR]NODGX QHER SĜHPČQ\ WHSORWD NRPSRVWX EOtåtFt VH KRGQRWČ
WHSORW\RNROQtKRSURVWĜHGtVYČGþtRXNRQþHQtNRPSRVWRYDFtKRSURFHVX
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
3UR PČĜHQt WHSORW\ NRPSRVWX MVRX YH YČWãLQČ SĜtSDGĤ Y\XåtYiQ\ HOHNWURQLFNp
WHSORPČU\ NRQWDNWQt V GLJLWiOQtP XND]DWHOHP Y OHSãtP SĜtSDGČ V PRåQRVWt ]i]QDPX
QDPČĜHQêFK KRGQRW D GDWRYêP YêVWXSHP 7HSORWQt VQtPDþ MH ]DEXGRYiQ GR W\þRYp
]DSLFKRYDFt VRQG\ NWHURX MH PRåQR ]DStFKQRXW GR GRVWDWHþQp KORXEN\ SRG SRYUFK
NRPSRVWXDE\E\ORXPRåQČQR]PČĜHQtWHSORW\Y SRåDGRYDQêFKPtVWHFKSĜtþQpKRSUĤĜH]X
KURPDG\.RQWDNWQtWHSORPČUV HOHNWURQLFNRXMHGQRWNRXD W\þRYRX]DSLFKRYDFtVRQGRXVH
]DEXGRYDQêPWHSORWQtPþLGOHPEXGHGiOHQD]êYiQMDNR]DSLFKRYDFtWHSORPČU
V URFH SUREČKO Y UiPFL SURMHNWX 4+ D Yê]NXPQpKR ]iPČUX
0=( RYČĜRYDFt SURYR] ]DSLFKRYDFtKR WHSORPČUX VH ]i]QDPQtNHP GDW –
7(672 D ]DSLFKRYDFtKR WHSORPČUX V EH]GUiWRYêP SĜHQRVHP QDPČĜHQêFK KRGQRW –
&2'(7=$7WHFKQLFNpSDUDPHWU\YL]WDEXOND
2YČĜRYDFt SURYR] SUREČKO QD NRPSRVWiUQiFK &0& 1iPČãĢ QDG 2VODYRX D
(FRZRRG8QKRãĢ.RPSRVWiUQ\Y\XåtYDMtSUR]SUDFRYiQtELRORJLFN\UR]ORåLWHOQêFKRGSDGĤ
WHFKQRORJLL NRPSRVWRYiQt Y SiVRYêFK KURPDGiFK QD YROQp SORãH V Ĝt]HQtP
NRPSRVWRYDFtKRSURFHVX
3HYQi VHVWDYD RYČĜRYDQêFK WHSORPČUĤ &2'(7 =$7 – D 7(672 YL]
REUE\ODQDNRPSRVWiUQiFK]DSUDYHQDGRNRQWUROQtSiVRYpKURPDG\YHWĜHFKPČĜLFtFK
PtVWHFK YH NWHUêFK VHWUYDOD SR FHORX GREX SUĤEČKX NRPSRVWRYiQt V YêMLPNRX
NUiWNRGREpKR Y\MPXWt Y GREČ SĜHNRSiYN\ 6HVWDYD E\OD YStFKQXWD NROPR N SRYUFKX
KURPDG\ WDN DE\ PtĜLOD GR VWĜHGX MHMtKR SĜtþQpKR WYDUX +ORXEND YSLFKX SĜHGVWDYRYDOD
SRORYLQX YêãN\ SURILOX KURPDG\ +RGQRW\ WHSORW\ E\O\ VQtPiny v þDVRYpP LQWHUYDOX ãHVWL
KRGLQ
7HSORPČUVH]i]QDPQtNHPGDW– 7HVWR-T2
.RQVWUXNFH ]DSLFKRYDFt W\þRYp VRQG\ ]RKOHGĖXMH SRåDGDYN\ QD PČĜHQt WHSORW\
XYQLWĜ KURPDG\ NRPSRVWX 'RVWDWHþQi GpOND XPRåĖXMH GRVDåHQt WHSORWQt ]yQ\
LQWHQ]LYQtKR UR]NODGX ãSLþND D PDOê SUĤPČU SDN VQDGQp SURQLNQXWt GR PDV\ NRPSRVWX
2GROQRVWSURWLYOLYXSURVWĜHGtRGSRYtGDMtFtPDWHULiODSRYUFKRYi~SUDYD
K PČĜLFt VRQGČ MH SĜLSRMHQ ]i]QDPQtN QDPČĜHQêFK GDW W]Y GDWDORJJHU
=i]QDPQtN MH Y\EDYHQ GLJLWiOQtP XND]DWHOHP SUR PRåQRVW NRQWURO\ DNWXiOQt WHSORW\
NRPSRVWXLEH]QXWQRVWLSĜLSRMHQtþWHFtKR]DĜt]HQt
88
ýWHFt ]DĜt]HQt SUR ]LVN QDPČĜHQêFK GDW VH VNOiGi ] RVREQtKR SRþtWDþH
V QDLQVWDORYDQêPREVOXåQêPVRIWZDUHDþWHFtKRUR]KUDQtW]QSURSRMHQtVRQG\DSRþtWDþH
NDEHOiåþWHFtKODYD
7HSORPČU\V EH]GUiWRYêPSĜHQRVHPGDW
=DSLFKRYDFtWHSORPČUVHVNOiGi]H]DSLFKRYDFtVRQG\REGREQêFKSDUDPHWUĤMDNR
v SĜHGFKR]tPSĜtSDGČGiOHNU\WXV YQLWĜQtHOHNWURQLNRXDUXNRMHWL
6\VWpP SUR PČĜHQt WHSORW NRPSRVWX Y\XåtYi EH]GUiWRYpKR VEČUX QDPČĜHQêFK
KRGQRW]H ]DSLFKRYDFtFKWHSORPČUĤGRVEČUQpĜtGLFtMHGQRWN\ĜtGLFtKRRVREQtKRSRþtWDþH
=DSLFKRYDFtWHSORPČU\XPRåĖXMtY\VtODWQDPČĜHQpKRGQRW\WHSORW\D]PČQLWYODVWQt
QDVWDYHQt GOH SĜtND]Ĥ VEČUQp ĜtGLFt MHGQRWN\ 3RGOH NRQILJXUDFH WHUpQX Pi Y\WYRĜHQi VtĢ
GRVDKDåP3RNXGMHY]GiOHQRVWPH]LPČĜHQêPPtVWHPDVEČUQRXĜtGLFtMHGQRWNRX
YČWãt O]H Y\XåtW RSDNRYDþĤ -H PRåQp Y\WYRĜLW FHVWX Då ]H WĜt RSDNRYDþĤ 9 WDNRYêFKWR
SĜtSDGHFKO]HGRViKQRXWSĜHQRVXDåPRSČWGOHNRQILJXUDFHWHUpQX
7DEXOND– 7HFKQLFNpSDUDPHWU\]DSLFKRYDFtFKWHSORPČUĤ
=DSLFKRYDFtWHSORPČUV
=DSLFKRYDFtVRQGD
EH]GUiWRYêPSĜHQRVHP
2]QDþHQt
V GDWDORJJHUHP
GDW
SĜtVWURMH
7HVWR-7
=$7– 2EUi]HN
9êUREFH
7(672$*
1ČPHFNR
ZZZWHVWRFRP
'RGDYDWHO
)LUPD3DYHO.8%Ëý(.
.ODGQR
ZZZWHVWRVHUYLVF]
0ČĜLFtUR]VDK
R
( &
-Då
+PRWQRVWJ
84
EH]VRQG\
5R]PČU\
SĜtVWURMHPP
[[
&2'(7VUR
%UQR
ZZZFRGHWF]
-Då
FFD YþHWQČ
]DSLFKRYDFt VRQG\
9\VtODþ]DSLFKRYDFt
VRQG\–
[GUåiN[
3ĜLMtPDþVLJQiOX–
îî
7\SGpONDVRQG\
( - PP
17&– H[WHUQtVHQ]RU

1DSiMHQt
OLWKLRYiEDWHULH$$
&HQDEH]'3+
.þ
RGGOHSURSRMHQtV 3&
89
– QHERGOHGRPOXY\
$ONDOLFNiEDWHULH–
9$K
VRXSUDYD
V ]DSLFKRYDFtPL
WHSORPČU\
DSĜLMtPDþHPVLJQiOX
RG -
2EUi]HN– 6HVWDY\]DSLFKRYDFtFKWHSORPČUĤY\WYRĜHQêFKSURH[SHULPHQW
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
.RQWUROQt SiVRYp KURPDG\ E\O\ ]DORåHQ\ ]H ]E\WNRYp ELRPDV\ Y GDQp ORNDOLWČ
OHKFH GRVWXSQp D QHMYtFH ]DVWRXSHQp – WUDYQt KPRW\ OLVWt VWČSN\ ] SURĜH]Ĥ VWURPĤ
VPHWNĤ] SDUNRYêFKFHVW]DKUDGQLFNpKRD]DKUDGQtKRRGSDGX
2YČĜRYDFtSURYR]– (&2:22'8QKRãĢ
0ČĜHQt SRWYUGLOD VKRGQRVW PČĜHQt RYČĜRYDQêFK WHSORPČUĤ YL] REU 3UĤPČUQi
KRGQRWD DEVROXWQtKR UR]GtOX PH]L QDPČĜHQêPL KRGQRWDPL WHSORW þLGHO VHVWDY\ þLQLO
&VPČURGDWQiRGFK\OND&3RX]HY QČNROLNDSĜtSDGHFKE\ODRGFK\ONDYČWãt
– PD[LPXP&+RGQRW\PČĜHQtMVRX]GĤYRGĤYHONpKRVRXERUXGDWXORåHQ\XDXWRUĤ
þOiQNX
2EUi]HN– *UDISUĤEČKXQDPČĜHQêFKKRGQRWWHSORW\Y KURPDGČQDNRPSRVWiUQČ
ECOWOOD 8QKRãĢ
2YČĜRYDFtSURYR]&0&1iPČãĢQDG2VODYRX
9êVOHGN\ MVRX REGREQp MDNR X PČĜHQt QD NRPSRVWiUQČ (&2:22' 8QKRãĢ NGH
E\O\SRXåLW\LGHQWLFNpVHVWDY\WHSORPČUĤ0ČĜHQtSRWYUGLODVKRGQRVWPČĜHQtRYČĜRYDQêFK
WHSORPČUĤV NRQWUROQtPLWHSORPČU\+RGQRW\PČĜHQtMVRXXORåHQ\XDXWRUĤþOiQNX
=È9ċ5
9êVOHGN\ SRURYQiYDFtFK PČĜHQt ] RERX NRPSRVWiUHQ SRWYUGLO\ VKRGQRVW PČĜHQt
RYČĜRYDQêFK EH]GUiWRYêFK WHSORPČUĤ Y SĜLMDWHOQpP UR]PH]t & /]H SURKOiVLW åH
WHSORPČU\VH]i]QDPQtNHPGDWD EH]GUiWRYêPSĜHQRVHPGDWMVRXYKRGQêPDVSROHKOLYêP
SURVWĜHGNHPSURPČĜHQtWHSORW\VXURYLQSRSĜNRPSRVWXY SiVRYêFKKURPDGiFK
90
9êVOHGN\ SXEOLNRYDQp Y SĜtVSČYNX E\O\ ]tVNiQ\ Y UiPFL ĜHãHQt 9ê]NXPQpKR ]iPČUX
0=(Ä9ê]NXPHIHNWLYQtKRY\XåLWtWHFKQRORJLFNêFKV\VWpPĤSURVHWUYDOpKRVSRGDĜHQtD
Y\XåtYiQtSĜtURGQtFK]GURMĤYHVSHFLILFNêFKSRGPtQNiFKþHVNpKR]HPČGČOVWYt³DSURMHNWX1$=9–
4+Ä2SWLPDOL]DFHYRGQtKRUHåLPXYNUDMLQČD]YêãHQtUHWHQþQtVFKRSQRVWLNUDMLQ\XSODWQČQtP
NRPSRVWĤ]ELRORJLFN\UR]ORåLWHOQêFKRGSDGĤQDRUQpSĤGČLWUYDOêFKWUDYQtFKSRURVWHFK³
/LWHUDWXUD
PLÍVA, P., LAURIK, S. 0HWRG\PČĜHQtWHSORW\NRPSRVWXY\XåLWHOQpSURĜt]HQt
NRPSRVWRYDFtKRSURFHVXDDUFKLYDFLGDW [0HWKRGVRIWKHFRPSRVWWHPSHUDWXUH
PHDVXULQJXVDEOHIRUFRQWURORIWKHFRPSRVWLQJSURFHVVDQGGDWDDUFKLYDWLRQ@8SODWQČQi
FHUWLILNRYDQiPHWRGLND3UDKD9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\V. ISBN
--86884--
PLÍVA, P. 2SWLPDOL]DFHYRGQtKRUHåLPXYNUDMLQČD]YêãHQtUHWHQþQtVFKRSQRVWLNUDMLQ\
XSODWQČQtPNRPSRVWĤ]ELRORJLFN\UR]ORåLWHOQêFKRGSDGĤQDRUQpSĤGČLWUYDOêFKWUDYQtFK
SRURVWHFKUHGDNþQČXSUDYHQiURþQt]SUiYD]DURNRSUĤEČKXSUDFtQDSURMHNWX
4+ 3UDKD9Ò=7=– V
PLÍVA, P., +$0âË. 7 %H]GUiWRYp PČĜHQt WHSORW\ YKURPDGiFK NRPSRVWX [:LUHOHVV
PHDVXUHPHQW RI FRPSRVWLQJ KHDS WHPSHUDWXUH@ ,Q 7UYDOH XGUåLWHOQê V\VWpP QDNOiGiQt
V ELRRGSDG\ NYDOLWD YVWXSX D YêVWXSX 1iPČãĢ QDG 2VODYRX - =(5$ V -,6%1----
PLÍVA, P. D NRO .RPSRVWRYiQt YSiVRYêFK KURPDGiFK QD YROQp SORãH 3UDKD
9\GDYDWHOVWYt3URIL3UHVVVURY\GiQtV,6%1----8.
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ6WDQLVODY/DXULN9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\YYL'UQRYVNi
3UDKD– 5X]\QČVWDQLVODYODXULN#YX]WF]
,QJ$PLWDYD5R\9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\YYL'UQRYVNi
3UDKD– 5X]\QČUR\DPLWDYD#YX]WF]
91
327(1&,È/9<8ä,7Ë6(*0(1729e+2.$3$&,71Ë+2ý,'/$3520ċě(1Ë
35ģ&+2'1267,5267/,11e+20$7(5,È/8
-$.8%/(99È&/$9352â(.)5$17,â(..80+È/$0$5,(:2+/087+29È
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD
$EVWUDNW
9êQRVRYp PDS\ MVRX MHGQtP ]H ]iNODGQtFK SRGNODGĤ SUR SUDNWLFNRX DSOLNDFL
SUHFL]QtKR ]HPČGČOVWYt 6\VWpP\ SUR WYRUEX YêQRVRYêFK PDS MVRX GREĜH ]YOiGQXW\
X VNOt]HFtFKPOiWLþHNDOHX MLQêFKVWURMĤMHVLWXDFHPQRKHPPpQČSĜt]QLYiÒNROHPWRKRWR
þOiQNX MH ]KRGQRWLW SRWHQFLiO VHJPHQWRYpKR NDSDFLWQtKR þLGOD MDNR VRILVWLNRYDQp PHWRG\
PČĜHQt SUĤFKRGQRVWL URVWOLQQpKR PDWHULiOX %\O VHVWDYHQ PRGHO QD NWHUpP E\OR
v ODERUDWRUQtFK SRGPtQNiFK SURYHGHQR PČĜHQt ]D ~þHOHP XUþLW FLWOLYRVW þLGOD QD ]PČQX
UR]ORåHQt GLHOHNWULND %\OD SURNi]iQD UHODWLYQČ GREUi VWDELOLWD þLGOD D ]MLãWČQD ]iYLVORVW
NDSDFLW\ PH]L GHVNDPL QD SROR]H ]NXãHEQtKR Y]RUNX 'iOH E\OD SURYHGHQD DQDOê]D
PHWRGRXNRQHþQêFKSUYNĤNWHUiPČĜHQtþiVWHþQČSRWYUGLOD
.OtþRYiVORYD VHJPHQWRYpNDSDFLWQtþLGORSUĤFKRGQRVWYêQRVRYpPDS\WRPRJUDILH
Ò92'
ýDVWRX VRXþiVWt PRGHUQtKR KRVSRGDĜHQt MH SUHFL]Qt ]HPČGČOVWYt 7HQWR ]SĤVRE
SpþHR SR]HPN\MHPRåQpFKDUDNWHUL]RYDWMDNRRGOLãQpREKRVSRGDĜRYiQtþiVWtSR]HPNX
WDP NGH MVRX RGOLãQp GLVSR]LFH SĤG\ D WtP GRVDåHQt RSWLPiOQtKR YêQRVX ]D SRXåLWt
PLQLPiOQtFK GiYHN KQRMLY D SHVWLFLGĤ 5\END D âĢDVWQê 7HG\ MH PRåQR ĜtFL åH
MHGHQ] KODYQtFKSĜtQRVĤSUHFL]QtKR ]HPČGČOVWYt MHHNRQRPLþQRVWKRVSRGDĜHQt1LFPpQČ
H[LVWXMtL MLQpSĜtQRV\1DSĜtNODGQLåãt]iWČååLYRWQtKRSURVWĜHGt$XHUQKDPPHU
-HGQtP]H]iNODGQtFKSRGNODGĤSUHFL]QtKR]HPČGČOVWYtMVRXYêQRVRYpPDS\$E\
E\OR PRåQp ]tVNDW YêQRVRYRX PDSX MH QXWQp PČĜLW DNWXiOQt YêQRV SORGLQ D ]tVNDQp
YêVOHGN\ Y]WiKQRXW N DNWXiOQt SROR]H QD SR]HPNX 7HQWR SRVWXS MH QHMOpSH ]YOiGQXW QD
VNOt]HFtFK POiWLþNiFK 3UDYGČSRGREQê GĤYRG SURþ WRPX WDN MH EXGH PRåQi Y WRP åH
YHONiþiVW]HPČGČOVNêFKSURGXNWĤVHVNOt]tSUiYČWČPLWRVWURML3ĜHVWRåHY WRPWRSĜtSDGČ
MLå MH WHFKQRORJLH SRPČUQČ GREĜH ]YOiGQXWD L ]GH Yê]NXP VWiOH SUREtKi 5HLQNH HW DO
8 MLQêFK VWURMĤ SUR VNOL]HĖ ]HPČGČOVNêFK SURGXNWĤ MH YãDN VLWXDFH PpQČ SĜt]QLYi
(KOHUWDQG$OJHUER%\O\QDSĜtNODGY\YtMHQ\PHWRG\PČĜHQtSUĤFKRGQRVWLFXNURYp
ĜHS\RYãHPL SĜHV]QDþQRXSUHFL]QRVWQiYUKX]tVNDQpYêVOHGN\QHE\O\ ]FHODXVSRNRMLYp
+HQQHQVHWDO.
-LVWRX DOWHUQDWLYRX PĤåH EêWNDSDFLWQt PHWRGD .DSDFLWQt þLGOR VH VNOiGi]H GYRX
GHVHNPH]LQLPLåSURFKi]tPDWHULiO6 MHKRURVWRXFtPPQRåVWYtPVHL ]Y\ãXMHHOHNWULFNi
NDSDFLWD PH]L GHVNDPL 9 SRGVWDWČ VH MHGQi R MHGQRGXFKê GHVNRYê NRQGHQ]iWRU ěDGD
DXWRUĤ/DZUHQFHHWDO(XEDQNVDQG%LUUHOO2VPDQHWDO6QHOOHWDO
VH SRNRXãHOD WXWR PHWRGX Y\XåtW SUR PČĜHQt YOKNRVWL URVWOLQQpKR PDWHULiOX
1LFPpQČYHONêSRWHQFLiOWpWRPHWRG\PĤåHEêWL SĜLPČĜHQtSUĤFKRGQRVWL1ČNWHUpYêKRG\
UHODWLYQtMHGQRGXFKRVWRGROQRVWYĤþLYLEUDFtPVQDGQRXLQVWDODFLWpWRPHWRG\SRSVDOLMLå
6WDIIRUGHWDOD 6DYRLHHWDOěDGDDXWRUĤXYiGtåHGLHOHNWULFNpYODVWQRVWL
PQRKD PDWHULiOĤ ]iYLVt QD SRXåLWp IUHNYHQFL YOKNRVWL REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL WHSORWČ
FKHPLFNpPVORåHQtD GLSyORYpPPRPHQWXYRG\D MLQpPROHNXO\.LPHWDO1HOVRQ
:LOGDQG+DHGLFNH-RQHVHWDO
.XPKiOD HW DO SRSVDOL WHRULL SOQČQt NDSDFLWQtKR þLGOD %\O\ SRSViQ\ GYD
]SĤVRE\ 3UYQt E\OR SOQČQt Y VRXYLVOp YUVWYČ NGH VH SĜHGSRNOiGi åH PDWHULiO Y\SOĖXMH
FHORX ãtĜL VHQ]RUX D PČQt VH SRX]H WORXãĢND PDWHULiOX FKRYDMt VH WDN YČWãLQRX PHQãt
þiVWLFH9 WČFKWRSĜtSDGHFKMH]iYLVORVWYêVWXSQtKRVLJQiOXQDPQRåVWYtPDWHULiOXWYRĜHQD
K\SHUEROLFNRX NĜLYNRX 'UXKêP ]SĤVREHP MH SOQČQt þLGOD MHGQRWOLYêPL þiVWLFHPL NGH VH
92
SĜHGSRNOiGiSĜLEOLåQČVKRGQiYHOLNRVWþiVWLFSĜLþHPåSURPČQQiMHY WRPWRSĜtSDGČVWXSHĖ
SĜtþQpKR]DSOQČQtþLGOD=iYLVORVWYêVWXSQtKRVLJQiOXMHOLQHiUQt
:LOOLDPVHWDOSRXåLOLNDSDFLWQtWRPRJUDISURVOHGRYiQtSDUWLNXOiUQtFKOiWHN
QD SiVRYpP GRSUDYQtNX 6 SRXåLWtP NDSDFLWQt WRPRJUDILH E\OR PRåQp QHMHQ XUþLW
SUĤFKRGQRVWPDWHULiOXDOHWDNp]SĤVRE]DSOQČQtGRSUDYQtNX3ULQFLSNDSDFLWQtWRPRJUDILH
VSRþtYi Y WRP åH NDSDFLWD VWHMQpKR Y]RUNX MH VQtPiQD QČNROLND HOHNWURGDPL NWHUp MVRX
UĤ]QČ XVSRĜiGiQ\ QHMþDVWČML GR NUXKX D WDNWR QDPČĜHQi GDWD MVRX SRPRFt SRþtWDþH
UHNRQVWUXRYiQDQDREUD]Y\VWLKXMtFtSUĤĜH]Y]RUNX9HONêPSUREOpPHPWpWRVRILVWLNRYDQp
PHWRG\MHMHMtVORåLWRVWD WDNpILQDQþQtQiURþQRVWQLFPpQČSRNXGE\VHW\WRYOLY\SRGDĜLOR
DOHVSRĖþiVWHþQČHOLPLQRYDWSRWHQFLiOWpWRPHWRG\E\E\OYHONê
-DN Xå E\OR QD]QDþHQR XVSRĜiGiQt NDSDFLWQtFK WRPRJUDIĤ MH YH YČWãLQČ SĜtSDGĤ
NUXKRYp QLFPpQČ SUR QČNWHUp DSOLNDFH E\ E\OR YKRGQČMãt Y\XåtW XVSRĜiGiQt þWYHUFRYp
<DQJ DQG /LX 9 MLQêFK SĜtSDGHFK MH WĜHED VOHGRYDW PDWHULiO Y UHODWLYQČ Qt]Np
YUVWYČD ]iURYHĖYČWãtãtĜFH. WRPXE\E\OR YêKRGQpY\XåtWURYLQQpXVSRĜiGiQtHOHNWURG
('RQJDQG*XR
&tOHP WRKRWRþOiQNXMH]KRGQRWLWSRWHQFLiOVHJPHQWRYpKRNDSDFLWQtKRþLGODFRåMH
REGRED þWYHUFRYpKR D URYLQQpKR XVSRĜiGiQt NDSDFLWQtKR WRPRJUDIX . PČĜHQt EXGH
SRXåLW SULQFLSLiOQČ VWHMQê PČĜtFt REYRG MDNR MH SRSViQ .XPKiORX HW DO GtN\
þHPXå E\ WRWR þLGOR PRKOR EêW OHYQČMãt D MHGQRGXãt QHå EČåQČ SRåtYDQp NDSDFLWQt
WRPRJUDI\
0$7(5,È/$ 0(72'<
3UR ~þHO\ ODERUDWRUQtKR WHVWRYiQt E\O VHVWURMHQ SUYQt SURWRW\S VHJPHQWRYpKR
NDSDFLWQtKRþLGODNWHUpMHY\REUD]HQRQDREU6NOiGiVH]HGYRXGHVHNSĜLþHPåVSRGQt
GHVND MH PP GORXKi D PP ãLURNi +RUQt GHVND MH YH Y]GiOHQRVWL PP D MH
UR]GČOHQD QD RVP GtOþtFK VHJPHQWĤ .DåGê VHJPHQW MH PP ãLURNê D PP GORXKê
-DNR PDWHULiO E\O\ SRåLW\ GHVN\ SUR WLãWČQp VSRMH NGH MDNR YRGLYê PDWHULiO E\O SRXåLW
PČGČQêSRYODNR WORXãĢFHPP
2EU– 3URWRW\SVHJPHQWRYpKRNDSDFLWQtKRþLGOD
93
.DSDFLWDMHPČĜHQDYåG\PH]LVSRGQt]HPQtFtGHVNRXD MHGQtPVHJPHQWHPWHG\
NDåGê PDWHULiO MH FKDUDNWHUL]RYiQ RVPL PČĜHQtPL 1DSiMHQt þLGOD MH SURYHGHQR SĜHV
RVFLOiWRU D WR VWĜtGDYêP QDSČWtP R IUHNYHQFL 0+] 0H]L RVFLOiWRU D PČĜtFt HOHNWURG\ MH
YORåHQ UH]LVWRU R ]QiPp UHDNWDQFL (OHNWURG\ VSROX V UH]LVWRUHP WYRĜt QDSČĢRYê GČOLþ QD
MHKRåYêVWXSXMHQDSČWtNWHUpMH]iYLVOpQDMHMLFKNDSDFLWČ
-DNR ]NXãHEQt Y]RUHN E\O SRXåLW KUDQROHN R REGpOQtNRYpP SUĤĜH]X V UR]PČU\
PP QD ãtĜNX PP QD YêãNX D PP QD GpONX Y\Ĝt]QXWê ] EUDPERURYp KOt]\
V SRGtOHPYOKNRVWL
%ČKHP SUYQtKR PČĜHQt E\O QHMSUYH SĜLYHGHQ QHQXORYê SRWHQFLiO GR SUYQtKR
VHJPHQWX þLGOD 9]RUHN E\O YORåHQ QD OHYê RNUDM SRG DNWLYQt GHVNX D RGHþWHQD KRGQRWD
QDSČWt 3RWp E\O Y]RUHN YåG\ SRVXQXW SĜLEOLåQČ R MHGHQ FHQWLPHWU D ]QRYX RGHþWHQD
KRGQRWDQDSČWt7HQWRSRVWXSE\ORSDNRYiQGRNXGQHE\ORGRVDåHQRNRQFHVSRGQtGHVN\
2EGREQČ E\OR SRVWXSRYiQR L v SĜtSDGČ GUXKpKR VHJPHQWX V WtP åH Y]RUHN VH RSČW
SRK\ERYDORGOHYpKRN SUDYpPXRNUDML&HOpPČĜHQtE\ORMHGQRXRSDNRYiQR
$E\E\ORPRåQpQDPČĜHQiGDWDSRWYUGLWE\ODSURREDSĜtSDG\SURYHGHQDDQDOê]D
PHWRGRX NRQHþQêFK SUYNĤ D Y\SRþWHQD NDSDFLWD SUR YãHFKQ\ SRORK\ Y]RUNX
(OHNWURVWDWLFNpSROHE\ORY QDãHPSĜtSDGČSRSViQR3RLVVRQRYRXURYQLFt
div Ķ0Ķr gradĹ = ǋ
-
NGHİ >)P @MHSHUPLWLYLWDYDNXDİU [-@MHUHODWLYQtSHUPLWLYLWDPDWHULiOX ĳ [V] MHHOHNWULFNê
SRWHQFLiO D ȡ >&P-@ MH KXVWRWD QiERMH =GURMRYp D ]HPQtFt HOHNWURG\ WYRĜt 'LULFKOHWRY\
RNUDMRYp SRGPtQN\ Ƚ 9 ]GURMRYi HOHNWURGD D Ƚ 9 ]HPQtFt HOHNWURGD 2NROt
þLGOD MH SRSViQR 1HXPDQQRYRX RNUDMRYRX SRGPtQNRX Ƚ =GH RYãHP GRFKi]t N MLVWpPX
]MHGQRGXãHQtMHOLNRåVWDYNWHUêPMHGHILQRYiQRȽ NG\
wM
wQ
0
NGH Ȟ MH YQČMãt QRUPiOD SODWt Då QHNRQHþQČ GDOHNR RG VHQ]RUX FRå E\ Y\OXþRYDOR XåLWt
QXPHULFNpKR ĜHãHQt = WRKRWR GĤYRGX MVRX GHILQRYiQ\ RNUDMH REODVWL Y NRQHþQp
Y]GiOHQRVWL1LFPpQČMLåSĜLUHODWLYQČPDOpPRGGiOHQtRGþLGODVH]PČQDSRWHQFLiOXYHOPL
U\FKOH SĜLEOLåXMH QXOH D WDN FK\E\ ]SĤVREHQp WtPWR ]MHGQRGXãHQtP O]H ]DQHGEDW
0DWHULiO\ MVRX ]GH XYDåRYiQ\ GYD D WR Y]GXFK V UHODWLYQt SHUPLWLYLWRX D ]NXãHEQt
Y]RUHNX NWHUpKRE\ODUHODWLYQtSHUPLWLYLWDRGKDGQXWDQD
9êSRþHW NDSDFLW PH]L ]GURMRYRX D ]HPQtFt HOHNWURGRX O]H SURYpVW ]H GYRX
]iNODGQtFK YHOLþLQ = FHONRYp HQHUJLH HOHNWURVWDWLFNpKR SROH D z QiERMH ]GURMRYp QHER
]HPQtFtHOHNWURG\9 QDãHPSĜtSDGČE\ORUR]KRGQXWRY\XåtWQiERMHQD]GURMRYpHOHNWURGČ
.DSDFLWDMHWHG\GiQDY]WDKHP
C
1
U
³ H gradM dl
1
NGHU >9@MHQDSČWtPH]LHOHNWURGDPLDOMHX]DYĜHQiNĜLYNDNROHP]GURMRYpHOHNWURG\3UR
WYRUEX ' JHRPHWULH E\O SRXåLW SURJUDP 4&$' YHU]H RG VSROHþQRVWL 5LEERQ6RIW
*PE+ NWHUê MH ãLĜLWHOQê SRG OLFHQFt *18 *3/ 9êSRþHW PHWRGRX NRQHþQêFK SUYNĤ E\O
SURYiGČQ Y SURJUDPX $JURV' YHU]H NWHUê MH Y\YtMHQ VNXSLQRX SRG YHGHQtP 3DYOD
.DUEDQDQD=iSDGRþHVNpXQLYHU]LWČY3O]QLDãtĜHQSRGOLFHQFt*18*3/
3URYODVWQtĜHãHQtE\ODQHMSUYHY SURJUDPX4&$'Y\WYRĜHQD'JHRPHWULHD SRWp
LPSRUWRYiQD SURJUDPHP $JURV' YH NWHUpP E\O SURYHGHQ L YêSRþHW 5RYQLFH E\OD
ĜHãHQD PHWRGRX NRQHþQêFK SUYNĤ V Y\XåLWtP DXWRPDWLFNp KS-DGDSWLYLW\ D WR SUR SUYQt
D GUXKê VHJPHQW KRUQt HOHNWURG\ SURWL VSRGQt ]HPQtFt HOHNWURGČ %\OR WHG\ FHONHP
SURYHGHQR DQDOê]SURNDåGêVHJPHQW
9<+2'12&(1Ë$ ',6.8=(
3RPRFt VHJPHQWRYpKR NDSDFLWQtKR þLGOD E\ PČOR EêW PRåQR ]REUD]LW SUĤĜH]
PDWHULiOXQDFKi]HMtFtKRVHPH]LHOHNWURGDPL=iNODGQtPIDNWRUHPNWHUêPEXGHKRGQRFHQ
SRWHQFLiO þLGOD MH FLWOLYRVW QD SRORKX GLHOHNWULND 3URWR E\OD ]SUDFRYiYiQD YêãH SRSVDQi
94
PČĜHQt MHMtPå YêVOHGNHP MVRX NĜLYN\ ]Qi]RUĖXMtFt ]iYLVORVW ]PČQ\ QDSČWt Y ]iYLVORVWL QD
SROR]H Y]RUNX REU ýHUYHQi NĜLYND E\OD QDPČĜHQD SĜL DNWLYQtP SUYQtP VHJPHQWX
D ]HOHQi SĜL DNWLYQtP GUXKpP VHJPHQWX -H SDWUQp åH ]GDOHND QHMY\ããt KRGQRW\ E\O\
QDPČĜHQ\ Y SĜtSDGČ åH VH Y]RUHN QDFKi]HO SĜtPR SRG ]GURMRYêP VHJPHQWHP
V RNDPåLNX NG\ ]DþDOR GRFKi]HN NH Y]GDORYiQt RG DNWLYQt GHVN\ YãDN ]DþDOD KRGQRWD
QDSČWt SUXGFH NOHVDW D SĜLEOLåRYDW VH N QXOH 'iOH MH PRåQp NRQVWDWRYDW åH PČĜtFt
DSDUDWXUDY\ND]XMHGREURXVWDELOLWXD RSDNRYDWHOQRVWPČĜHQt7RWRWYU]HQtMHMDVQpRSČWQD
REUi]NX QHERĢ MH SDWUQp åH SUDYi þiVW ]HOHQp NĜLYN\ MH WpPČĜ VKRGQi V þHUYHQRX
NĜLYNRXMHQSRVXQXWiR Y]GiOHQRVWMHGQRKRVHJPHQWX
2EU– 1DPČĜHQpDY\SRþWHQpNDSDFLW\Y]iYLVORVWLQDSROR]H]NXãHEQtKRY]RUNX
1D REUi]NX MVRX L NĜLYN\ ]tVNDQp YêSRþWHP PHWRGRX NRQHþQêFK SUYNĤ RSČW
z SUYQtKRDGUXKpKRVHJPHQWXÒþHOHPWRKRWRYêSRþWXE\ORSRURYQDWPDWHPDWLFNêPRGHO
V UHiOQČ QDPČĜHQêPL KRGQRWDPL = WRKRWR GĤYRGX MVRX Y\SRþWHQp NĜLYN\ SĜLORåHQ\ QD MLå
SRSVDQpNĜLYN\]tVNDQpYêSRþWHP=KRGQRFHQtSUĤEČKXY\SRþWHQpNDSDFLW\MH]ĜHMPpåH
QHMY\ããtFKKRGQRWMHGRVDåHQRSRNXGMHY]RUHNSĜtPRSRGVHJPHQWHPDVHY]GiOHQRVWt
GRFKi]tYHOPLU\FKOpPXSRNOHVXDåNWpPČĜNQXOH2YãHPWDWRU\FKORVWNOHViQtMHRSURWL
PČĜHQêP KRGQRWiP R QČFR Y\ããt -H VLFH SUDYGD åH SUR NYDOLWQt UHNRQVWUXNFL REUD]X MH
YêKRGQČMãtSRNXGþLGORUHDJXMHL QD]PČQXSHUPLWLYLW\GiOHRG]GURMHSRWHQFLiOXWHG\O]H
ĜtFL åH QDPČĜHQp YêVOHGN\ VH ]GDMt EêW YêKRGQČMãt QHå Y\SRþWHQp 1LFPpQČ VRXþDVQê
VWDYMHWDNRYêåHQHQtSĜHVQČ]QiPRMDNpPHFKDQLVP\WRWRRYOLYĖXMtFRåVWČåXMHY\XåLWt
PDWHPDWLFNpKR PRGHOX SUR GDOãt DQDOê]\ %H]SRFK\E\ WRWR E\ PČOR EêW SĜHGPČWHP
GDOãtKRYê]NXPX
=È9ċ5
3URUHNRQVWUXNFLREUD]X]HVHJPHQWRYpKRNDSDFLWQtKRþLGODMVRXSRåDGRYiQ\GYČ
]iNODGQtYODVWQRVWL6WDELOLWDPČĜtFtDSDUDWXU\D FLWOLYRVWPČĜHQtQD]PČQXSHUPLWLYLW\D WR
L GiOH RG DNWLYQt GHVN\ 2EČ W\WR YODVWQRVWL ]GH E\O\ VSOQČQ\ D O]H WHG\ NRQVWDWRYDW åH
95
SRWHQFLiO Y\XåLWt H[LVWXMH ([LVWXMH YãDN XUþLWê QHVRXODG PDWHPDWLFNpKR PRGHOX D
QDPČĜHQêFKKRGQRW7DWRYČFEXGHSĜHGPČWHPGDOãtKRYê]NXPX
3RGČNRYiQt
7HQWRSĜtVSČYHNY]QLNOY UiPFLĜHãHQtYê]NXPQpKR]iPČUX0â07þ 060
/LWHUDWXUD
$8(51+$00(5+3UHFLVLRQIDUPLQJ- WKHHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDOOHQJH&RPSXWHUV
DQG(OHFWURQLFVLQ$JULFXOWXUH–
'21* ;< *82 64 0RGHOOLQJ SODQDU DUUD\ VHQVRU IRU HOHFWULFDO FDSDFLWDQFH
WRPRJUDSK\ ,Q 3URFHHGLQJV RI 6HFRQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 0RGHOOLQJ DQG
6LPXODWLRQ-0D\S0DQFKHVWHU8.
(+/(57 ' $/*(5%2 3-$ <LHOGLQJ PDSSLQJ ZLWK SRWDWRHV /DQGWHFKQLN –
(8%$1.6-&%,55(//6-'HWHUPLQLQJPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRIKD\DQGIRUDJHV
XVLQJ PXOWLSOH IUHTXHQF\ SDUDOOHO SODWH FDSDFLWRUV$6$( 3DSHU 1R $6$%( 6W
-RVHSK0,86$S
+(11(16 ' %$(57 - %5226 % 5$021 + '( %$(5'(0$(.(5 - 'HYHORSPHQW RI D IORZ PRGHO IRU WKH GHVLJQ RI D PRPHQWXP W\SH EHHW IORZ VHQVRU
%LRV\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJ–6.
-21(6&/6721(0/0$1(661262/,(-%%586(:,7=*+
3ODQW ELRPDVV HVWLPDWLRQ XVLQJ GLHOHFWULF SURSHUWLHV$6$%( SDSHU 1R$6$%(
6W-RVHSK0,86$S
.,0.%/((-:/((6612+6+.,0062Q-OLQHPHDVXUHPHQWRI
JUDLQPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWXVLQJ5)LPSHGDQFH7UDQVDFWLRQRI$6$(–
.80+È/$ ) .9Ë= = .02&+ - 352â(. 9 '\QDPLF ODERUDWRU\
PHDVXUHPHQW ZLWK GLHOHFWULF VHQVRU IRU IRUDJH PDVV IORZ GHWHUPLQDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK LQ
$JULFXOWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ–
.80+È/$)352â(.9%/$+29(&-&DSDFLWLYHWKURXJKSXWVHQVRUIRUVXJDU
EHHWVDQGSRWDWRHV%LRV\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJ-
/$:5(1&(.&)81.'%:,1'+$0:5'LHOHFWULFPRLVWXUHVHQVRU IRU
FHUHDOJUDLQVDQGVR\EHDQV7UDQVDFWLRQRI$6$(-
1(/621 6 2 'LHOHFWULF SURSHUWLHV PHDVXUHPHQW IRU DJULFXOWXUDO DSSOLFDWLRQV
$6$%(SDSHU1R$6$%(6W-RVHSK0,86$S
OSMAN, A. M., SAVOIE, P., GRENIER, D., 7+(5,$8/7 5 3DUDOOHO-SODWH
FDSDFLWDQFH PRLVWXUH VHQVRU IRU KD\ DQG IRUDJH$6$( SDSHU 1R $6$%( 6W
-RVHSK0,86$S
5(,1.(5'$1.2:,&=+3+(/$1-.$1*:$G\QDPLFJUDLQIORZPRGHO
IRU D PDVV IORZ \LHOG VHQVRU RQ D FRPELQH 3UHFLVLRQ $JULFXOWXUH ,Q SULQW '2,
V---
5<%.$ $ âġ$671é 0 3UHFL]Qt ]HPČGČOVWYt 3UDKD ÒVWDY ]HPČGČOVNêFK D
SRWUDYLQiĜVNêFKLQIRUPDFtS,6%1---9.
6$92,( 3 /(0,5( 3 7+(5,$8/7 5 (YDOXDWLRQ RI ILYH VHQVRUV WR HVWLPDWH
PDVV-IORZ UDWH DQG PRLVWXUH RI JUDVV LQ D IRUDJH KDUYHVWHU $SSOLHG (QJLQHHULQJ LQ
$JULFXOWXUH–
61(// + * - 2%(51'25)(5 & /h&.( : 9$1 '(1 :(*+( + )$ 8VH RI HOHFWURPDJQHWLFILHOGV IRUWKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RIWKH GU\ PDWWHUFRQWHQW RI FKRSSHG
PDL]H%LRV\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJ–
67$))25' - 9$0%/(5 % /$5. 5 0 &$77 - 0DSSLQJ DQG LQWHUSUHWLQJ
WKH\LHOGYDULDWLRQLQFHUHDOFURSV&RPSXWHUVDQG(OHFWURQLFVLQ$JULFXOWXUH-
:,/' . +$(',&.( 6 ,PSURYLQJ WKH DFFXUDF\ RI PRLVWXUH VHQVRUV IRU IRUDJH
FURSV,Q%RRNRI$EVWUDFWV(&3$- (&3/)-7,6ZHGHQSS–
96
:,//,$065$/8.(6326752:6.,./%(11(770$0HDVXUHPHQW
RI EXON SDUWLFXODWHV RQ EHOW FRQYH\RU XVLQJ GLHOHFWULF WRPRJUDSK\ &KHPLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ
-RXUQDO-
<$1* : 4 /,8 6 (OHFWULFDO FDSDFLWLYH WRPRJUDSK\ ZLWK D VTXDUH VHQVRU ,Q
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVW:RUOG&RQJUHVVRQ,QGXVWULDO3URFHVVHV7RPRJUDSK\ -$SULO
SS-%X[WRQ8.
+3)(025*>RQOLQH@>FLW--@)UHHDGDSWLYHKS-)(0'RVWXSQp]:::
<KWWSKSIHPRUJDJURVG>.
4&$' >RQOLQH@ F >FLW --@ 5LEERQ6RIW 'RVWXSQp ] :::
KWWSZZZULEERQVRIWFRPTFDGKWPO!
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ-DNXE/HYýHVNi ]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD .DWHGUD ]HPČGČOVNêFK
VWURMĤ.DPêFNi 3UDKD– 6XFKGRO7HO (-PDLOMOHY#WIF]XF]
97
9<8ä,7Ë'235$91Ë+26<67e086 9é0ċ11é0,1È67$9%$0, V =(0ċ'ċ/6.e0
32'1,.8
MILAN FRÍD, VÁCLAV VÁVRA, IVO CELJAK, JOSEF FROLÍK
-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDY ýHVNêFK%XGČMRYLFtFK=HPČGČOVNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNp
$EVWUDFW
7KH SDSHU SUHVHQWV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH XVH RI D WUDQVSRUW V\VWHP ZLWK
LQWHUFKDQJHDEOHVXSHUVWUXFWXUHVLQWKHFRPSDQ\=HPRV=XEþLFHDOZLWKUR7KHFRPSDQ\
ZLOO SURYLGH WKH QHFHVVDU\ GDWD WR FDOFXODWH WKH HFRQRPLF SDUDPHWHUV XVLQJ
7HFK&RQVXOW %DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIFDOFXODWLRQVIRUWKHHQWHUSULVH=HPRVDOZLWKUR
HVWDEOLVKHG LQ =XEþLFH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ WR LQFUHDVH WKH DQQXDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI DOO WKH
ERGLHVXVHGLQWKHRSHUDWLRQVRIWKHFRPSDQ\RUFRQVLGHUWKHRSWLRQRI UHQWLQJDVHWIRU
ZRUNWRRWKHUILUPV
.H\ZRUGVWUDQVSRUW KDQGOLQJ, WUDQVSRUWV\VWHP ZLWK VZDSERGLHVH[SORLWDWLRQ
Ò92'
'RSUDYD Y ]HPČGČOVWYt MH MDNR Y NDåGpP MLQpP YêUREQtP SURFHVX QH]E\WQRX
VRXþiVWt 3URGXNWHP GRSUDY\ VH VWiYi SĜHPtVWČQt QHKPRWQê XåLWHþQê HIHNW 'RSUDYD
QHPi YOLY QD XåLWHþQRX KRGQRWX YêURENĤ DOH ]Y\ãXMH YêUREQt QiNODG\ 3URWR VQLåRYiQt
GRSUDYQtFK QiNODGĤ PĤåH RYOLYQLW HNRQRPLNX YêURE\ SĜHGHYãtP MH-OL SRGtO QiNODGĤ QD
GRSUDYX FHONRYêFK YêUREQtFK QiNODGĤ YêUD]Qê 9 ]HPČGČOVNp YêUREČ MVRX QiNODG\ QD
SĜHPtVĢRYiQtDVNODGRYiQtPDWHULiOĤDå]YêUREQtFKQiNODGĤDDå]
SĜtPêFKQiNODGĤQDPHFKDQL]RYDQpRSHUDFH>@
'RSUDYD Y ]HPČGČOVWYt VH YêUD]QČ RGOLãXMH RG GRSUDY\ Y RVWDWQtFK RGYČWYtFK KRVSRGiĜVWYt 7\WR
RGOLãQRVWLPDMtYOLYQDGUXKGRSUDYQtWHFKQLN\LQD]SĤVRERUJDQL]DFHY Ĝt]HQtGRSUDYQtFKRSHUDFtY
]HPČGČOVWYt
0$7(5,È/$0(72',.$
3UR KRGQRFHQt E\O Y\EUiQ SRGQLN =HPRV =XEþLFH VSRO V UR NWHUê MH Y\EDYHQ
V\VWpPHPYêPČQQêFKQiVWDYHE)OLHJOĜDG\V HQHUJHWLFNêPSURVWĜHGNHP1HZ+RODQG
76 3RGQLN VH UR]KRGO ]DNRXSLW SRGYR]HN NRUEX V YêWODþQêP ãWtWHP UR]PHWDFt
QiVWDYEX D FLVWHUQX V DSOLNiWRUHP NHMG\ QD REUi]NX 5R]ORKD REKRVSRGDĜRYDQêFK
SR]HPNĤMH KHNWDUĤ] WRKRY RVHYQtPSRVWXSX]DXMtPDMtKHNWDUĤRUQiSĤGDD
KHNWDUĤ ORXN\ D SDVWYLQ\ 9êPČQQê V\VWpP MH Y\XåtYiQ SUR RGYR] RELORYLQ RG
VNOt]HFtFK POiWLþHN UR]PHWiQt KQRMH D DSOLNDFL NHMG\ D PRþĤYN\ QD RUQRX SĤGX L ORXN\
3RGQLN SRVN\WO SRWĜHEQp ~GDMH SUR YêSRþHW HNRQRPLFNêFK SDUDPHWUĤ SRPRFt SURJUDPX
7HFK&RQVXOW®.
98
2EUi]HN6\VWpPHPYêPČQQêFKQiVWDYHE)OLHJO
2EUi]HN5R]PHWDFtQiVWDYED
2EUi]HN&LVWHUQDV DSOLNiWRUHPNHMG\
99
9é6/('.<
=HPČGČOVNê SRGQLN =HPRV VSRO V UR YH NWHUpP E\OR SURYHGHQR ]MLãWČQt KRGQRW
MLPL SRXåtYDQpKR YêPČQQpKR V\VWpPX )OLHJO ĜDG\ SUR HNRQRPLFNp KRGQRFHQt WpWR
SUiFHSRXåtYiFLVWHUQXV PRåQRVWtDSOLNDFtNHMG\NRUEXV YêWODþQêPãWtWHPDUR]PHWDGOR
QD REUi]NX >@ &LVWHUQD V DSOLNiWRUHP QD REUi]NX MH SRXåtYiQD SUR KQRMHQt OXN
SDVWYLQDSČVWRYDQêFKSORGLQQDRUQpSĤGČDMHMtURþQtYêNRQQRVWGRVDKXMHKD]DURN
(NRQRPLFNp Y\KRGQRFHQt E\OR SURYHGHQR SRPRFt SURJUDPX 7HFK&RQVXOW®.
Z SURWRNROĤE\O\Y\EUiQ\~GDMHSUR]Qi]RUQČQtNWHUpMVRXXYHGHQ\Y WDEXOFH
7DEXOND(NRQRPLFNpXND]DWHOH
9êPČQQiQiVWDYED
3RĜL]RYDFtFHQD>.þ@
$PRUWL]DFH>.þURN@
1iNODG\ QD JDUiåRYiQt
>.þURN@
3RMLãWČQt>.þURN@
6SRWĜHED3+0>.þURN@
2SUDY\D~GUåED>.þURN@
0]GDREVOXK\>.þURN@
&HONHP>.þURN@
&HQDSUiFHQDWUKX>.þW-@
>.þKD-@
'RSRUXþHQi
FHQD
Y\SRþWHQi SURJUDPHP
>.þW@>.þKD@
9êNRQQRVWVWURMH
'RSRUXþHQiYêNRQQRVW
.RUED
&LVWHUQD
5R]PHWDGOR
149 434
.þW
139 194
.þKD
169 877
.þKD
341 .þW
961 .þKD
1235 .þKD
WURN
11 WURN
KDURN
KDURN
KDURN
KDURN
3ĜLYêSRþWXE\OR]MLãWČQRåHGRVDåHQiYêNRQQRVWYSRGQLNXMHQLåãtQHåKRGQRWD
Y\SRþWHQiDGRSRUXþHQiHNRQRPLFNêPSURJUDPHP7HFK&RQVXOW®7DWRKRGQRWDVHOLãtR
KD ]D URN D PĤåH EêW NDåGêP URNHP MLQi FRå ]DSĜtþLĖXMH UR]ORKD SĜLKQRMRYDQêFK
SČVWRYDQêFK SORGLQ D YDULDELOLWD RVHYQtKR SRVWXSX 3UR SĜHYR] V\SNêFK D
YHONRREMHPRYêFK PDWHULiOĤ ]DNRXSLO SRGQLN NRUEX V YêWODþQêP ãWtWHP NWHUi XPRåĖXMH
QDORåHQtDåWSĜHSUDYRYDQpKRPDWHULiOXDPRåQRVWY\NOiSČQtY Qt]NêFKEXGRYiFKDQD
VYDKX &HONRYp PQRåVWYt PDWHULiOX SĜHSUDYRYDQpKR WRXWR NRUERX ]D URN þLQt W QD
SUĤPČUQRX Y]GiOHQRVW SR]HPNX NP $YãDN KRGQRWD Y\SRþWHQi HNRQRPLFNêP
SURJUDPHPE\WHRUHWLFN\PČODGRViKQRXW W]DURNFRåMHYHVNXWHþQRVWLQHUHiOQp
Y]KOHGHP N GDOãtP IDNWRUĤP RYOLYĖXMtFtFK SUiFL Y ]HPČGČOVWYt 'DOãt ]DNRXSHQRX
QiVWDYERX NWHURX O]H QDPRQWRYDW EČKHP PLQXW PtVWR ]DGQtKR þHOD NRUE\ MH
XQLYHU]iOQt UR]PHWDGOR SRXåtYDQp YêKUDGQČ SUR UR]PHWiQt KQRMH $QL X WpWR QiVWDYE\
QHGRVDKXMH VNXWHþQi KRGQRWD URþQt YêNRQQRVWL KRGQRW\ GRSRUXþHQp 7HFK&RQVXOWHP®.
5R]GtOþLQtKD]DURN
&HONRYi YêNRQQRVW SRXåtYDQêFK YêPČQQêFK QiVWDYHE QHSĜHNUDþXMH KRGQRW\
Y\SRþWHQpHNRQRPLFNêPSURJUDPHP7HFK&RQVXOW®NWHUêVHVQDåtRHNRQRPLFNêSURYR]D
HIHNWLYQt Y\XåLWt YãHFK Y\EUDQêFK VWURMĤ ] MHKR GDWDEi]H 9êPČQQê V\VWpP PXVHO EêW
XSUDYHQSRGOHPRåQRVWtNWHUêFKMHVWURMY SRGQLNXVFKRSHQGRViKQRXW3URWRYNDWDORJX
VWURMĤ O]H QDMtW SRX]H W\ KRGQRW\ NWHUp MVRX XYHGHQ\ YH VWDQGDUGHFK D RG YêUREFĤ
]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
100
=È9ċ5
8åtYiQt GRSUDYQtFK V\VWpPĤ V YêPČQQêPL QiVWDYEDPL VH Y ]HPČGČOVNêFK
SRGQLFtFK KRGQČ XSODWĖXMH 9êKRGRX MH YDULDELOLWD QDVD]HQt VWURMĤ SUR UĤ]Qp ~þHO\
K MHGQRPX SRGYR]NX O]H SRĜtGLW Då RVP QiVWDYHE NWHUp VH PČQt GOH SRWĜHE\ D UR]VDKX
Y\NRQiYDQpSUiFH9êPČQDQiVWDYHEMHSRPČUQČU\FKOiDQHQiURþQiN MHMtPXSURYHGHQt
MVRX]DSRWĜHEtPD[GYDSUDFRYQtFL7tPMH]DUXþHQDIOH[LELOLWDVWURMĤRGSĜtSUDY\SĤG\Då
SRVNOL]HĖ
1HMGĤOHåLWČMãt IDNWRU\ RYOLYĖXMtFt YROEX QiNXSX GRSUDYQtKR V\VWpPX YêPČQQêFK
QiVWDYHE SUR SĜHSUDYX ]HPČGČOVNêFK NRPRGLW MVRX SRĜL]RYDFt FHQD URþQt QDVD]HQt
VRXSUDY\DFHQDSUiFHQDWUKX
1D WUKX VH Y\VN\WXMH YHONp PQRåVWYt GRSUDYQtFK ]DĜt]HQt V Y\PČQLWHOQêPL
QiVWDYEDPL -DN E\OR ]MLãWČQR URþQt YêNRQQRVW VWURMĤ NWHUi MH QXWQi SUR Y\NRQiQt
SRWĜHE SRGQLNX VH PXVt SRURYQDW V PLQLPiOQt URþQt YêNRQQRVWt 'iOH E\OR ]MLãWČQR åH
FHQDSUiFHQDWUKXPĤåHEêWQLåãtQHåFHQDYODVWQtSUiFH
3RGQLN\ NWHUp SĜHPêãOt R NRXSL QRYpKR GRSUDYQtKR V\VWpPX E\ PČO\ XYiåLW
PRåQRVWLQDVD]HQtVWURMĤDSRGOHWRKRY\EUDWYêPČQQRXQiVWDYEXRYêNRQQRVWLSRWĜHEQp
v SRGQLNXDQHER]DMLVWLWSUiFLVOXåEDPL
1D]iNODGČSURYHGHQêFKYêSRþWĤY\SOêYiSURSRGQLN=HPRVVSROV URVHVtGOHP
v =XEþLFtFK GRSRUXþHQt ]YêãLW URþQt YêNRQQRVW YãHFK XåtYDQêFK QiVWDYHE Y SURYR]X
SRGQLNXQHERXYiåLWPRåQRVWSURQDMPRXWVRXSUDYXSURSUiFLMLQêPSRGQLNĤP
/LWHUDWXUD
6<529é25DFLRQDOL]DFHPDQLSXODFHVPDWHULiOHPY]HPČGČOVWYt6=13UDKD
)/,(*/6SHFLiOQtSĜHSUDYQtN\
3RGQLNRYp~GDMH=HPRVVSROV UR
&RQWDFWDGUHVV
,QJ0LODQ)UtG&6FIULG#]IMFXF];
,QJ9iFODY9iYUD3K'YDYUD#]IMFXF].
,QJ,YR&HOMDN&6FFHOMDN#]IMFXF];
,QJ-RVHI)UROtN&6FIUROLN#]IMFXF];
-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWD Y ýHVNêFK %XGČMRYLFtFK=HPČGČOVNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD ]HPČGČOVNpGRSUDYQt
DPDQLSXODþQtWHFKQLN\D VOXåHE6WXGHQWVNiýHVNp%XGČMRYLFH
101
9<+2'12&(1Ë8.$=$7(/ģ67$983ģ'< 9=È9,6/267,1$=+871ċ1Ë3ģ'<
3ě(-(='< =(0ċ'ċ/6.287(&+1,.2U
/8.Èâ67$1ċ. 3(75129È.3$9(/35OCHÁZKA, .$7(ě,1$-,5È1.29È
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY3UD]H.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
$EVWUDFW
,QWKLVSDSHUZHH[DPLQHWKHUHODWLYHLPSRUWDFHRIVRLOFRPSDFWLRQDQGVRLOGU\LQJ
DVIDFWRUVWKDWOHDGWRVWURQJVRLO7KLVSDSHULVIRFXVHGRQGHWHUPLQDWLRQRISHQHWUDWLRQ
UHVLVWDQFHZKLOHGLIHUHQWYDULDQWVRIFURVVLQJ- WUDIILFNHGIDUPWHFKQLTXHVXSODQGRIVLODJH
PDL]H 8QGHVLUDEOH VRLO FRPSDFWLRQ LV FRQWULEXWLQJ FDXVH RI H[FHVVLYH YDULDELOLW\ RI VRLO
TXDOLW\ ZKLFK DSSURYH GXULQJ DJULFXOWXUDO RSHUDWLRQ RQ ODQG 0DQXDO SHQHWURPHWHU IURP
*HRWHVW DQG UHJLVWUDWLRQ SHQHWURPHWU ZDV XVHG IRU SXUSRVHV RI PHDVXULQJ WKH VRLO
FRPSDFWLRQ6RLOZDVH[SRVHGWRFURVVLQJ– WUDIILFNHGRIWUDFWRU1HZ+ROODQG7DQG
WDQNZLWKKRVHDSSOLFDWRU=XQKDPPHU.ZLWKGLJHVWDWIURPELRJDVVWDWLRQ
.H\ ZRUGV VRLO FRPSDFWLRQ SHQHWUDWLRQ UHVLVWDQFH PDQXDO SHQHWURPHWHU UHJLVWUDWLRQ
SHQHWURPHWUWUDIILFNHGODQG
Ò92'
1HåiGRXFt ]KXWĖRYiQt SĤG\ MH MHGQRX ] KODYQtFK SĜtþLQ QDGPČUQp YDULDELOLW\
YODVWQRVWt SĤG\ SURMHYXMtFtFK VH SĜL DJURWHFKQLFNêFK ]iNURFtFK QD SR]HPNX 9 GQHãQt
GREČ MH ãNRGOLYp ]KXWĖRYiQt SĤG\ QD SR]HPFtFK YêVOHGNHP QHJDWLYQtKR YOLYX WUDNWRUĤ
D RVWDWQtFK ]HPČGČOVNêFK VWURMĤ SĤVREtFtFK QD SĤGX $EUDKiP 'LVHUHQV XYiGt åH QD ]KXWĖRYiQt SĤG VH Yê]QDPQČ SRGtOt GRSUDYD SR SROL GiOH QHGRNRQDOp
]SUDFRYiQt SĤG QHYKRGQêPL VWURML VWHMQi KORXEND RUE\ YVWXS\ PHFKDQL]DþQtFK
SURVWĜHGNĤQDSROHSĜLY\VRNpYOKNRVWL
1DGPČUQp ORNiOQt UR]GtO\ YH ]SUDFRYDWHOQRVWL SĤG\ QD MHGQRP SR]HPNX PDMt ]D
GĤVOHGHN ]KRUãHQt NYDOLW\ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ QHGRGUåRYiQt DJURWHFKQLFNêFK OKĤW
D SRåDGDYNĤ QD XORåHQt RVLYD GR SĤG\ SĜL VHWt L ]KRUãHQt SRGPtQHN SUR WYRUEX
Y\URYQDQêFK SRURVWĤ SORGLQ 0H]L QHJDWLYQtPL GĤVOHGN\ SDWĜt VQtåHQt YêQRVX SORGLQ
]YêãHQt QiNODGĤ QD QiVOHGQp ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ SRSĜtSDGČ QiSUDYQp RSHUDFH L GDOãt
QHSĜt]QLYpGĤVOHGN\]HMPpQD]KRUãHQiSURSXVWQRVWSĤG\SUR YRGX]YêãHQpUL]LNRYRGQt
HUR]HSĤG\QDVYDåLWêFKSR]HPFtFK
+ODYQtP U\VHP VRXþDVQêFK YêYRMRYêFK WUHQGĤ Y ]HPČGČOVWYt MH ]DPČĜHQt QD
VQLåRYiQt QiNODGĤ D Y\XåLWt WHFKQRORJLt NWHUp SĜHGVWDYXMt SĜtQRV SUR åLYRWQt SURVWĜHGt YH
VURYQiQtV NRQYHQþQtPLWHFKQRORJLHPL=KDQJHWDO
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
0ČĜHQtDKRGQRFHQtE\OR]DPČĜHQRQDXND]DWHOHSHQHWUDþQtKRRGSRUXSĤG\XþW\Ĝ
YDULDQWSĜHMH]GĤSRSR]HPNX3ĤGDE\ODY\VWDYHQDSĤVREHQtSRMH]GRYpKR~VWURMtWUDNWRUX
1HZ+ROODQG7V QiYČVQRXFLVWHUQRXDKDGLFRYêPDSOLNiWRUHPV YOHþQêPLKDGLFHPL
=XQKDPPHU . NWHUêP E\O DSOLNRYiQ GLJHVWiW ] ELRSO\QRYp VWDQLFH 9DULDQW\
SĜHMH]GĤSRSR]HPNXYþHWQČKPRWQRVWLVRXSUDY\DGiOHSRXåtYDQp]NUDWN\MVRXXYHGHQ\
v WDEXOFH
102
7DE9DULDQW\SĜHMH]GĤ
%H]SĜHMH]GX
+PRWQRVW
VRXSUDY\
>NJ@
X
3ĜHMH]GVRXSUDY\- SUi]GQiFLVWHUQD
3ĜHMH]GVRXSUDY\- ]SRORYLQ\QDSOQČQiFLVWHUQD
3ĜHMH]GVRXSUDY\ - SOQiFLVWHUQD
9DULDQWDSĜHMH]GX
=NUDWND
0LPRSĜHMH]G
3Ui]GQiFLVWHUQD
QiGUå
=SRORYLQ\
SUi]GQiFLVWHUQD
QiGUå
3OQiFLVWHUQD
QiGUå
0HWRGD SHQHWURPHWULH MH PHWRGRX QHSĜtPRX SUR PČĜHQt ]KXWQČQt SĤdy.
%HQJRXJK0XOOLQV
3UR~þHO\PČĜHQt]KXWQČQtE\OY\XåLWUXþQtSHQHWURPHWURGILUP\*HRWHVWV NWHUêP
VHPČĜLORY KORXENiFKPHWUXýHWQRVWPČĜHQtQDNDåGpYDULDQWČ
'iOHE\ORPČĜHQRV UHJLVWUDþQtPSHQHWURPHWUHP3(1V YUFKRORYêP~KOHP
Y\YLQXWêP QD7HFKQLFNpIDNXOWČý=8Y 3UD]HýHWQRVWPČĜHQtQDNDåGpYDULDQWČ
0ČĜHQtVHXVNXWHþQLORþHUYQD, GQĤSRSĜHMH]GHFKQDSR]HPNXD
GQt SR ]DVHWt NXNXĜLFH QD SR]HPNX =' 'ROQt ÒMH]G DV 9OKNRVW SĤG\ Y GREČ PČĜHQt
SHQHWURPHWUHP KPRWQRVWQtFK 1D SROL E\OR KRVSRGDĜHQR VWDQGDUGQtPL RUHEQtPL
WHFKQRORJLHPL 1DPČĜHQp KRGQRW\ E\O\ VWDWLVWLFN\ Y\KRGQRFHQ\ V Y\XåLWtP SURJUDPX
6WDWLVWLFD
2EU5XþQtSHQHWURPHWU
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
103
5XþQtSHQHWURPHWU
'tOþtYêVOHGN\VWDWLVWLFNpKR]SUDFRYiQtGDWMVRX]Qi]RUQČQ\ NUDELFRYêPJUDIHPQD
REU
2EU.UDELFRYêJUDISHQHWUDþQtKRRGSRUXQDPČĜHQpKRUXþQtPSHQHWURPHWUHPSURMHGQRWOLYp
YDULDQW\SĜHMH]GXVRXSUDY\
3UR SRGUREQČMãt Y\KRGQRFHQt SRXåLMHPH 7XNH\ĤY +6' WHVW – VFKHPDWLFNp
]Qi]RUQČQtKRPRJHQQtFKVNXSLQSRGUREQČMãtKRY\KRGQRFHQtDQDOê]\UR]SW\OX– WDE
7DE7XNH\ĤY+6'WHVW- VFKHPDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQt
7XNH\ĤY+6'WHVW5XþQtSHQHWURPHWU
+RPRJHQQtVNXSLQ\DOID &K\EDPH]LVNXS3ý VY 3URP
3UĤPČU
SOQi
QiGUå
4
****
SRORYLQD
QiGUåH
****
SUi]GQi
QiGUå
****
PLPR
SĜHMH]G
****
3RGUREQČMãtPY\KRGQRFHQtPDQDOê]\UR]SW\OXE\OR]MLãWČQRåHVHPH]LVHERXYH
VOHGRYDQpP ]QDNX SHQHWUDþQt RGSRU VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQČ OLãt YDULDQWD SOQi QiGUå RG
104
RVWDWQtFK YDULDQW D YDULDQWD PLPR SĜHMH]G WDNp RG RVWDWQtFK YDULDQW D PH]L YDULDQWRX
SRORYLQD QiGUåHDSUi]GQiQiGUåQHQtVWDWLVWLFN\Yê]QDPQêUR]GtOQDKODGLQČDOID 5HJLVWUDþQtSHQHWURPHWU
=MLãWČQpKRGQRW\SHQHWUDþQtRGSRUXMVRX]Qi]RUQČQ\Y JUDIXQDREU.
2EU*UDISHQHWUDþQtKR RGSRUXSĤG\
Z JUDIX MH SDWUQp åH QHMPHQãí KRGQRW\ SHQHWUDþQtKR RGSRUX E\ly ]MLãWČQ\ X
YDULDQW\ PLPR VWRSX 2VWDWQt YDULDQW\ YH VWRSČ SĜHMH]GX Y\FKi]t Y RUQLþQt YUVWYČ GOH
SĜHGSRNODGXGDQpKRUĤ]QRXKPRWQRVWí VRXSUDY\9 SRGRUQLþQtYUVWYČUR]GtO\VSOêYDMtFRå
MHRYOLYQČQRQHSĜtPêPLYOLY\SĜHGFKR]tKR ]KXWQČQt]KXWQČQtRGRUE\V Mt]GRXÄYEUi]GČ³
QHKRPRJHQLWRX SRGORåt D GDOãt 1DPČĜHQi GDWD E\OD GiOH VWDWLVWLFN\ DQDO\]RYiQD 'tOþt
YêVOHGN\ VWDWLVWLFNpKR ]SUDFRYiQt GDW SUR RUQLþQt YUVWYX – P MVRX ]Qi]RUQČQD
NUDELFRYêPJUDIHPQDREU
105
2EU. .UDELFRYêJUDISHQHWUDþQtKRRGSRUXSURMHGQRWOLYpYDULDQW\Y RUQLþQtYUVYČ
3UR SRGUREQČMãt Y\KRGQRFHQt SRXåLMHPH 7XNH\ĤY +6' WHVW – VFKHPDWLFNp
]Qi]RUQČQtKRPRJHQQtFKVNXSLQSRGUREQČMãtKRY\KRGQRFHQtDQDOê]\UR]SW\OX– WDE
7DE7XNH\ĤY+6'WHVW - VFKHPDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQt
7XNH\~Y+6'WHVWSURPČQQi3URP
+RPRJHQQtVNXSLQ\DOID &K\EDPH]LVNXS3ý VY 3URP
3UĤPČU
SOQi
QiGUå
4
****
SUi]GQi
QiGUå
****
SRORYLQD
QiGUåH
****
PLPR
SĜHMH]G
****
****
3RGUREQČMãtPY\KRGQRFHQtPDQDOê]\UR]SW\OXE\OR]MLãWČQRåHVHVWDWLVWLFN\QHOLãt
YDULDQWD SOQi QiGUå SUi]GQi QiGUå D SRORYLQD QiGUåH PH]L VHERX D OLãt VH RG YDULDQW\
PLPR SĜHMH]G 9DULDQWD SRORYLQD QiGUåH D PLPR SĜHMH]G VH PH]L VHERX WDNp VWDWLVWLFN\
QHOLãtDOHOLãtVHRGRVWDWQtFKYDULDQWYãHQDKODGLQČDOID 106
=È9ċ5
1D ]iNODGČ QDPČĜHQêFK KRGQRW D ]tVNDQêFK YêVOHGNĤ SRPRFt VRIWZDUH 6WDWLVWLFD
9. MVPH ]MLVWLOL VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp UR]GtO\ 6WDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQê UR]GtO E\O SĜL PČĜHQt
UXþQtPSHQHWURPHWUHPYHYDULDQWČSOQiQiGUåRGRVWDWQtFKYDULDQWDPLPRSĜHMH]GWDNpRG
RVWDWQtFK YDULDQW 3ĜL PČĜHQt UHJLVWUDþQtP SHQHWURPHWUHP YH YDULDQWiFK SOQi QiGUå
SUi]GQiQiGUåDSRORYLQDQiGUåHQHE\OVWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQêUR]GtO, DOH QDVWDONYDULDQWČ
PLPR SĜHMH]G 9DULDQWD SRORYLQD QiGUåH D PLPR SĜHMH]G VH PH]L VHERX WDNp VWDWLVWLFN\
QHOLãLODDOHOLãLOD VHRGRVWDWQtFKYDULDQW
=MLãWČQi PČĜHQt D KRGQRFHQt MVRX SRGNODGHP N Y\MDGĜRYiQt VWDQRYLãWQt
KHWHURJHQLW\ 1D Y\EUDQpP SR]HPNX VH SĜHMH]G\ Y GREČ SĜHGVHĢRYp SĜtSUDY\ SĤG\ NH
NXNXĜLFLSURMHYLO\YUR]GtOQêFKKRGQRWiFKSHQHWUDþQtKR RGSRUXSĤG\
3ĜHMH]G FLVWHUQ\ ]SĤVRELO QHMLQWHQ]LYQČMãt ]KXWQČQt SĤG\ ]H YãHFK GDOãtFK
DJURWHFKQLFNêFKRSHUDFtSĜHGVHĢRYiSĜtSUDYDVHWtDSOLNDFHSRVWĜLNĤ
/LWHUDWXUD
$%5$+È05-$%/216.é-0HDVXUHPHQWRIVRLOFRPSDFWRLQLQODERUDWRU\FRQGLWLRQV,Q
7UHQGVLQ$JULFXOWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ 3UDKD &]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV3UDJXH)DFXOW\
RI(QJLQHHULQJ–
BENGOUGH A.G., MULLI16&(0HFKDQLFDOLPSHGDQFHWRURRWJURZWKDUHYLHZ
RI H[SHULPHQWDO WHFKQLTXHV DQG URRW JURZWK UHVSRQVHV -RXUQDO 6RLO 6FLHQFH –
',6(5(16 ( (UPLWWOXQJ GHU 5HLIHQ-.RQWDNWIOlFKH LP )HOG PLWWHOV 5HFKHQPRGHOO (LQH
ZLFKWLJH9RUDXVVHW]XQJXPGLH%RGHQEHDVSUXFKXQJLP$FNHUEDX]XEHXUWHLOHQ7lQLNRQ)$7
=+$1*1:$1*03UHFLVLRQDJULFXOWXUH-$YDLODEOHDW
KWWSZZZVFLHQFHGLUHFWFRP DFFHVVHG$XJXVW
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ/XNiã6WDQČN, &]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHVLQ3UDJXH7HFKQLFDO)DFXOW\3UDTXH
&]HFK, 5HSXEOLN3KRQH(-PDLOVWDQHNO#WIF]XF]
107
9é12629e0$3<1(%2'PZ
9È&/$9ä'Ë0$/ -,ěË3263Ëâ,/ 9È&/$9â$)Èě
0HQGHORYDXQLYHU]LWDY %UQČ$JURQRPLFNiIDNXOWDÒVWDYDSOLNRYDQpDNUDMLQQpHNRORJLH
ÒVWDY]HPČGČOVNpSRWUDYLQiĜVNpDHQYLURQPHQWiOQtWHFKQLN\ GEODIS BRNO
$EVWUDNW
-HGQRX ] PRåQRVWt Y\XåLWt GiONRYpKR SUĤ]NXPX =HPČ '3= MH VOHGRYiQt
YêYRMRYêFK Ii]t YHJHWDFH 6SHNWUiOQt FKRYiQt YHJHWDFH VH Y\]QDþXMH Yê]QDPQêP
QiUĤVWHP RGUD]LYRVWL Y EOt]Np LQIUDþHUYHQp þiVWL VSHNWUD 3RGVWDWRX SXEOLNRYDQpKR
VOHGRYiQt E\OR RYČĜLW MDN VH PČQt UHIOHNWDQFH SORGLQ\ QD SR]HPNX D MDN W\WR ]PČQ\
NRUHOXMtV ~GDML]tVNDQêPLSĜLPDSRYiQtYêQRVĤY SUD[LSRXåtYDQêPLPHWRGDPL9êQRVRYp
PDS\ E\O\ ]tVNiQ\ V\VWpPHP $*52&20 /HWHFNp VQtPNRYiQt E\OR SURYHGHQR YH GYRX
VSHNWUiOQtFK SiVPHFK 5(' - QP D 1,5 - QP D YH WĜHFK REGREtFK
þHUYHQGYDNUiWþHUYHQHFDNYČWHQ=GDWE\ODY\WYRĜHQDRUWRIRWRPDSD
YHOLNRVW SL[HOX [ P VWDQRYHQ 1'9, D NRUHODFH PH]L NDQiO\ Y MHGQRWOLYêFK
WHUPtQHFK VQtPNRYiQt D PH]L GRVWXSQêPL YêQRVRYêPL PDSDPL 8 R]LPp SãHQLFH E\OD
]MLãWČQD VLOQi ]iYLVORVW PH]L NDQiO\ 5(' D 1,5 Y REGREtFK þHUYHQ D NYČWHQ 6WHMQi]iYLVORVWE\ODSR]RURYiQDX1'9,DPH]LUHIOHNWDQFtDYêQRVRYêPLPDSDPL7\WR
vêVOHGN\XNi]DO\åHH[LVWXMH]iYLVORVWPH]LUHIOHNWDQFtDPH]LYêQRVRYêPLPDSDPL
.OtþRYiVORYD GiONRYêSUĤ]NXP=HPČVSHNWUiOQtSiVPDYêQRVRYpPDS\
Ò92'
-HGQRX ] PRåQRVWt Y\XåLWt GiONRYpKR SUĤ]NXPX =HPČ MH VOHGRYiQt YHJHWDFH D
Y\XåLWt WRKRWR VOHGRYiQt Y V\VWpPHFK SUHFL]QtKR ]HPČGČOVWYt 6SHNWUiOQt FKRYiQt
YHJHWDFHVHY\]QDþXMHSĜHGHYãtPYê]QDPQêPQiUĤVWHPRGUD]LYRVWLY EOt]NpLQIUDþHUYHQp
þiVWL VSHNWUD %ČåQČ VH XYiGt åH YH YLGLWHOQp REODVWL VSHNWUD MH YHJHWDFt RGUDåHQR DVL
GRSDGDMtFtKR]iĜHQt]DWtPFRY EOt]NpLQIUDþHUYHQpREODVWLVSHNWUDMHWRRNROR 2GUD]LYRVW URVWOLQ MH RYOLYĖRYiQD RNROQtP SURVWĜHGtP DOH L REVDKHP FKORURI\OX D MLQêFK
URVWOLQQêFK SLJPHQWĤ MDNR MVRX NDURWHQ\ [DQWKRI\O\ DQWKRN\DQLG\ 5RYQČå SRYUFKRYi
VWUXNWXUD OLVWX REVDK YRG\ Y EXQČþQêFK D PH]LEXQČþQêFK SURVWRUiFK MH SUR RGUD]LYRVW
GĤOHåLWiýtPNROPČMLMHRULHQWRYiQDSORFKDVWČQ\EXĖN\N GRSDGDMtFtPX]iĜHQtWtPYČWãt
MH RGUD]LYRVW OLVWX 9ê]QDP MH WĜHED SĜLNOiGDW L SRþWX EXQČþQêFK YUVWHY OLVWX D MHMLFK
VWUXNWXĜH /LVWRYi PRUIRORJLH D EXQČþQi VWUXNWXUD MVRX MHGQtP ] GĤOHåLWêFK IDNWRUĤ
RYOLYĖXMtFtFKRGUD]LYRVWURVWOLQ\L v EOt]NpPLQIUDþHUYHQpPSiVPXVSHNWUD
2SWLFNê UDGLDþQt SURMHY MHGQRWOLYêFK VWDYRYêFK SDUDPHWUĤ QHER NRPSOH[X
VWDYRYêFK SDUDPHWUĤ ]HPČGČOVNêFK SORGLQ ]MLãĢRYDQê SR]HPQtPL GHWHNWRU\ UDGLRPHWU\
VSHNWURPHWU\MHSRSLVRYiQSRPRFtYãHREHFQČ]QiPêFKVSHNWUiOQtFKNRHILFLHQWĤRGUD]X
3RSLV NWHUê MH YH VYČWRYp OLWHUDWXĜH XYiGČQ þDVWR D MLå YHOPL GORXKR YãDN Y åiGQpP
SĜtSDGČ QHPi REHFQRX SODWQRVW -H VWDYČQ QD SR]HPQtFK VSHNWURPHWULFNêFK
UDGLRPHWULFNêFK PČĜHQtFK NWHUi MVRX SURYiGČQD Y þDVRYČ D SURVWRURYČ RPH]HQpP
UR]VDKX WDN DE\ Y\VWLKOD YOLY Y\EUDQêFK ELRPHWULFNêFK SHGRORJLFNêFK QHER
PHWHRURORJLFNêFK SDUDPHWUĤ QD VSHNWUiOQt RGUD]LYRVW URVWOLQ 9OLY QD SURPČQOLYRVW
VSHNWUiOQtFK NRHILFLHQWĤ RGUD]X Pi PQRKR IDNWRUĤ GUXK SORGLQ\ YþHWQČ JHQRW\SX EDUYD
SORGLQ\ REVDK FKORURI\OX +DERXGDQH D NRO KXVWRWD YêVHYX IHQRORJLFNi Ii]H
SORGLQ\ YêãND SRURVWX ]iSRM SRURVWX YêVNDW SOHYHOQêFK GUXKĤ REVDK OiWHN Y URVWOLQiFK
=KDQJDNRO5H\QLHUVDNRODGDOãt
3RXåLWt'3=SUR ]HPČGČOVWYtMH GORXKRGREČYHVIpĜH]iMPXYČGHFNêFKWêPĤ-LåRG
SRþiWNX VOHGRYiQt ]HPČGČOVNêFK SORGLQ SURVWĜHGN\ '3= MH VQDKD Y\WYRĜLW NDWDORJ
FKDUDNWHUL]XMtFt MHGQRWOLYp SORGLQ\ Y XUþLWp IHQRIi]L 9]KOHGHP N PQRåVWYt YOLYĤ
RYOLYĖXMtFtFKRGUD]RYpYODVWQRVWLURVWOLQMH WpPČĜQHPRåQpVWDQRYLWMHMLFKKRGQRW\REHFQČ
SODWQp -H DOH PRåQp VWDQRYLW ORNiOQČ UHODWLYQt ]PČQ\ Y ]iYLVORVWL QD PČQtFtFK VH
108
SRGPtQNiFK'DWD]tVNDQiSĜL'3=GRNiåt]DVWHMQêFKVWDQRYLãWQtFKSRGPtQHNRGOLãLWGYČ
RGUĤG\ VWHMQp SORGLQ\ DOH MHGQD RGUĤGD ]D UR]GtOQêFK VWDQRYLãWQtFK SRGPtQHN Y\ND]XMH
YHONRX SURPČQOLYRVW Y ~GDMtFK 3ĜL '3= RYOLYĖXMH YDULDELOLWX GDW YHOPL Yê]QDPQČ WDNp
GĜtYČMãtþLQQRVWþORYČND*RMGD
9KRGQRVWSRXåLWêFKVSHNWUiOQtFKSiVHPMHþDVWRGLVNXWRYDQRXRWi]NRX)HUZHUGD
6NLGPRUHD0XWDQJD6WDQGDUGQČVHSRXåtYDMtSiVPDþHUYHQp5('-QP
D EOt]Np LQIUDþHUYHQp 1,5 - QP 3UR ]YêUD]QČQt LQIRUPDFt ]tVNDQêFK '3= VH
SRXåtYDMtW]YYHJHWDþQtLQGH[\NWHUpY\MDGĜXMtY]WDKPH]LRGUD]LYRVWtYLQWHUYDOXþHUYHQp
YLGLWHOQp þiVWL VSHNWUD 5(' D Y EOt]Np LQIUDþHUYHQp þiVWL VSHNWUD 1,5 1RUPDOL]RYDQê
GLIHUHQþQtYHJHWDþQtLQGH[1'9,- 1RUPDOL]HG'LIIHUHQFH9HJHWDWLRQ,QGH[MH
1'9, 1,5-5('1,55('
0(72',.$
5HIOHNWDQFHURVWOLQMHYHOPLRYOLYQČQDSRGPtQNDPLUĤVWXURVWOLQ6WiORVWSRGPtQHN
PĤåH EêW YêUD]QČ RYOLYQČQD ]iVDK\ þORYČND 3RGVWDWRX VOHGRYiQt E\OR XUþLW MDN
UHIOHNWDQFHNRUHOXMHVYêQRVHPQDSR]HPNX
3UR ĜHãHQt SURMHNWX E\O ]YROHQ SR]HPHN â=3 äDEþLFH &]HFK 5HSXEOLF
48qs1 qs ( P QP â=3 äDEþLFHê KRVSRGDĜt Y NXNXĜLþQp YêUREQt
REODVWL3ROQtYêUREDMH]DPČĜHQDQDSURGXNFLRELOQLQDStFQLQåLYRþLãQiYêUREDQDFKRY
VNRWXDSUDVDW
2EU2GUD]LYRVWDYêQRVRYiGDWDY URFH
1D ]iNODGČ]NXãHQRVWt D]GĤYRGXVURYQDWHOQRVWLYêVOHGNĤ V MLQêPLYê]NXP\E\OR
SURYHGHQRY OHWHFK– VQtPNRYiQtYHGYRXVSHNWUiOQtFKSiVPHFK-QP
D- QPYHGYRXWHUPtQHFK– NRQHFNYČWQDDå]DþiWHNþHUYQDDNRQHFþHUYQDDå
]DþiWHNþHUYHQFH9]KOHGHPN YêYRMLSORGLQDSRGPtQNiPSURVQtPiQtVHPRKRXWHUPtQ\
SRVXQRXW 3UYQt WHUPtQ E\O QHMYKRGQČMãt SUR VOHGRYiQt SãHQLFH D MHþPHQH GUXKê WHUPtQ
E\O QHMYKRGQČMãt SUR NXNXĜLFL 9 SUYQtP WHUPtQX VQtPNRYiQt MH X R]LPp SãHQLFH
SĜHGSRNOiGiQD UĤVWRYi Ii]H - GOH %%&+ D YH GUXKpP WHUPtQX MH X NXNXĜLFH
SĜHGSRNOiGiQDUĤVWRYiIi]H-GOH%%&+6QtPNRYiQtSURYHGODILUPD*HRGLVOHWDGOHP
109
Z-$ ýPHOiN NWHUê MH Y\EDYHQ GLJLWiOQt NDPHURX +DVVHOEODG D ILOWU\ SUR VQtPiQt
]YROHQêFKVSHNWUiOQtFKSiVHPYêãNDVQtPNRYiQtE\ODPHWUĤQDGWHUpQHPYHOLNRVW
SL[HOXGRPHWUXVWĜHGQtWHUpQPHWUĤQDGPRĜHP+ODYQtPLVOHGRYDQêPLSORGLQDPL
E\OL MHþPHQ SãHQLFH D NXNXĜLFH 6RXþiVWt VQtPNRYiQt E\OD DQDO\WLFNi WULDQJXODFH
RUWRJRQDOL]DFH D WYRUED RUWRIRWRPDS\ Y]KOHGHP N YêãFH VQtPNRYiQt D SRXåLWp PHWRGČ
QHE\OD SRXåLWD DWPRVIpULFNi NRUHNFH 1DVQtPDQi GDWD E\OD ]SUDFRYiQD Y SURVWĜHGt *,6
$UF9LHZD(UGDV,PDJLQH9êVOHGN\PČĜHQtRGUD]LYRVWLY NYČWQXURNXE\O\VURYQiQ\
V YêQRVRYêPLGDW\]SR]HPNX]HVWHMQpKRURNX]tVNDQRXVNOt]HFtPOiWLþNRX&ODDV2EU
D]SUDFRYiQ\V Y\XåLWtPVWDWLVWLFNpKRSURJUDPX6WDWLVWLFD2EU
2EU3RURYQiQtYêQRVXDUHIOHNWDQFH
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
1D ]YROHQpP SR]HPNX E\OR Y\EUiQR SORFK R UR]PČUX [ PHWUĤ YH
NWHUêFKE\O]QiPYêQRVLUHIOHNWDQFH.RUHODFHPH]LWČPLWR GYČPLSURPČQQêPLE\OD
V Yê]QDPQRVWtQDKODGLQČS .RUHODFL O]H LQWHUSUHWRYDW MDNR VWĜHGQt VRXYLVORVW PH]L GYČPD SURPČQQêPL
9ê]QDPQRVW QD KODGLQČ S < MH GDQi SRþWHP SUYNĤ Ä2NRPHWULFNê³ RGKDG E\O
YêUD]QČMãtDQDGČMQČMãtDGDQêYêVOHGHNMHWĜHEDSRGURELWGDOãtPX]NRXPiQt=DQHMVODEãt
þOiQHNO]HXUþLWSĜHVQRVWVWDQRYHQtYêQRVRYpPDS\3ĜHVQRVWVWDQRYHQtNRQNUpWQtKRGQRW\
YêQRVX SUR SRWĜHE\ SRURYQiQt V GDW\ ] '3= MH RYOLYQČQD Y\XåLWtP NRQVWUXNþQtKR ]iEČUX
åDFtOLãW\
110
=È9ċ5
9êVOHGN\ XNi]DO\ åH H[LVWXMH XUþLWi ]iYLVORVW PH]L UHIOHNWDQFt ]HPČGČOVN\
Y\XåtYDQpKR SR]HPNX Y NRQNUpWQtP XPtVWČQt D YêQRVHP 7HQWR ]iYČU XPRåQt
SĜHGSRNOiGDW V XUþLWRX SUDYGČSRGREQRVWt UR]ORåHQt 1'9, D YêQRVX Y PLQXOêFK D
EXGRXFtFK OHWHFK QD ]iNODGČ DNWXiOQtKR OHWHFNpKR VQtPNRYiQt 7R O]H Y\XåtW SĜL
SRVWXSHFK SUHFL]QtKR ]HPČGČOVWYt NG\ '3= PĤåH EêW MHGQRX ]H VORåHN SUHFL]QtKR
]HPČGČOVWYt
/LWHUDWXUD
FERWERDA, J. G., SKI'025( $ . 087$1GA, O. 1LWURJHQ GHWHFWLRQ ZLWK
K\SHUVSDFWUDOQRUPDOL]HGUDWLRLQGLFHVDFURVVPXOWLSOHSODQWVSHFLHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO
RI5HPRWH6HQVLQJS-
GOJDA, M$UFKHRORJLHNUDMLQ\$FDGHPLD3UDKDS
HABOUDANE, D., MILLE5 - 5 3$7(< E., ZARCO-7(-$'$ 3 - 675$CHAN, I.
B+\SHVSDNWUDOYHJHWDWLRQLQGLFHVDQGQRYHODOJRULKPVIRUSUHGLFWLQJJUHHQ/$,RI
FURS FDQRSLHV 0RGHOLQJ DQG YDOLGDWLRQ LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI SUHFLVRQ DJULFXOWXUH 5HPRWH
6HQVLQJRI(QYLURQPHQW S– 5(<1,(56 0 95,1'7S, E. & DE BAERDEMAEKER, J &RPSDULVRQ RI DQ
DHULDO-EDVHGV\VWpPDQGDQRQWKHJURXQGFRQWLQXRXVPHDVXULQJGHYLFHWRSUHGLFW\LHOGRI
ZLQWHUZKHDW(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI$JURQRP\ YROQRS-94.
ZHANG, P., ANDERSON, B. 7$1 % +8$1* ' 0<1(1, 5 3RWHQWLDO
PRQLWRULQJ RI FURS SURGXFWLRQ XVLQJ D VDWHOOLWH-EDVHG &OLPDWH-9DULDELOLW\ ,PSDFW ,QGH[
$JULFXOWXUDODQG)RUHVW0HWHRURORJ\YROQR-S-
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ9iFODYäGtPDO3K'ÒVWDYDSOLNRYDQpDNUDMLQQpHNRORJLH$)=HPČGČOVNi%UQR
]GLPDO#PHQGHOXF]
111
POROVNÁNÍ TECHNOLOGIË=$./È'È1Ë325267ģ&8.529eě(3<
3(75â$ě(&21'ě(-â$ě(&
7)ý=8Y 3UD]HNDWHGUDY\XåLWtVWURMĤ
$EVWUDNW
1D ~]HPt ýHVNp UHSXEOLN\ E\OR Y\EUiQR ]HPČGČOVNêFK SRGQLNĤ YH NWHUêFK MH
SČVWRYiQDFXNURYND9 XYHGHQêFKSRGQLFtFKMHFXNURYNDSČVWRYiQDWČPLWRWHFKQRORJLHPL
7UDGLþQtWHFKQRORJLH–
RUEDDRUJDQLFNpKQRMHQt
RUEDEH]RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQt
0LQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRO– V RUJDQLFNêPKQRMHQtPYČWãLQRXGYČSRGPtWN\GOiWRYiQt
0LQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRO– EH]RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQtGYČSRGPtWN\GOiWRYiQt
1HMY\ããt YêQRV Y]Ni]DOD YDULDQWD þ WM PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH V RUJDQLFNêP
KQRMHQtPNGHE\ORY SUĤPČUXWĜtOHWVNOL]HQRY SUĤPČUX WEXOHY] MHGQRKRKHNWDUX
7DWR YDULDQWD Y\Ni]DOD L QHMY\ããt YêQRV SRODUL]DþQtKR FXNUX WM WāKD- =iURYHĖ
GRViKODXYHGHQiYDULDQWDQHMQLåãtQiNODG\QDMHGQRWNXSURGXNFHWM.þāW-
.OtþRYiVORYD FXNURYND WUDGLþQt WHFKQRORJLH PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH ]SUDFRYiQt
SĤG\PDWHULiORYpQiNODG\SĜtPpQiNODG\FHONRYpQiNODG\YêQRVRYpXND]DWHOH
ÚVOD
5R]YRMQRYêFKWHFKQRORJLt]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\YHVWiWHFKV Y\VSČOêP]HPČGČOVWYtPMH
FKDUDNWHUL]RYiQ HNRQRPLFNêP WODNHP QD VQLåRYiQt QiNODGĤ VSRWĜHE\ HQHUJLH D
HNRORJLFNêPL SRåDGDYN\ QD ]DVWDYHQt SURFHVĤ ]KRUãRYiQt SĤGQtFK YODVWQRVWt -H PRåQp
ĜtFLåHSRVWXSQČMVRXQiNODGQpSUDFRYQtSRVWXS\RPH]RYiQ\DSĜHFKi]tVHN UDFLRQiOQtP
SĤGQČRFKUDQQêPSĜtSDGQČPLQLPDOL]DþQtPWHFKQRORJLtP
$E\ URVWOLQQi YêURED E\OD FR QHMHIHNWLYQČMãt MDN XYiGČMt â,021 â.2'$ D +ģ/$
MHWĜHEDSURYČĜRYDWYãHFKQDDJURQRPLFNiWHFKQLFNiDHNRQRPLFNiRSDWĜHQtWMRG
VWDQRYLãWQtFK SRGPtQHN SĜHV SČVWHEQt WHFKQRORJLH Då SR Ĝt]HQt SRGQLNX YH Y]WDKX
N YêNRQQRVWLURVWOLQQpYêURE\
-H ]QiPR åH ]DORåHQt SRURVWĤ SROQtFK SORGLQ MH MHGQtP ] QHMQiURþQČMãtFK
DJURWHFKQLFNêFKRSDWĜHQtQiNODGRYČLþDVRYČ
Z QHVSRþHWQpKR PQRåVWYt SROQtFK SRNXVĤ V UĤ]QêPL ]SĤVRE\ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\
v ]DKUDQLþt L X QiV E\OD ]tVNiQD ĜDGD QRYêFK SR]QDWNĤ D WR MDN R YOLYX PLQLPiOQtKR
]SUDFRYiQt QD KODYQt SĤGQt YODVWQRVWL WDN L R UHDNFL SROQtFK SORGLQ QD UHGXNRYDQp
REGČOiYiQtSĤG\â.2'$+25È.
3UDNWLFN\ WR ]QDPHQi åH VH SĜL ]DNOiGiQt SRURVWX MLå QHMHGQi R RGGČOHQi
DJURWHFKQLFNiRSDWĜHQtWM]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\DVHWtDOHMGHRXFHOHQRXWHFKQRORJLL]DORåHQt
SRURVWĤSROQtFKSORGLQ
3URYČĜHQt UR]KRGXMtFtFK ]SĤVREĤ ]DNOiGiQt SRURVWĤ FXNURYp ĜHS\ QHMHQ ] KOHGLVND
YêQRVĤDOHLY\KRGQRFHQtYOLYXUR]GtOQêFKWHFKQRORJLtQDUR]KRGXMtFtYODVWQRVWLSĤG\DQD
HNRQRPLNX SČVWRYiQt FXNURYN\ E\O\ KODYQt FtOH SRNXVĤ SURYiGČQêFK ý=8 Y 3UD]H
.DWHGUD DJURHNRORJLH D ELRPHWHRURORJLH QD IDNXOWČ DJURELRORJLH SRWUDYLQRYêFK D
SĜtURGQtFK]GURMĤý=8DNDWHGUDY\XåLWtVWURMĤQDWHFKQLFNpIDNXOWČý=8XPtVWLODYOHWHFK
- SRNXV\ V UĤ]QêP ]SĤVREHP ]DORåHQt SRURVWX FXNURYN\ GR SRGQLNĤ
v ĜHSDĜVNpYêUREQtREODVWLY ýHFKiFKSĜHGHYãtP3RODEtLQD0RUDYČ+DQi
MATERIÁL A 0(72'<
SČVWRYiQD FXNURYND 9 NDåGpP SRGQLNX MH PRQLWRURYiQ DOHVSRĖ MHGHQ KRQ V FXNURYRX
ĜHSRX
112
6OHGRYiQ\DPČĜHQ\MVRX]HMPpQDW\WRKRGQRW\
- $JURWHFKQLFNpXND]DWHOH
- 6SRWĜHEDSDOLYDXYãHFKWHFKQRORJLFNêFKRSHUDFt
- Setí - YêVHYHN GRGUåRYiQt PČUQpKR YêVHYNX KORXEND VHWt Y]GiOHQRVW VHPHQ
PH]LĜiGNRYiY]GiOHQRVWSUDFRYQtU\FKORVWVHFtKRVWURMH
- 3HGRORJLFNp KRGQRFHQt SĤGQt VWUXNWXUD I\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL SĜHGHYãtP
REMHPRYiKPRWQRVWSyURYLWRVW– RGEČU.RSHFNpKRYiOHþNĤQDMDĜHDQDSRG]LP
- 8WXåHQtSĜtS]KXWĖRYiQtSĤG\ – PČĜHQtSHQHWURPHWUHPYOKNRVWSĤG\
- 6SRWĜHEDåLYpSUiFHYêNRQQRVWVRXSUDY
- 3RþW\URVWOLQQDSORãHDMHMLFKUR]PtVWČQt
- 9êQRVRYpSUYN\DYêQRV\MHGQRWOLYêFKSORGLQVNOL]ĖRYp]WUiW\
- 9êVN\WSOHYHOĤFKRUREDãNĤGFĤ
- 3UĤEČKNOLPDWLFNêFKSRGPtQHND MHMLFKYOLYQDYêQRV
- 1iNODG\ QD MHGQRWOLYp ~VHN\ D FHORX WHFKQRORJLL SČVWRYiQt ĜHSN\ R]LPp D
RVWDWQtFKSORGLQ
9 XYHGHQêFKSRGQLFtFKMHSČVWRYiQDFXNURYNDWČPLWRWHFKQRORJLHPL
RUEDDRUJDQLFNpKQRMHQt
7UDGLþQtWHFKQRORJLe –
RUEDEH]RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQt
0LQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRORJLH– V RUJDQLFNêP KQRMHQtP YČWãLQRX GYČ SRGPtWN\ GOiWRYiQt
0LQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRORJLH– EH] RUJDQLFNpKR KQRMHQt GYČ SRGPtWN\ GOiWRYiQt
1iNODGRYi DQDOê]D MH SURYHGHQD SUR YãHFKQ\ þW\ĜL XYHGHQp YDULDQW\ ]DNOiGiQt
SRURVWX FXNURYN\ -HGQRWOLYp WHFKQRORJLH ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ VH OLãt SĜHGHYãtP ]SĤVREHP
]iNODGQtKR]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\3URĜHãHQtE\O\Y\EUiQ\SRVWXS\NWHUpVH]NRXãtQHERMVRX
MLåY ]HPČGČOVNpSUD[LXSODWĖRYiQ\1iNODG\MVRXSRþtWiQ\MDNRSĜtPp1HQtGRQLFKWHG\
]DSRþtWiQ SURQiMHP SĤG\ GDĖ ] SĤG\ D UHåLMQt QiNODG\ SRGQLNĤ = QiNODGĤ QD KQRMHQt
FKOpYVNêPKQRMHPMHN FXNURYFHSRþtWiQRSRX]H
9é6/('.< A DISKUZE
9 URFH 7DEXOND E\O QHMY\ããt SUĤPČUQê YêQRV EXOHY – WāKD- L
SRODUL]DþQtKRFXNUX– WāKD- GRVDåHQXWĜHWtYDULDQW\WMXPLQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRORJLHV
YČWãLQRX GYČPD SURYHGHQêPL SRGPtWNDPL GOiWRYiQtP D V RUJDQLFNêP KQRMHQtP 1D
GUXKpPPtVWČVHV R WāKD- QLåãtPYêQRVHPXPtVWLODWUDGLþQtWHFKQRORJLHV RUJDQLFNêP
KQRMHQtP 7\WR WHFKQRORJLH E\O\ QiVOHGRYiQ\ PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLt EH] RUJDQLFNpKR
KQRMHQtV WāKD- DWUDGLþQtWHFKQRORJLtEH]RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQtNGHE\OYêQRVQHMQLåãt
Z KOHGLVND QiNODGĤ QD KHNWDU Y\FKi]t QHMOpSH PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH EH]
RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQt3RGOHKODYQtKRXND]DWHOHWMQiNODGĤQDMHGQRWNXSURGXNFHGRSDGOD
QHMOpSH WĜHWt YDULDQWD WM PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH V RUJDQLFNêP KQRMHQtP 1DRSDN
QHMY\ããt E\O\ W\WR QiNODG\ X GUXKp YDULDQW\ WM WUDGLþQt WHFKQRORJLH EH] RUJDQLFNpKR
KQRMHQt
7DEXOND- 3ĜHKOHGSUĤPČUQêFKYêQRVĤDQiNODGĤSĜLSČVWRYiQtFXNURYN\Y URFH
9êQRVEXOHY
1iNODG\QD
9êQRV
&HONRYp
SĜL
MHGQRWNX
SRODUL]DþQtKR
3RþHW
7HFKQRORJLH
QiNODG\
FXNHUQDWRVWL
SURGXNce
FXNUX
PČĜHQt
-
[.þāKD ]
-
-
-
[WāKD ]
[.þāW ]
[WāKD ]
4
3.
5
113
9 URFH 7DEXOND E\O QHMY\ããt YêQRV EXOHY L SRODUL]DþQtKR FXNUX ]MLãWČQ
VWHMQČMDNRY URFHSĜHGFKR]tPXWĜHWtYDULDQW\WMPLQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRORJLHV RUJDQLFNêP
KQRMHQtP 1D GUXKpP PtVWČ VNRQþLOD RSČW NODVLFNi WHFKQRORJLH V RUJDQLFNêP KQRMHQtP
NWHUi PČOD YêQRV SRX]H R QHFHORX SRORYLQX WXQ\ QD KHNWDU QLåãt -DNR WĜHWt E\OD
Y\KRGQRFHQDWHFKQRORJLHPLQLPDOL]DþQtEH] RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQt1HMPpQČYêQRVQiE\OD
RSČWWUDGLþQtWHFKQRORJLHEH]RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQtNWHUiPČODYêQRVSRXKêFKWāKD-
Z KOHGLVND QiNODGĤ QD KD Y\FKi]t QHMOpSH PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH EH]
RUJDQLFNpKR KQRMHQt 3RGOH QiNODGĤ QD MHGQRWNX SURGXNFH VH QHMOpSH XPtVWLOD RSČW
YDULDQWD WĜHWt WMPLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH V RUJDQLFNêP KQRMHQtP SR NWHUp QiVOHGRYDOD
WUDGLþQt WHFKQRORJLH V RUJDQLFNêP KQRMHQtP 6URYQDWHOQi ] KOHGLVND QiNODGĤ QD MHGQRWNX
SURGXNFHMHMHãWČPLQLPDOL]DþQt YDULDQWDEH]RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQt1HMKĤĜHGRSDGODRSČW
GUXKi YDULDQWD WM RUED EH] RUJDQLFNpKR KQRMHQt NWHUi E\OD R .þāW- GUDåãt
v SRURYQiQtV WĜHWtW]QQHMOHYQČMãtYDULDQWRX
9êQRVEXOHY
1iNODG\QD
9êQRV
&HONRYp
SĜL
MHGQRWNX
SRODUL]DþQtKR
3RþHW
THFKQRORJLH
QiNODG\
FXNHUQDWRVWL
SURGXNFH
FXNUX
PČĜHQt
-
[.þāKD ]
-
-
-
[WāKD ]
[.þāW ]
[WāKD ]
4
3.
9 URFH 7DEXOND E\O QHMY\ããt YêQRV EXOHY L SRODUL]DþQtKR FXNUX
]D]QDPHQiP X NODVLFNp YDULDQW\ V RUJDQLFNêP KQRMHQtP NGH E\OR Y SUĤPČUX VNOL]HQR
WpPČĜ W EXOHY SĜL FXNHUQDWRVWL D W SRODUL]DþQtKR FXNUX ] KD 1D GUXKpP
PtVWČ V W VNOL]HQêFK EXOHY QD KD VNRQþLOD PLQLPDOL]DþQt YDULDQWD V RUJDQLFNêP
KQRMHQtP1HMPpQČEXOHYL SRODUL]DþQtKRFXNUXE\ORVNOL]HQRX GUXKpYDULDQW\WMWUDGLþQt
WHFKQRORJLHEH]RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQt
9êQRVEXOHY
1iNODG\QD
9êQRV
&HONRYp
SĜL
MHGQRWNX
SRODUL]DþQtKR
3RþHW
7HFKQRORJLH
QiNODG\
FXNHUQDWRVWL
SURGXNFH
FXNUX
PČĜHQt
-
[.þāKD ]
-
-
-
[WāKD ]
[.þāW ]
[WāKD ]
4.
Z KOHGLVNDQiNODGĤQDKDE\ODRSČWQHMOHYQČMãtþWYUWiYDULDQWD1HMQLåãtQiNODG\QD
MHGQRWNX SURGXNFH E\O\ WDNp X SRVOHGQt YDULDQW\ WM PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH EH]
RUJDQLFNpKR KQRMHQt 3RX]H R PiOR GUDåãt E\OD WUDGLþQt YDULDQWD V RUERXD V RUJDQLFNêP
KQRMHQtP -DNR Y SĜHGFKR]tFK OHWHFK MH QHMKĤĜH KRGQRFHQD YDULDQWD NODVLFNi EH]
RUJDQLFNpKR KQRMHQt NWHUi PČOD QHMQLåãt YêQRV D QHMY\ããt QiNODG\ QD W EXOHY 9H
VURYQiQtV SĜHGFKR]tPLGYČPDURN\E\O\YãDNXYHGHQpQiNODG\UHODWLYQČQLåãt
=È9ċ5
Z SĜHKOHGX YêQRVĤ D QiNODGĤ ]D REGREt OHW – 7DEXOND MH SDWUQp åH
QHMY\ããt YêQRV Y SUĤPČUX WĜt OHW GRViKOD WĜHWt YDULDQWD PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH
V RUJDQLFNêP KQRMHQtP NGH E\OR SUĤPČUQČ VNOL]HQR W EXOHY ] KD 7DWR YDULDQWD
Y\Ni]DOD L QHMYČWãt YêQRV SRODUL]DþQtKR FXNUX – WāKD- -DNR GUXKi VH XPtVWLOD
YDULDQWDþ WUDGLþQtWHFKQRORJLHVRUJDQLFNêPKQRMHQtPNWHUiPČODQLåãtYêQRVSRX]HR
114
WāKD-= KOHGLVNDYêQRVXSRODUL]DþQtKRFXNUXþLQtUR]GtOPH]LXYHGHQêPL YDULDQWDPL
SRX]H WāKD- 7\WR YDULDQW\ MVRX QiVOHGRYiQ\ PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLt EH]
RUJDQLFNpKR KQRMHQt 1HMQLåãt YêQRV Y\Ni]DOD YDULDQWD þ WUDGLþQt WHFKQRORJLH EH]
KQRMHQtKQRMHP
7DEXOND - 3ĜHKOHG SUĤPČUQêFK YêQRVĤ D QiNODGĤ SĜL SČVWRYiQt FXNURYN\ Y OHWHFK Då
9êQRVEXOHY
9êQRV
&HONRYp 1iNODG\QD
3RĜDGt
SĜL
SRODUL]DþQtK QiNODG\
MHGQRWNX
SRGOH
7HFKQR3RþHW
RFXNUX
>.þāKD
SURGXNFH
MHGQRWN
ORJLH
PČĜHQt FXNHUQDWRVWL
-
-
-
>WāKD ]
>WāKD ]
]
[.þāW ]
QiNODGĤ
3
3.
3
3UĤPČU
3R]QiPND 9 QiNODGHFK QHMVRX ]DKUQXW\ QiNODG\ QD SURQiMHP SĤG\ GDĖ ] SĤG\ D UHåLMQt
QiNODG\SRGQLNĤ
1iNODG\QDKDE\O\QHMQLåãtXPLQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRORJLHEH]RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQt
1HMY\ããtQiNODG\QDKDE\O\XWUDGLþQtWHFKQRORJLHV RUJDQLFNêPKQRMHQtP
1iNODG\ QD MHGQRWNX SURGXNFH E\O\ WpPČĜ VKRGQp X RERX PLQLPDOL]DþQtFK
WHFKQRORJLtNGHþLQLO\FFD- .þāW-= WRKRMHSDWUQpåHKQRMHQtKQRMHPVHQDNRQHF
]DSODWLOR]YêãHQêPYêQRVHPEXOHYLSRODUL]DþQtKRFXNUX2PiORY\ããtQiNODG\Y\Ni]DOD
WUDGLþQt YDULDQWD V RUERX NGH E\OR ]iURYHĖ KQRMHQR KQRMHP 1HMGUDåãt E\OD YDULDQWD
WUDGLþQtEH]RUJDQLFNpKRKQRMHQt7DWRYDULDQWDGRVDKRYDODQHMQLåãtYêQRV\EXOHYDWtPVH
]YêãLO\QiNODG\QDWSURGXNFH
-H PRåQp NRQVWDWRYDW åH PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH MVRX NRQNXUHQFHVFKRSQRX
DOWHUQDWLYRX N SČVWRYiQt FXNURYN\ WUDGLþQt WHFKQRORJLt V RUERX 8 PLQLPDOL]DþQtFK
WHFKQRORJLt YãDN PXVtPH Y QČNWHUêFK SĜtSDGHFK SRþtWDW V Y\ããtPL QiNODG\ QD FKHPLFNRX
UHJXODFL ]DSOHYHOHQt SURWRåH PHFKDQLFNi UHJXODFH MH X WpWR WHFKQRORJLH RPH]HQD 9H
VOHGRYDQêFK SRGQLFtFK VH UR]ãLĜXMH KQRMHQt NHMGRX GR VOiP\ QD ~NRU KQRMHQt FKOpYVNêP
KQRMHPNWHUpMHQiNODGQČMãtDSUDFQČMãt
/LWHUDWXUD
+25È./ 5Ĥ]Qp ]SĤVRE\ ]DNOiGiQt SRURVWX FXNURYN\ D MHMLFK PRåQp RYOLYQČQt
SRGPtQNDPLDJURWHFKQLFNêPLDSRYČWUQRVWQtPL6ERUQtNYČGHFNêFKSUDFt]NRQIHUHQFHV
PH]LQiURGQt~þDVWt1LWUD65V– +25È./0,.8/.$-â.2'$93RURYQiQtNODVLFNêFKDSĤGRRFKUDQQêFK]SĤVREĤ
]DORåHQtSRURVWXSãHQLFHR]LPp8GUåLWHOQpSRĎQRKRVSRGiUVWYRDUR]YRMYLGLHND1LWUD65
V– +ģ/$ - =(/(1È / 7HFKQLND Y SRVWXSHFK RFKUDQQpKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\
N ãLURNRĜiGNRYêPSORGLQiP0HWRGLN\0]Hý53UDKD
.$9.$0DNROHNWLY1RUPDWLY\]HPČGČOVNêFKYêUREQtFKWHFKQRORJLt8=3,3UDKD
V
â,021 - â.2'$ 9 +ģ/$ - =DNOiGiQt SRURVWĤ KODYQtFK SROQtFK SORGLQ QRYêPL
WHFKQRORJLHPL$JURVSRM3UDKDV– â$ě(&2â$ě(&3=È9(6.é93RURYQiQtUĤ]QêFKWHFKQRORJLtSČVWRYiQtFXNURYp
ĜHS\ SRGOH YêQRVX D YêUREQtFK QiNODGĤ ,Q 7UHQG\ YR YêVNXPH D YêYRML
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVN\FK VWURMRY D WHFKQROyJLt Y HNRV\VWpPH NXOW~UQHM NUDMLQ\ 'LGLQFH 638
v 1LWUHV-,6%1---]YOiãĢSXEOLNRYiQLDEVWUDNW
â$ě(&2â$ě(&3=È9(6.é95Ĥ]QpWHFKQRORJLH]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\SĜLSČVWRYiQt
FXNURYpĜHS\ /LVW\FXNURYDUQLFNpDĜHSDĜVNpþ-V-,661-
115
=SUDFRYiQR Y UiPFL ĜHãHQt
DYUiPFLSURMHNWX1$=94+
Yê]NXPQpKR
]iPČUX
0â07
þ
060
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ3HWUâDĜHF3K'.DWHGUDY\XåLWtVWURMĤ7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWDý=8Y 3UD]H
WHOH-PDLOSVDUHF#WIF]XF]
116
RESEARCH OF CORRELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC 62,/&21'8&7,9,7<$1D
<,(/'
21'ě(-â$ě(&3(75â$ě(&/$',6/$95<â$1
)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ RI &8/63UDJXH'HSDUWPHQWRI0DFKLQHU\8WLOL]DWLRQ
$EVWUDFW
3UHFLVLRQIDUPLQJLVVWUDWHJ\RIDJULFXOWXUDOPDQDJHPHQWXVLQJORFDOVRLODQGSODQWV
SURSHUWLHV WR VSHFLI\ DQG GHWHUPLQH SURGXFWLRQ LQSXWV 7KHUH LV EDVLF LGHD WR LGHQWLI\
YDULDELOLW\ RI SURSHUWLHV RQ HDFK SODFH WKURXJKWKHILHOG DQG VXEVHTXHQWDSSOLFDWLRQ RI all
DFWLRQV MXVW DW WKH ULJKW WLPH RQ WKH ULJKW SODFH (OHFWULF VRLO FRQGXFWLYLW\ LV DEOH WR VXE
VHUYH IHZ RI VRLO SURSHUWLHV VXFK DV RUJDQLF PDVVHV FRQWHQW FRQWHQW RI FOD\ LRQLF
H[FKDQJH FDSDFLW\ VRLO PRLVWXUH RU VDOLQLW\ 7KHVH SURSHUWLHV KDYH VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH
RYHUVRLODELOLW\WRKROGLQJZDWHUDQG QXWULWLRQZKLFKDUHPDLQIDFWRUVDIIHFWWKH\LHOG7KHUH
ZHUH REWDLQHG DQG FROOHFWHGILHOG LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQWHQW RI QXWULWLRQ S+ IDFWRU DV ZHOO DV
GDWD DQG PDSV RI \LHOG )RU PHDVXUHG VRLO (& GDWD HYHQ RWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ ZHUH XVHG
WRROVRIJHRVWDWLVWLF7KLV UHTXLUHVUHODWLYHO\ULJRURXVGHPDQGRQZLGH-VHQVHVWDWLRQDULW\RU
DYHUDJHVWDWLRQDULW\DWOHDVW5HFRJQL]HGFRQFOXVLRQVDUHSUHVHQWHG
.H\ZRUGV HOHFWULFVRLOFRQGXFWLYLW\SUHFLVLRQIDUPLQJVRLOSURSHUWLHVJHRVWDWLVWLFV
INTRODUCTION
(IILFLHQWDQGDFFXUDWHPHWKRGVRIPHDVXULQJZLWKLQ-ILHOGYDULDWLRQVLQVRLOSURSHUWLHV
DUH LPSRUWDQW IRU SUHFLVLRQ DJULFXOWXUH %XOORFN DQG %XOORFN $SSDUHQW SURILOH VRLO
HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ LV RQH VHQVRU-EDVHG PHDVXUHPHQW WKDW FDQ SURYLGH DQ LQGLUHFW
LQGLFDWRU RI LPSRUWDQW VRLO SK\VLFDO DQG FKHPLFDO SURSHUWLHV 6RLO VDOLQLW\ FOD\ FRQWHQW
FDWLRQ H[FKDQJH FDSDFLW\ &(& FOD\ PLQHUDORJ\ VRLO SRUH VL]H DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ VRLO
PRLVWXUHFRQWHQWDQGWHPSHUDWXUHDOODIIHFW(&0F1HLOO5KRDGHVHWDO,Q
VDOLQHVRLOPRVWRIWKHYDULDWLRQLQ(&FDQEHUHODWHGWRVDOWFRQFHQWUDWLRQ:LOOLDPVDQG
%DNHU ,Q QRQ VDOLQH VRLOV FRQGXFWLYLW\ YDULDWLRQV DUH SULPDULO\ D IXQFWLRQ RI VRLO
WH[WXUH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW DQG &(& 5KRDGHV HW DO .DFKDQRVNL HW DO 5KRDGHVHWDOPRGHOHG(&DVDIXQFWLRQRIVRLOZDWHUFRQWHQWERWKWKHPRELOHDQG
LPPRELOHIUDFWLRQVWKHHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\(&RIWKHVRLOZDWHUVRLOEXONGHQVLW\DQG
WKH(&RIWKHVRLOVROLGSKDVH
0HDVXUHPHQWVRI(&FDQEHXVHGWRSURYLGHLQGLUHFWPHDVXUHVRIWKHVRLOSURSHUWLHV
OLVWHG DERYH LI WKH FRQWULEXWLRQV RI WKH RWKHU VRLO SURSHUWLHV DIIHFWLQJ WKH (&
a PHDVXUHPHQW DUH NQRZQ RU FDQ EH HVWLPDWHG ,I WKH (& FKDQJHV GXH WR RQH VRLO
SURSHUW\ DUH PXFK ODUJHU WKDQ WKRVH DWWULEXWDEOH WR RWKHU IDFWRUV WKHQ (& FDQ EH
FDOLEUDWHG DV D GLUHFWPHDVXUHPHQW RIWKDW GRPLQDQWIDFWRU /HVFK HW DO D E
XVHG WKLV GLUHFW-FDOLEUDWLRQ DSSURDFK WR TXDQWLI\ YDULDWLRQV LQ VRLO VDOLQLW\ ZLWKLQ D ILHOG
ZKHUH ZDWHU FRQWHQW EXON GHQVLW\ DQG RWKHU VRLO SURSHUWLHV ZHUH ³UHDVRQDEO\
KRPRJHQHRXV´
0DSSHG (& PHDVXUHPHQWV KDYH EHHQ IRXQG WR EH D UHODWHG WR D QXPEHU RI VRLO
SURSHUWLHV RI LQWHUHVW LQ SUHFLVLRQ DJULFXOWXUH LQFOXGLQJ VRLO ZDWHU FRQWHQW 6KHHWV DQG
+HQGULFN[ FOD\ FRQWHQW :LOOLDPV DQG +RH\ &(& DQG H[FKDQJHDEOH
&D DQG 0J 0F%ULGH HW DO %HFDXVH (& LQWHJUDWHV WH[WXUH DQG PRLVWXUH
DYDLODELOLW\ WZR VRLO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDW DIIHFW SURGXFWLYLW\ LW FDQ KHOS WR LQWHUSUHW VSDWLDO
JUDLQ\LHOGYDULDWLRQVDWOHDVWLQFHUWDLQVRLOV-D\QHVLQHWDO6XGGXWKHW DO
.LWFKHQ HW DO âDĜHF HW DO 2WKHU XVHV RI (& LQ SUHFLVLRQ DJULFXOWXUH KDYH
LQFOXGHG UHILQLQJ WKH ERXQGDULHV RI VRLO PDS XQLWV DQG FUHDWLQJ VXEILHOG PDQDJHPHQW
]RQHV)UDLVVHHWDO
117
0$7(5,$/$1'0(7+2'2/2*<
7KHUH ZDV XVHG FRQWDFW PHWKRG RI FRQWLQXRXV PHDVXULQJ RI HOHFWULF VRLO
FRQGXFWLYLW\ 7KLV W\SH RI PHWKRG XVHV HOHFWURGHV XVXDOO\ LQ WKH VKDSH RI FRXOWHUV WKDW
PDNHFRQWDFWZLWKWKHVRLOWRPHDVXUHWKHHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\
)LJXUH - 6FKHPHRIFRXOWHU-HOHFWURGHV0LOVRP
)LJXUH2 - MeDVXULQJHTXLSPHQWHUHFWHGE\.967)
,WZDVSUHFHGHGE\DSSDUDWXVZLWKVL[GLVFHOHFWURGHV)LJXUH7KLVHTXLSPHQW
LV GHVLJQHG WR MRLQ WR WUDFWRU
V WKUHH-SRLQW KDQJHU DQG LWV VHQVRUV - FLUFXODU HOHFWURGHV ZDV LQ XQLQWHUUXSWHG FRQWDFW ZLWK VRLO 3ODFHPHQW RI HOHFWURGHV ZDV FKRVHQ RQ EDVH
RI GHSWKRIVXUYH\HGSURILOH– DQG– PP,QWKLVDSSURDFKWZRWRWKUHHSDLUV
RIFRXOWHUVDUHPRXQWHGRQDWRROEDURQHSDLUDSSOLHVHOHFWULFDOFXUUHQWLQWRWKHVRLOZKLOH
WKHRWKHUWZRSDLURIFRXOWHUVPHDVXUHWKHYROWDJHGURSEHWZHHQWKHP6RLO(&LQIRUPDWLRQ
LVUHFRUGHGLQDGDWDORJJHUDORQJZLWK*36ORFDWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQ
5HVLVWLYLW\ PHWHU LQYROYHV DSSO\LQJ D YROWDJH LQWR WKH JURXQG WKURXJK PHWDO
HOHFWURGHVDQGPHDVXULQJWKHUHVLVWDQFHWRWKHIORZRIWKHHOHFWULFFXUUHQW$Q$&-SRZHU
VRXUFHVXSSOLHVFXUUHQWIORZ,EHWZHHQWKHWZRRXWHUHOHFWURGHVDQGWKHUHVXOWDQWYROWDJH
GLIIHUHQFH9EHWZHHQWKHWZRLQQHUHOHFWURGHVLVPHDVXUHG7KHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHVRLOLV
JLYHQE\R = V.I-17KLVQHHGVWREHVWDQGDUGL]HGRYHUDXQLWOHQJWK7KHUHVLVWDQFHWLPHV
WKHOHQJWKRIWKHUHVLVWRULQWKLVFDVHWKHVRLOLVFDOOHGWKHUHVLVWLYLW\(r) ZKLFKLV PHDVXUHG
LQ ohm.m 7KH HTXDWLRQ LV r = 2Sd R = 2Sd V/I ZKHUH d LV WKH VSDFLQJ EHWZHHQ WKH
HOHFWURGHVLQm$OWHUQDWLYHO\WKLVFDQEHH[SUHVVHGLQWHUPVRI FRQGXFWDQFHC = 1/ R
XQLW ohm-1 = siemens DQG FRQGXFWLYLW\ c = 1/ r XQLW ohm-1 m-1 = siemens m-1 7KH
HTXDWLRQIRUWKHVRLOHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\(&LVJLYHQE\c = 1/ (2Sd R) = I / (2Sd V)
XQLW>6P-@
(OHFWURGHV KDYH EHHQ UHSODFHG E\ URWDWLQJ GLVFV ZKLFK DUH SODFHG GLUHFWO\ LQWR WKH
VRLO$VWKHFDUWLVSXOOHGWKURXJKWKHILHOGRQHSDLURIHOHFWURGHVSDVVHVHOHFWULFDOFXUUHQt
LQWRWKHVRLOZKLOHWZRRWKHUSDLUVRIHOHFWURGHVPHDVXUHVWKHYROWDJHGURS
118
'DWD RI FRUQ \LHOGV ZDV JRWWHQ IURP RZQHUV ZLWK QR LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW UDZ GDWD
PHDVXULQJRUDQDO\]LQJ
'DWDZHUHFROOHFWHGRQWZR9Ò59ILHOGVDQGWZRSULYDWH)DUPD'ROHMVRYDILHOGV
9859ILHOGVÄ.+RVWLYLFL³– KDÄ80RVWX³– KD
'ROHMVRYDILHOGVÄ'ORXKH³– KDÄ8+DMH³– KD
0HDVXUHGDQGDQDO\]HG(&GDWDIURP9Ò59ILHOGVVKRZ7DEDQG7DEVKRZ
PHDVXUHGDQGDQDO\]HGGDWDRIFURS\LHOG
7DEOH - $QDO\]HG\LHOGGDWD– 9Ò59
7DEOH2 - 0HDVXUHGDQGDQDO\]HG(&GDWD– 9Ò59
)LHOG
'DWH
80RVWX
>KD@
'DWH
5RZV
0LQ>P6P ]
0D[>P6P ]
'HOWDPD[±PLQ
$Y HUDJH
VWDQG(UURU
0HGLDQ
6FHZQHVV
.XUWRVLV
.+RVWLYLFL
<HDU
)LHOG
>KD@
3URI LOH>PP@
5RZV
0LQ>P6P ]
0D[>P6P ]
'HOWDPD[±PLQ
$Y HUDJH
VWDQG(UURU
0HGLDQ
6FHZQHVV
.XUWRVLV
5RZV
0LQ>P6P ]
0D[>P6P ]
'HOWDPD[±PLQ
$Y HUDJH
VWDQG(UURU
0HGLDQ
6FHZQHVV
.XUWRVLV
5RZV
0LQ>P6P ]
0D[>P6P ]
'HOWDPD[±PLQ
$Y HUDJH
VWDQG(UURU
0HGLDQ
6FHZQHVV
.XUWRVLV
.+RVWLYLFL
80RVWX
'DWDZHUHPHDVXUHGRQHWLPHVGXHWKHVSULQJLQDQGWZRWLPHVDWWKHDXWXPQ
DQG6RLOPRLVWXUHFRQGLWLRQVZHUHUHODWLYHO\GU\DWWKHWLPHRIGDWDFROOHFWLRQ
IRU ERWKVLWHVDWWKHDXWXPQ'XHWRWKLVIDFWPHDVXUHSURFHVVZDVQRWJRLQJZHOODQGORWV
RI URZV GDWD VHQWHQFHV ZHQW RXW 6LWXDWLRQ LV EHWWHU RQ VSULQJ EHFDXVH ORWV RI ZLQWHU
ZDWHU LV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH VRLO 7KHUH ZHUH XVHG $UF9LHZ *,6 VRIWZDUH DQG LWV PRGXOH
*HRVWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VW WR DQDO\]H PHDVXUHG JHR-GDWD DQG WR FUHDWH HOHFWULF VRLO
FRQGXFWLYLW\ DQG FURS \LHOG PDSV )RXU YDULRJUDP PRGHOV ZHUH WHVWHG DQG GHSHQGV RQ
EHVW YDULRJUDP SDUDPHWHUV mean standardized JRHV WR DQG root-mean-square
standardized FRPLQJXSWRVKRZHGLQ7DEWKHUHZHUHFUHDWHGPDSV6HPLYDULRJUDPV
RI HDFKPRGHOVKRZ)LJ
119
.%HVVHO
*DXVVLDQ
H[SRQHQWLDO
VSKHULFDO
7DEle 3 - 3DUDPHWHUV RI (& YDULRJUDP –
. +RVWLYLFL
3URI LOH>PP@
SDUWLDOVLOO
QXJJHW
PHDQ
URRWPHDQVTXDUH
DY HUDJHVWDQGDUGHUURU
PHDQVWDQGDUGL]HG
URRWPHDQVTXDUHVWDQGDUGL]HG
SDUWLDOVLOO
QXJJHW
PHDQ
URRWPHDQVTXDUH
PHDQVWDQGDUGL]HG
SDUWLDOVLOO
QXJJHW
PHDQ
URRWPHDQVTXDUH
PHDQVWDQGDUGL]HG
SDUWLDOVLOO
QXJJHW
PHDQ
URRWPHDQVTXDUH
PHDQVWDQGDUGL]HG
)LJXUH3 - (&VHPLYDULRJUDPV– .+RVWLYLFLSURILOHPP
(&PDSVRI.+RVWLYLFLILHOGPPSURILOHRQOHIWPPSURILOHRQULJKWVLGH
)LJXUH4 - (&PDSV– ERWKSURILOHV– .+RVWLYLFL– )LJXUH- (&PDSV– ERWKSURILOHV.+RVWLYLFL– )LJXUH– (&PDSV– ERWKSURILOHV– 80RVWX
120
)LJXUH– (&PDSV – ERWKSURILOHV– 80RVWX– 7KHVLPSOHVWZD\WRLQWHUSUHWDVRLO(&PDSLVWRYLVXDOO\FRPSDUHLWWR\LHOGRUVRLO
VXUYH\PDSVIURPWKHVDPHILHOG$PRUHULJRURXVDQDO\VLVZRXOGLQYROYH³UDVWHUL]DWLRQ´RI
WKH (& GDWD DQG \LHOG PRQLWRU GDWD LQWR VTXDUH JULG FHOOV WKDW DUH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK HDFK
RWKHU 7KH DYHUDJH (& YDOXHV IURP JULG FHOOV FDQ EH FRPSDUHG WR WKH \LHOG YDOXHV IURP
WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJFHOOVXVLQJOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQDQGRWKHUVWDWLVWLFDOWHFKQLTXHV
&URS\LHOGPDSVRIERWKILHOGLQ9859VKRZ)LJXUHDQG
)LJXUH– <LHOGPDS– .+RVWLYLFL– )LJXUH– <LHOGPDS– 80RVWX– )URPWKHILUVWSRLQWRIYLHZLWLVHDV\WRVHHWKDWPDSVRIERWKSURILOHVRI(&GDWDDUH
VLPLODUHYHQWKURXJKWKH\HDUDQGRQERWKILHOGVWRR%XWQRVXUIDFHVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQ(&
and \LHOGVPDSV2QERWKILHOGVWRR
0HDVXUHG DQG DQDO\]HG (& GDWD IURP 'ROHMVRYD ILHOGV VKRZ 7DE DQG 7DE VKRZPHDVXUHGDQGDQDO\]HGGDWDRIFURS\LHOG
7DEle 4 - 0HDVXUHG DQG DQDO\]HG (& GDWD 'ROHMVRYD
7DEle - $QDO\]HG\LHOGGDWD- 'ROHMVRYD
)LHOG
8+iMH
< HDU
>KD@
3URI LOH>PP@
5RZV
0LQ>P6P ]
0D[>P6P ]
'HOWDPD[±PLQ
$Y HUDJH
VWDQG(UURU
0HGLDQ
6NHZQHVV
.XUWRVLV
5RZV
0LQ>P6P ]
0D[>P6P ]
'HOWDPD[±PLQ
$Y HUDJH
VWDQG(UURU
0HGLDQ
'ORXKp
'DWH
)LHOG
121
>KD@
&URS
'DWH
5RZV
0LQ>WKD@
0D[>WKD@
'HOWDPD[±PLQ
$Y HUDJH
VWDQG(UURU
0HGLDQ
6NHZQHVV
.XUWRVLV
&URS
'DWH
5RZV
0LQ>WKD@
0D[>WKD@
'HOWDPD[±PLQ
$Y HUDJH
VWDQG(UURU
0HGLDQ
6NHZQHVV
.XUWRVLV
'ORXKp
8+iMH
%DUOH\
%DUOH\
:KHDW
:KHDW
(&PDSVRI'ORXKHILHOGPPSURILOHRQOHIWPPSURILOHRQULJKWVLGH
)LJXUH– (& PDSV– ERWKSURILOHV– 'ORXKH– )LJXUH– (&PDSV– ERWKSURILOHV– 'ORXKp– &URS\LHOGPDSVIURPDQGRI'ORXKHILHOGVKRZ)LJXUH
)LJXUH– <LHOGPDSV– 'ORXKH– (&PDSVRI8+DMHILHOGPPSURILOHRQOHIWPPSURILOHRQULJKWVLGH
)LJXUH – (&PDSV– ERWKSURILOHV– 8+DMH– )LJXUH- (&PDSV– ERWKSURILOHV– 8+DMH– 122
&URS\LHOGPDSVIURPDQGRI8+DMHILHOGVKRZ)LJXUH
)LJXUH- <LHOGPDSV– 8+DMH– 7KHUH DUH VDPH IDFWV EHWZHHQ 'ROHMVRYD PDSV OLNH RQ 9859 ILHOGV 0DSV RI (&
GDWD HYHQ ERWK SURILOHV DUH UDWKHU VLPLODU HYHQ WKH GDWD ZDV PHDVXUHG LQ VSULQJ RU LQ
DXWXPQ0D[LPXPDQGPLQLPXPDUHRQWKHVDPHSODFHVKDVVDPHORFDWLRQV%XWWKH\
DUHUDWKHUGLIIHUHQWWKDQ\LHOGVPDSV,WLVLPSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHUHLVDQ\FRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ
(&DQGFURS\LHOGPDSV
0RUH VRSKLVWLFDWHG VWDWLVWLFDO PHWKRGV DUH DYDLODEOH WR HYDOXDWH WKH VSDWLDO DQG
PDWKHPDWLFDOVLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWOD\HUVLQFOXGLQJPXOWLYDULDWHFOXVWHULQJ/DUNHW
DO PXOWLIUDFWDO DQG DXWRUHJUHVVLYH VWDWH-VSDFH DQDO\VLV :HQGURWK HW DO 7KHVHWHFKQLTXHVDUHFXUUHQWO\UHVHDUFKWRROVWKDWPD\EHLQFOXGHGLQIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQV
RISUHFLVLRQIDUPLQJVRIWZDUHDQGFURSVLPXODWLRQPRGHOV
CONCLUSION
6RLO (& KDV QR GLUHFW HIIHFW RQ FURS \LHOG 7KH XWLOLW\ RI (& PDSSLQJ FRPHV IURP
WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV WKDW IUHTXHQWO\ H[LVW EHWZHHQ (& DQG D YDULHW\ RI RWKHU VRLO SURSHUWLHV
WKDWDUHKLJKO\UHODWHGWRFURSSURGXFWLYLW\7KHVHLQFOXGHVXFKSURSHUWLHVDVZDWHUKROGLQJ
FDSDFLW\GU\VRLOLVPXFKORZHULQFRQGXFWLYLW\WKDQPRLVWVRLOWRSVRLOGHSWKVRLOQXWULHQW
OHYHOVDQGFDWLRQH[FKDQJHFDSDFLW\&(& - SUHVHQFHRI&D0J.1DLQ WKHPRLVWXUHILOOHG VRLO SRUHV ZLOO HQKDQFH VRLO (& LQ WKH VDPH ZD\ WKDW VDOLQLW\ GRHV VDOLQLW\
LQFUHDVLQJFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIHOHFWURO\WHVVDOWVLQVRLOZDWHUZLOOGUDPDWLFDOO\LQFUHDVHVRLO
(&VRLOGUDLQDJHRUJDQLFPDWWHUOHYHODQGVXEVRLOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
$FWXDO FRQFOXVLRQV FRQILUPHG FRUUHODWLRQ DPRQJ VXUYH\HG SURILOH PHDVXUHG GXULQJ
VSULQJ DQG DXWXPQ DV ZHOO DV RYHU WKH \HDUV &HUWDLQ UHODWLRQ FDQ EH IRXQG DPRQJ WKH
KLJKHU YDOXHV RI HOHFWULF VRLO FRQGXFWLYLW\ ORZ S+ IDFWRUV DQG SUHVHQWHG KLJK OHYHO
RI JURXQGZDWHU 2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ FRUUHODWLRQ DPRQJ FRQGXFWLYLW\ DQG SODQW \LHOGV ZDV
XQFRQILUPHG,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRFRQWLQXHLQUHVHDUFKRI(&PHDVXULQJDQGFROOHFWLRn
GDWDRIVRLOSURSHUWLHVDQGORRNLQJIRUPXWXDOUHODWLRQVDQGFRUUHODWLRQ
8VLQJ RI HOHFWULF VRLO FRQGXFWLYLW\ PHDVXULQJ WHFKQRORJ\ RI ZLOO EH GLIIHUHQW IURP
JURZHU WR JURZHU DQG UHJLRQ WR UHJLRQ GXH WR GLIIHUHQFHV LQ VRLO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV JURZHU
QHHGVDQGLQWHUHVWDQGXVHUH[SHUWLVHLQXWLOL]LQJVSDWLDOGDWD)RUVRPHXVHVWKHJURZHU
RUGDWDDQDO\VWZLOOQHHGDFFHVVWRDPRGHUDWHO\SRZHUIXO*,6UDWKHUWKDQMXVWVLPSOH\LHOG
PDSSLQJ VRIWZDUH 3ULYDWH FRQVXOWDQWV DQG PDSSLQJ FHQWHUV DUH QRZ DYDLODEOH WR DVVLVW
ZLWK(&PDSSLQJDQGDQDO\VLV
5HIHUHQFHV
%8//2&. '6 $1' '* %8//2&. (FRQRPLF RSWLPDOLW\ RI LQSXW DSSOLFDWLRQ
UDWHVLQSUHFLVLRQIDUPLQJ3UHF$JULF–
)5$,66( & : . $ 68''87+ $1' 1 5 .,7&+(1 'HOLQHDWLRQ RI VLWHVSHFLILF PDQDJHPHQW ]RQHV E\ XQVXSHUYLVHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI WRSRJUDSKLF DWWULEXWHV DQG
VRLOHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\$6$(–
-$<1(6 ' % 7 6 &2/9,1 $1' - $0%8(/ 6RLO W\SH DQG FURS \LHOG
GHWHUPLQDWLRQV IURP JURXQG FRQGXFWLYLW\ VXUYH\V $6$( 3DSHU $6$( 6W
-RVHSK0,
123
.$&+$126., 5 * ( * *5(*25,&+ $1' , - 9$1 :(6(1%((&. (VWLPDWLQJ VSDWLDO YDULDWLRQV RI VRLO ZDWHU FRQWHQW XVLQJ QRQ FRQWDFWLQJ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF
LQGXFWLYHPHWKRGV&DQ-6RLO6FL–
.,7&+(1 1 5 . $ 68''87+ $1' 6 7 '580021' 6RLO HOHFWULFDO
FRQGXFWLYLW\DVDFURSSURGXFWLYLW\PHDVXUHIRUFOD\SDQVRLOV-3URG$JULF–
/$5. 5 0 - 9 67$))25' $1' 0 $ )520 (17 ([SORUDWRU\ DQDO\VLV RI
\LHOG PDSV RI FRPELQDEOH FURSV 3URF )LUVW (XURSHDQ &RQI RQ 3UHF $JULF S -
(G-96WDIIRUG6LOVRH5HV,QVW8.
/(6&+ 6 0 ' - 675$866 $1' - ' 5+2$'(6 D 6SDWLDO SUHGLFWLRQ RIVRLO
VDOLQLW\ XVLQJ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF LQGXFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV , 6WDWLVWLFDO SUHGLFWLRQ PRGHOV $
FRPSDULVRQRIPXOWLSOHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQDQGFRNULJLQJ:DWHU5HVRXU5HV–
/(6&+ 6 0 ' - 675$866 $1' - ' 5+2$'(6 E 6SDWLDO SUHGLFWLRQ RIVRLO
VDOLQLW\ XVLQJ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF LQGXFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV ,, $Q HIILFLHQW VSDWLDO VDPSOLQJ
DOJRULWKPVXLWDEOHIRUPXOWLSOHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOLGHQWLILFDWLRQDQGHVWLPDWLRQ:DWHU
5HVRXU5HV–
0& %5,'( 5 $ $ 0 *25'21 $1' 6 & 6+5,9( (VWLPDWLQJ IRUHVW VRLO
TXDOLW\ IURP WHUUDLQ PHDVXUHPHQWV RI DSSDUHQW HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ 6RLO 6FL 6RF $P
- –
0&1(,//-' 5DSLG DFFXUDWH PDSSLQJ RI VRLO VDOLQLW\ E\ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF JURXQG
FRQGXFWLYLW\PHWHUVS–,Q$GYDQFHVLQPHDVXUHPHQWRIVRLOSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHV
%ULQJLQJ7KHRU\LQWRSUDFWLFH666$6SHF3XEO666$0DGLVRQ
5+2$'(6 - ' 3 $ 5$$76 $1' 5 - 35$7+(5 (IIHFWV RI OLTXLG SKDVH
HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ ZDWHU FRQWHQW DQG VXUIDFH FRQGXFWLYLW\ RQ EXON VRLO HOHFWULFDO
FRQGXFWLYLW\6RLO6FL6RF$P-–
5+2$'(6 - ' 1 $ 0$17(*+, 3 - 6+5286( $1' : - $/9(6 6RLO
HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ DQG VRLO VDOLQLW\ 1HZ IRUPXODWLRQV DQG FDOLEUDWLRQV 6RLO 6FL 6RF
$P-–
5+2$'(6-''/&25:,1$1'60/(6&+*HRVSDWLDOPHDVXUHPHQWVRI
VRLO HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ WR DVVHVV VRLO VDOLQLW\ DQG GLIIXVH VDOW ORDGLQJ IURP LUULJDWLRQ
S–,Q'/&RUZLQHG$VVHVVPHQWRIQRQ-SRLQWVRXUFHSROOXWLRQLQWKHYDGRVH
]RQH*HRSK\VLFDO0RQRJU$P*HRSK\VLFDO8QLRQ:DVKLQJWRQ
â$ě(&2â$ě(&3$1'352â(.9 0HDVXULQJRIVRLOHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\
IRUPDSSLQJRIVSHFLDOYDULDELOLW\RIVRLOSURSHUWLHVZLWKLQDILHOG5HVHDUFKLQ$JULFXOWXUDO
(QJLQUHLQJYRO-,661-
6+((76 . 5 $1' - 0 + +(1'5,&.; 1RQ LQYDVLYH VRLO ZDWHU FRQWHQW
PHDVXUHPHQWXVLQJHOHFWURPDJQHWLFLQGXFWLRQ:DWHU5HVRXU5HV–
68''87+ . $ 1 5 .,7&+(1 ' ) +8*+(6 $1' 6 7 '580021' (OHFWURPDJQHWLFLQGXFWLRQVHQVLQJDVDQLQGLFDWRURISURGXNWLYLW\RQFOD\SDQVRLOVS–
,Q 3 & 5REHUW 5 + 5XVW DQG : ( /DUVRQ HG 6LWHVSHFLILF PDQDJHPHQW IRU
DJULFXOWXUDO V\VWHPV 3URF ,QW &RQI QG 0LQQHDSROLV 01 – 0DU $6$
&66$DQG666$0DGLVRQ:,
:(1'527+23-856&+,.$1''51,(/6(16SDWLDOFURS\LHOGSUHGLFWLRQ
IURPVRLODQGODQGVXUIDFHVWDWHYDULDEOHVXVLQJDQDXWRUHJUHVVLYHVWDWH-VSDFHDSSURDFK
,Q 3UHFLVLRQ $JULFXOWXUH¶ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKHQG (XURSHDQ &RQIHUHQFH RQ 3UHFLVLRQ
$JULFXOWXUH(G-96WDIIRUGS-
:,//,$06%*$1''+2(<7KHXVHRIHOHFWURPDJQHWLFLQGXFWLRQWRGHWHFWWKH
VSDWLDOYDULDELOLW\RIWKHVDOWDQGFOD\FRQWHQWRIVRLOV$XVW-6RLO5HV-
7KLVZRUNZDVVXSSRUWHGE\5HVHDUFK3URMHFWRIWKH0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQRIWKH&5QR060
&RQWDFWDGGUHVV
,QJ3HWUâDĜHF3K'.DWHGUDY\XåLWtVWURMĤ7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWDý=8Y 3UD]H
WHOH-PDLOSVDUHF#WIF]XF]
124
Vé126$6./,=ĕ29e=75È7<2'5ģ'&8.529eě(3<
V $*526/$7,1<9 52&(
3(75â$ě(&21'ě(-â$ě(&
7)ý=8Y 3UD]HNDWHGUDY\XåLWtVWURMĤ
$EVWUDNW
SČVWRYiQDFXNURYND9 XYHGHQêFKSRGQLFtFKMHFXNURYNDSČVWRYiQDWČPLWRWHFKQRORJLHPL
1HMY\ããt YêQRV Y]Ni]DOD YDULDQWD þ WM PLQLPDOL]DþQt WHFKQRORJLH V RUJDQLFNêP
KQRMHQtPNGHE\ORY SUĤPČUXWĜtOHWVNOL]HQRY SUĤPČUXWEXOHY] MHGQRKRKHNWDUX
7DWR YDULDQWD Y\Ni]DOD L QHMY\ããt YêQRV SRODUL]DþQtKR FXNUX WM WāKD- =iURYHĖ
GRViKODXYHGHQiYDULDQWDQHMQLåãtQiNODG\QDMHGQRWNXSURGXNFHWM.þāW-
.OtþRYiVORYD FXNURYNDWUDGLþQtWHFKQRORJLHPLQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRORJLH]SUDFRYiQt
SĤG\PDWHULiORYpQiNODG\SĜtPpQiNODG\FHONRYpQiNODG\YêQRVRYpXND]DWHOH
ÚVOD
3RNXV\MVRXSURYiGČQ\SRORSURYR]QČY$JUR6ODWLQ\MLåRGURNX9 URFH
E\OR]DVHWR RGUĤG6NOL]HĖFXNURYpĜHS\E\ODYåG\SURYiGČQDãHVWLĜiGNRYêPVNOt]HþHP
+ROPH7HUUD'RV8RGUĤGMHPČĜHQELRORJLFNêYêQRVSRþHWMHGLQFĤFXNHUQDWRVW
WHFKQLFNêYêQRVYêQRVSRODUL]DþQtKRFXNUXVNOL]ĖRYp]WUiW\SURSDGHPQHY\RUiQtPD
]WUiW\FHONRYp7HFKQRORJLFNiREVOXKDY\SUi]GQČQt]iVREQtNXSUREtKiQDRERX
VRXYUDWtFKGRWUDNWRURYêFKSĜtYČVĤ3ĜtYČV\MVRXRGYiåHQ\QD~ORåLãWČNGHMVRXSĜHG
Y\SUi]GQČQtP]YiåHQ\%ČKHPY\RUiYN\MVRXSURYiGČQ\]NRXãN\VNOL]ĖRYêFK]WUiWDWR
]WUiWSRYUFKRYêFKD]WUiW QHY\RUiQtP-HMLFKVRXþHWGiYi]WUiW\FHONRYp'iOHMH
SURYiGČQRKRGQRFHQtVWURMHPVNOL]HQêFKEXOHY+RGQRWtVHNYDOLWDVĜH]XYHOLNRVW
SRãNR]HQtNRĜHQHDUR]GtOKUXEpDþLVWpKPRWQRVWL
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
9ãHFKQ\RGUĤG\MVRX]DVHW\LVNOL]HQ\VWHMQêPLVWURML3ĜLVHWtE\OSRXåLWVHFtVWURM
%(&.(5DSĜLVNOL]QLVNOt]Hþ+ROPHU7HUUD'RV-HGQDRGUĤGDMH]DVHWDQDSDUFHOFHRãtĜL
QHERĜiGNĤFRåSĜHGVWDYXMHþW\ĜLUHVSGYD]iEČU\VHFtKRVWURMH-HGQRWOLYp
SDUFHON\VHQDFKi]tQDVWHMQpPSR]HPNXYHGOHVHEHDSČVWLWHOVNiWHFKQRORJLHMHXYãHFK
RGUĤGVWHMQi
3ĜLKRGQRFHQtVNOL]QČMHQHMSUYH]MLãĢRYiQELRORJLFNêYêQRVEXOHY=iURYHĖMH]MLãĢRYiQ
SRþHWMHGLQFĤQDKHNWDU9~KORSĜtþQpPVPČUXMHY\PH]HQþWYHUHFRSORãHP-H-OL
PH]LĜiGNRYiY]GiOHQRVWFPMGHRĜiGNĤRGpOFHP%XOY\MVRXQDSDUFHOFHUXþQČ
Y\NRSiQ\RþLãWČQ\VSRþtWiQ\DMHRGĜt]QXWFKUiVW6NOL]HQpEXOY\DFKUiVWMHSDN]YiåHQ
=NRXãN\VNOL]ĖRYêFK]WUiWWM]WUiWSURSDGHPDQHY\RUiQtPMVRXSURYiGČQ\SRVWURMQt
VNOL]QL3RVNRQþHQtVNOL]QČMHQDSR]HPNXY\PH]HQþWYHUHFRSORãHP1HMSUYHMH
Y\VEtUiQDYãHFKQDĜHSQiKPRWD]SRYUFKXSR]HPNXSRWRPMHY\NRSiQDĜHSD]RUQLFHGR
KORXEN\FP2EČW\WRIUDNFHMVRX]YiåHQ\DMVRXXUþHQ\FHONRYp]WUiW\NWHUpMVRX
VRXþWHP]WUiWQHY\RUiQtPD]WUiWSURSDGHP9HãNHUiPČĜHQtMVRXYåG\SČWNUiW
RSDNRYiQD9êQRVSĜLVWURMQtVNOL]QLMHXUþHQYiåHQtPWUDNWRURYêFKSĜtYČVĤWHFKQRORJLFNp
REVOXK\=MLãWČQpKRGQRW\MVRXSĜHSRþtWiQ\QDKHNWDU'iOHMHSURYiGČQRPČĜHQtYOKNRVWL
DXWXåHQRVWLSĤG\SRPRFtSĤGQtKRYOKNRPČUXDSHQHWURPHWUX
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
9 URFHSUREČKORVWDQGDUGQtVWDQRYHQtVNOL]ĖRYêFKSRGPtQHNPČĜHQtP
YOKNRVWLSĤG\DMHMtKRXWXåHQtMDNRY SĜHGFKR]tFKOHWHFK9OKNRVWE\ODPČĜHQDSRPRFt
SĤGQtKRYOKNRPČUXDXWXåHQtVHPČĜLORSHQHWURPHWUHP+RGQRW\MVRXXYHGHQ\Y WDEXOFH
YL]7DEXONDDSUĤEČKSHQHWUDþQtKRRGSRUXMH]Qi]RUQČQY JUDIXGiOHYL]2EUi]HN
125
7DEXOND 9OKNRVWSĤG\SĜLVNOL]QLFXNURYpĜHS\YURFH
SHQHWUDþQtRGSRU>03D@
+ORXENDPČĜHQt
>P@
4
3
2
ěiGHN
19,1
18,9
18,5
3ĤGQtYOKNRVW>@
.ROHMVNOt]HþH
19,2
18,7
18,3
6RXYUDĢ
20,6
20,4
18,7
ƎĄĚĞŬ
ŬŽůĞũƐŬůşǌĞēĞ
ƐŽƵǀƌĂƛ
4
24
KORXENDPČĜHQt >FP@
2EUi]HN – *UDISHQHWUDþQtKRRGSRUXSĜLVNOL]QLFXNURYpĜHS\YURFH
9êQRV
%LRORJLFNêYêQRVUXþQtDVWURMQtVNOL]QČMH]Qi]RUQČQQDREUi]NXVSROX
V FXNHUQDWRVWt7\WRDGDOãt]MLãĢRYDQpKRGQRW\MVRXGiOHXYHGHQ\Y WDEXOFH1HMOHSãtKR
YêQRVXEXOHYSĜLUXþQtVNOL]QtGRViKO\RGUĤG\0,WKD-D%HULQJWKD-
QDRSDNQHMQLåãtKRYêQRVXGRViKO\0$WKD-D$QWLODWKD-3UĤPČUQê
YêQRVSĜLUXþQtVNOL]QLþLQLOWKD-3ĜLVWURMQtVNOL]QLVNOt]HFtPVWRMHP+ROPHU7HUUD
'RVE\ORGRVDåHQRSUĤPČUQpKRYêQRVXEXOHYWKD-1HMYČWãtYêQRVPČODRGUĤGD
2OLYHUDWKD-D3RKRGDWKD-QHMPHQãt7DLIXQD([SHGLWDNG\REČGRViKO\
VWHMQpKRYêQRVXWKD-
126
2EUi]HN- *UDIYêQRVĤRGUĤGFXNURYN\SĜLUXþQtDVWURMQtVNOL]QLDFXNHUQDWRVWYURFH
'DOãtPVOHGRYDQêPSDUDPHWUHPFXNURYpĜHS\MHMHMtFXNHUQDWRVWQHMYČWãtREVDK
FXNUXPČODRGUĤGD([SHUWD9LFWRURSURWLQHMQLåãtKRGQRWČX;DQDGD
D(VSHUDQ]D3UĤPČUQiFXNHUQDWRVWGRVDåHQiY WRPWRURFHþLQt
FRåSĜHGVWDYXMHSRNOHVRSURWLURNĤPDD3ĜL
SRURYQiQtYêQRVXSRODUL]DþQtKRFXNUXDSĜHSRþWHQpKRYêQRVXQDFXNHUQDWRVWL
GRVDKXMHQHMOHSãtFKKRGQRW2OLYHUDWKD- UHVSWKD-D3RKRGDVSROXV
3\WKRQWKD- UHVSDWKD-1HMQLåãtFKKRGQRWY WČFKWRSDUDPHWUHFK
GRVDKXMtRGUĤG\([SHGLWDWKD- UHVSWKD-D7DLIXQWKD- UHVSWKD
3UĤPČUQiKRGQRWDSRODUL]DþQtKRFXNUXE\OD WKD- DYêQRVGOHFXNHUQDWRVWL
WKD-
127
7DEXOND- 9êQRV\FXNURYN\DGDOãtXND]DWHOpRGUĤGRYêFKSRNXVĤSĜLVWURMQtDUXþQtVNOL]QLYURFH
5XþQtVNOL]HĖ
2GUĤGD
326(,'21
,03(5,$/
1$1&<
$17,//$
7$,)81
;$1$'$
0$
'6
'$1.$
.,5,1*$
(63(5$1=$
%5,77$1,$
2/,9,(5$
.$7.$
(;3(',7$
3$9/$
'$186.$5
%2+(0,$5
$/3,1$5
'(%87
(;3(57
32+2'$
3<7+21
65
0.
&$5862
9,&725
0(5$.
%(5,1*
&+$5/<
/8&$7$
6<%(/$1$
0$5,(77$
6<.8/785$
9('(7$
0,
3UĤPČU
3RþHW
MHGLQFĤ
>3
NVKD@
9êQRV
EXOHY
9êQRV
FKUiVWX
9êQRV
EXOHY
WKD )
WKD )
WKD )
6WURMRYiVNOL]HĖ
9êQRV 9êQRVSĜ 3RĜDGt
&XNHU
SRODUFX ep. na
SRGOH
QDWRVW
NUX
SĜHSRþW
YêQRVX
WKD )
WKD )
23
22
34
33
32
4
3
2
24
=WUiW\
6NOL]ĖRYp]WUiW\FXNURYN\MVRX]Qi]RUQČQ\Y WDEXOFH]HNWHUpMHSDWUQpåH
QHMPHQãtFKFHONRYêFK]WUiWGRVDKXMH(VSHUDQ]DD/XFDWD1HMYČWãtFK
]WUiWGRVDKXMtRGUĤG\3DYODD%RKHPLD53UĤPČUQiKRGQRWD
VNOL]ĖRYêFK]WUiWþLQLOD.G\QHMY\ããt]WUiW\RGUĤG\3DYODMVRXVLOQČQDGSUĤPČUQp
WDWRYHONi]WUiWDMHGR]QDþQpPtU\RYOLYQČQDWHFKQLFNêPLRNROQRVWPLVNOL]QČ
128
7DEXOND- =Qi]RUQČQtVNOL]ĖRYêFK]WUiWFXNURYN\ SĜLVWRMQtVNOL]QL
+ROPHUHP7HUUD'RVYURFH 2010
2GUĤGD
326(,'21
,03(5,$/
1$1&<
$17,//$
7$,)81
;$1$'$
0$
'6
'$1.$
.,5,1*$
(63(5$1=$
%5,77$1,$
2/,9,(5$
.$7.$
(;3(',7$
3$9/$
'$186.$5
%2+(0,$5
$/3,1$5
'(%87
(;3(57
32+2'$
3<7+21
65
0.
&$5862
9,&725
0(5$.
%(5,1*
&+$5/<
/8&$7$
6<%(/$1$
0$5,(77$
6<.8/785$
9('(7$
0,
3UĤPČU
6NOL]ĖRYp]WUiW\Y
QHY\RUiQtP SURSDGHP
FHONHP
3RĜDGtGOH
]WUiW
24
32
4
3
22
34
2
23
33
1HMPpQČYKRGQiRGUĤGD] KOHGLVND]WUiWQHY\RUiQtPWHG\XWUåHQtPNRĜHQXMH9LFWR
D3RKRGDMDNRQHMYKRGQČMãtVHMHYt%ULWWDQLDD&KDUO\
3UĤPČUQiKRGQRWDþLQtQHY\RUDQêFKEXOHY=WUiW\SURSDGHPMVRXWpPČĜRRVP
GHVHWLQYČWãtWHG\MHSUĤPČUQi KRGQRWD1HMPHQãtFK]WUiWSURSDGHPE\OR
GRVDåHQRXRGUĤG'DQNDD(VSHUDQ]DDQHMKRUãtFKKRGQRWX3DYOD
&KDUO\ D%RKHPLD5
=È9ċ5
3URURNO]HQD]iNODGČ]MLãWČQêFKYêVOHGNĤSRNXVĤRGUĤGFXNURYN\XUþLWMDNR
QHMYêKRGQČMãtRGUĤGX2OLYHUDNWHUiGRViKODQHMYČWãtKRYêQRVXSRODUL]DþQtKRFXNUX
WKD- DYêQRVXGOHSĜHSRþWHQpFXNHUQDWRVWLWKD- SĜLPDOpFHONRYp]WUiWČ
1DRSDNQHMPpQČYKRGQRXRGUĤGRXSURSČVWRYiQtMH([SHGLWDNWHUiGRViKOD
129
QHMPHQãtKRYêQRVXSRODUL]DþQtKRFXNUXWKD- DYêQRVXGOHSĜHSRþWHQp
FXNHUQDWRVWLWKD- SĜLQt]NpFHONRYp]WUiWČ
1HMKRUãtFKFHONRYêFK]WUiWSĜLVNOL]QLMDNMHSDWUQp] WDEXON\E\ORGRVDåHQR
X RGUĤG\3DYODD%RKHPLD5QHMOHSãtKRGQRW\MVRXX(VSHUDQ]D
SĜLSUĤPČUQêFKFHONRYêFK]WUiWiFK&HONRYp]WUiW\SĜHSRþWHQpQDWXQ\
]DKHNWDUþLQtXQHMYtFH]WUiWRYpRGUĤG\3DYODWKD- D WKD- X%RKHPLD5
QHMPpQČ]WUiWRYiRGUĤGD(VSHUDQ]DSRXKêFKWKD-
LLWHUDWXUD
65%.íâ$ě(&3íâ$ě(&2í'2%(. 79êQRV\DVNOL]ĖRYp]WUiW\RGUĤG
FXNURYpĜHS\Y URFH,Q1HZWUHQGVLQ'HVLJQDQG8WLOLVDWLRQRI0DFKLQHVLQ
$JULFXOWXUH/DQGVFDSH0DLQWHQDQFHDQG(QYLURQPHQW3URWHFWLRQ3UDJXH– 0D\
3UDKDýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY3UD]HV-,6%1---
65%.â$ě(&3â$ě(&2 2GUĤGRYpSRNXV\FXNURYpĜHS\YêQRV\DVNOL]ĖRYp
]WUiW\Y OHWHFKD;,,0H]LQiURGQiYHGHFNDNRQIHUHQFLDPODGêFK1LWUD
V -
â$ě(&3íâ$ě(&2í'2%(.7 6WUDW\SORQXSRGF]DV]ELRUXUyĪQ\FKRGPLDQ
EXUDNDFXNURZHJR,Q]\QLHULD5ROQLF]DYROQRV-,661
â$ě(&3íâ$ě(&2í35=<%</-í 65%. <LHOGVDQG+DUYHVWORVVHVRIVXJDUEHHWYDULHWLHVLQWKH\HDUVDQG,Q7UHQGVLQ$JULFXOWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ
3UDKD&]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV3UDJXH)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJV,6%1--2--
â$ě(&3íâ$ě(&2<LHOGVDQGKDUYHVWORVVHVRIVXJDU-EHHWYDULHWLHVLQWKH\HDUV
DQG,Q7UHQGVLQ$JULFXOWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ3UDKD&]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI
/LIH6FLHQFHV3UDJXH)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJV-,6%1---
â$ě(&3íâ$ě(&2í35=<%</-í65%. 3RURYQiQtVNOt]HþĤFXNURYN\/LVW\
FXNURYDUQLFNpDĜHSDĜVNpYROQRV-,661-
â$ě(&3íâ$ě(&2í65%.í'2%(. 7. 2FHQDSORQyZLVWUDWSU]\]ELRU]H
NRU]HQLEXUDNDFXNURZHJRZODWDFK-,Q]\QLHULD5ROQLF]DYROQR
V-,661-
=SUDFRYiQRYUiPFLĜHãHQtYê]NXPQpKR]iPČUX0â07þ060
DYUiPFLSURMHNWX1$=94+
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ3HWUâDĜHF3K'.DWHGUDY\XåLWtVWURMĤ7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWDý=8Y3UD]H
WHOe-PDLOSVDUHF#WIF]XF]
130
67/$ý,7(/12673ģ'<329<62.é&+'È9.È&+.2032678'23ģ'<
-26()+ģ/$3$9(/+ģ/$-,ěË0$â(.3$9(/.29$ěËý(.2
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
2
$EVWUDFW
7KHFRPSUHVVLELOLW\RIVRLOZDVPHDVXUHGLQODERUDWRU\FRQVROLGDWLRQSUHVV*HRWHVW
DIWHU WDNLQJ RI XQGLVWXUEHG VRLO VDPSOHV LQ FDOLEUDWHG UROOHUV 7KH VRLO LQ VDPSOHUV ZDV
H[SRVHG WR WKH SUHVVXUH RI N3D IRU D SHULRG RI VHFRQGV 7KHUH ZDV SURYHG D
IDYRXUDEOHLQIOXHQFHRIKLJKFRPSRVWGRVHVIURPZDVWHELRPDVVRQVRLOYROXPHZHLJKWLQ
FRQGLWLRQV RI VRLO FRPSUHVVLELOLW\ 7KH KLJKHVW YDOXHV RI VRLO YROXPH ZHLJKW VKRZHG WKH
YDULDQWZLWKRXWFRPSRVWGRVH,WLVUHODWHGERWKWRWKHVWDUWLQJYDOXHVDQGYDOXHVREWDLQHG
DIWHUORDGLQJRIVRLOVDPSOHV7KHVHTXHQFHRIDQRWKHUH[SHULPHQWDOYDULDQWVFRUUHVSRQGV
WRDK\SRWKHVLVDERXWIDYRXUDEOHLQIOXHQFHRILQFUHDVLQJFRPSRVWGRVHVRQVRLOUHVLVWHQFH
WRFRPSUHVVLELOLW\
.H\ZRUGVFRPSRVWGRVHVVRLOFRPSUHVVLELOLW\
ÚVOD
.RPSRVWRYiQtMHYKRGQêP]SĤVREHP]SUDFRYiQtRGSDGQtELRPDV\*RODELHWDO
DGDOãtDXWRĜL&RXUWQH\HW0XOOHQXYiGČMtYêVOHGN\NWHUpGRNOiGDMtSĜt]QLYê
YOLY ]DSUDYHQt NRPSRVWĤ YH Y\ããtFK GiYNiFK QD I\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL SĤG\ 2UJDQLFNi
KPRWD Y SĤGČ VH SĜt]QLYČ SURMHYXMH Y SRGPtQNiFK Y\VWDYHQt SĤG\ WODNĤP SRMH]GRYêFK
~VWURMt VWURMĤ +RUQ HW DO 9êVOHGN\ KRGQRFHQt VH]yQQt G\QDPLN\ I\]LNiOQtFK
YODVWQRVWt SĤG\ SR MHGQRUi]RYpP ]DSUDYHQt RGVWXSĖRYDQêFK GiYHN NRPSRVWX ] RGSDGQt
ELRPDV\GRSĤG\Y SROQtPSRNXVX]DORåHQpPY URFHSRWYU]XMtSRXåLWHOQRVWY\VRNêFK
GiYHN NRPSRVWX ] RGSDGQt ELRPDV\ NH VQtåHQt REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL D ]YêãHQt FHONRYp
SyURYLWRVWLSĤG\+ĤODHWDO
9 QiYD]QRVWLQDKRGQRFHQtI\]LNiOQtFKYODVWQRVWtSĤG\SRMHGQRUi]RYpP]DSUDYHQt
RGVWXSĖRYDQêFK GiYHN NRPSRVWX ] RGSDGQt ELRPDV\ GR SĤG\ VH XVNXWHþQLOR KRGQRFHQt
VWODþLWHOQRVWL ]HPLQ\ RGHEUDQp GR NDOLEURYDQêFK YiOHþNĤ . PČĜHQt VWODþLWHOQRVWL SĤGQtFK
Y]RUNĤE\OY\XåLWODERUDWRUQtRHGRPHWUY ~SUDYČSUR]i]QDPGDW
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
2GEČU\SĤGQtFKY]RUNĤVHXVNXWHþQLO\VUSQD] YDULDQWPDORSDUFHONRYpKR
SROQtKR SRNXVX NWHUê E\O ]DORåHQ QD MDĜH URNX QD VWDQRYLãWL Y Praze - 5X]\QL
9 EĜH]QX E\O\ GR RUQLFH ]DSUDYHQ\ RGVWXSĖRYDQp GiYN\ NRPSRVWX ] RGSDGQt
ELRPDV\ WDE NRPSRVW E\O SĜLSUDYHQ PHWRGRX Ĝt]HQpKR NRPSRVWRYiQt 3OtYD HW DO
3R ]DSUDYHQt NRPSRVWX GR RUQLFH MVRX YDULDQW\ SRNXVX XGUåRYiQ\ EH] SRURVWX D
EH] ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ SOHYHOH MVRX UHJXORYiQ\ DSOLNDFt QHVHOHNWLYQtKR KHUELFLGX /]H
SURWR SĜHGSRNOiGDW åH SĜtSDGQp UR]GtO\ I\]LNiOQtFK YODVWQRVWt SĤG\ PH]L YDULDQWDPL
SRNXVX MVRX GĤVOHGNHP ]DSUDYHQt RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ YH IRUPČ NRPSRVWX ] RGSDGQt
ELRPDV\+ORXENDRGEČUXY]RUNĤSURPČĜHQtYRHGRPHWUX– PP
3ĤGQt SRGPtQN\ VWDQRYLãWČ SĜHFKRG PH]L SĤGRX KOLQLWRX D MtORYLWRKOLQLWRX –
SUĤPČUQêREVDKþiVWLFPHQãtFKQHåPPMH
131
7DE- 'iYN\NRPSRVWX]DSUDYHQpQDMDĜHGRSĤG\
9DULDQWD
.
'
'
'
'iYNDNRPSRVWX>WKD-]
3ĜHG VWODþRYiQtP Y RHGRPHWUX E\O\ SĤGQt Y]RUN\ ]YiåHQ\ 6WODþRYiQt SĤGQtFK
Y]RUNĤ VH XVNXWHþQLOR Y ODERUDWRUQtP RHGRPHWUX *HRWHVW 2HGRPHWU IXQJXMH QD SULQFLSX
MHGQRGXFKpKRSiNRYpKRPHFKDQLVPXNGHMHSRåDGRYDQêWODNQDY]RUHN]HPLQ\GRVDåHQ
SĤVREHQtP StVWX R SUĤPČUX PP 6YLVOi VtOD SĤVREt QD StVW ]HPLQD MH VWOiþHQD EH]
PRåQRVWL Y\ERþHQt GR VWUDQ 3tVW MH RSDWĜHQ SyUp]QtPL GHVWLþNDPL SUR ]DMLãWČQt YROQpKR
RGWRNX YRG\ ]H Y]RUNX ]HPLQ\ 3UR ]D]QDPHQiQt SRORK\ StVWX E\O RHGRPHWU GRSOQČQ
GRW\NRYêP VQtPDþHP SRORK\ NWHUê QDKUDGLO NODVLFNê DQDORJRYê ~FK\ONRPČU 6QtPDþ YH
VSRMHQt V PČĜLFt ~VWĜHGQRX D SRþtWDþHP WYRĜLO ]D]QDPHQiYDFt ]DĜt]HQt REU 3UR
VWODþRYiQtSĤGQtFK Y]RUNĤRGHEUDQêFK] PDORSDUFHONRYpKRSROQtKRSRNXVXE\OY\XåLWWODN
N3DSRGREXVHNXQG
=PČQD GUiK\ StVWX RHGRPHWUX SĜL VWODþRYiQt SĤGQtFK Y]RUNĤ E\OD Y\XåLWD SĜL
SĜHSRþWXQD]PČQXREMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLUHGXNRYDQp3RVWODþRYiQtE\O\Y]RUN\Y\VXãHQ\
SĜL & GR NRQVWDQWQt KPRWQRVWL D ]QRYX ]YiåHQ\ DE\ E\OR PRåQp ]MLVWLW REMHPRYRX
KPRWQRVWUHGXNRYDQRXSĜHGVWODþRYiQtPDSRVWODþRYiQtDYOKNRVW]HPLQ\
P
P
9\YiåHQt
0ČĜLFt~VWĜHGQD
6QtPDþSRORK\
=GURM
3tVW
9]RUHN
3RþtWDþ
5DPHQRSUR]DYČãHQt]iYDåt]H
5DPHQRSUR]DYČãHQt]iYDåt
sady
2EU- 6FKpPDRHGRPHWUX*HRWHVW
9é6/('.<$',6.86(
9 KORXEFHRUQLFHGRNWHUpE\ONRPSRVW]DSUDYHQE\ODRSDNRYDQČY OHWHFKD
]MLãWČQD VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQČ QLåãt REMHPRYi KPRWQRVW UHGXNRYDQi QD YDULDQWČ
V QHMY\ããt GiYNRX NRPSRVWX WKD- QHå QD NRQWUROQt YDULDQWČ EH] GiYN\ NRPSRVWX
5RYQČå E\O ]MLãWČQ VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQê UR]GtO X REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL UHGXNRYDQp PH]L
QHMY\ããtDQHMQLåãtGiYNRXNRPSRVWX
9 MDUQtPWHUPtQXRGEČUXY URFHE\ODREMHPRYiKPRWQRVWUHGXNRYDQiXYãHFK
WĜt KORXEHN RGEČUX QHMY\ããt X YDULDQW\ K EH] GiYN\ NRPSRVWX VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp
UR]GtO\ E\O\ ]D]QDPHQiQ\ SRX]H PH]L YDULDQWDPL D3 QHMY\ããt GiYND NRPSRVWX D
K v KORXENiFK - P D - P KRGQRW\ REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL UHGXNRYDQp
z WRKRWRWHUPtQXRGEČUĤMVRXXYHGHQ\Y WDE
132
7DE– 2EMHPRYiKPRWQRVWUHGXNRYDQiDSyURYLWRVWSĤG\QDMDĜH
9DULDQWD
.
+ORXEND>PP@
2EMKPUHG
>JFP-3]
3yURYLWRVW
>@
2
- .
.
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
- - - - - - - - - - - 9 JUDIX QD REU MVRX ]Qi]RUQČQ\ ]PČQ\ REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL UHGXNRYDQp
v ]iYLVORVWL QD þDVH SĜL Y\VWDYHQt SĤGQtFK Y]RUNĤ WODNX N3D Y RHGRPHWUX 1HMYČWãt
]YČWãHQt REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL UHGXNRYDQp QDVWDOR Y SUYQtFK WĜHFK GHVHWLQiFK VHNXQG\
SĤVREHQt WODNX Y GDOãtP þDVRYpP ~VHNX VH QiUĤVW REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL UHGXNRYDQp
]SRPDORYDO1HMY\ããtKRGQRW\REMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLUHGXNRYDQpE\O\ ]MLãWČQ\XYDULDQW\K
– NRQWUROQtEH]GiYN\NRPSRVWXFRåVHWêNiKRGQRWSĜHGLSRVWODþRYiQtY]RUNĤSRGREX
VHNXQG +\SRWp]D åH V QDUĤVWDMtFt GiYNRX NRPSRVWX NOHVi X SĤG\ REMHPRYi
KPRWQRVWUHGXNRYDQiE\ODLY SĜtSDGČVWODþRYiQt]HPLQ\Y RHGRPHWUXSRWYU]HQD3RĜDGt
YDULDQWV RGVWXSĖRYDQêPLGiYNDPLNRPSRVWXMHY VRXODGXV WRXWRK\SRWp]RX
8 RGHEUDQêFK Y]RUNĤ E\OD ]MLãWČQD PRPHQWiOQt YOKNRVW SĤG\ 1HMY\ããt KRGQRWD
PRPHQWiOQtYOKNRVWLSĤG\E\ODXYDULDQW\D3 KP– QHMY\ããtGiYNDNRPSRVWXVH
VQLåXMtFtVHGiYNRXNRPSRVWXPRPHQWiOQtYOKNRVWSĤG\NOHVDODKPXYDULDQW\D2
KPXYDULDQW\D1KPXYDULDQW\K
'
'
'
.
2EMKPUHGXNRYDQi>JFP-3]
ýDV>V@
2EU- =PČQDSUĤPČUQêFKKRGQRWREMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLUHGXNRYDQpY ]iYLVORVWLQDþDVHSĜLWODNX
N3D
133
3ĜLVWDWLVWLFNpP]SUDFRYiQtGDWE\ODSR]RUQRVW]DPČĜHQDQDY\EUDQpþDVRYp~VHN\
SĤVREHQt WODNX N3D QD SĤGQt Y]RUN\ 9 JUDIX QD REU MVRX ]Qi]RUQČQ\ KRGQRW\
REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL UHGXNRYDQp Y þDVRYpP ~VHNX VWODþRYiQt – V 9 GDOãtP JUDIX
REU MVRX KRGQRW\ QDPČĜHQp QD NRQFL GRE\ SĤVREHQt WODNX Y RHGRPHWUX 9 RERX
SĜtSDGHFK E\O\ ]MLãWČQ\ VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp UR]GtO\ PH]L MHGQRWOLYêPL YDULDQWDPL
V YêMLPNRXUR]GtOĤPH]LYDULDQWDPLD1 a D2.
2EMHPRYiKPRWQRVWUHGXNRYDQi>JFP -3]
'
'
'
.
0HGLiQ
5R]VDKQHRGOHK
2GOHKOp
([WUpP\
9DULDQW\
2EU- .UDELFRYêGLDJUDPKRGQRWREMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLUHGXNRYDQp– þDVRYê~VHN–V
2EMHPRYiKPRWQRVWUHGXNRYDQi>JFP -3]
'
'
'
.
0HGLiQ
5R]VDKQHRGOHK
2GOHKOp
([WUpP\
9DULDQW\
2EU- .UDELFRYêGLDJUDPKRGQRWREMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLUHGXNRYDQp– þDVRYê~VHN–V
=tVNDQp YêVOHGN\ MVRX Y VRXODGX V YêVOHGN\ DXWRUĤ NWHĜt KRGQRWLOL YOLY Y\VRNêFK
diYHNNRPSRVWX ] RGSDGQt ELRPDV\ QD REMHPRYRX KPRWQRVW ]HPLQ\ D QD GDOãt I\]LNiOQt
YODVWQRVWL SĤG\ *RODELHW DO $EX-=UHLJ HW $O-:LG\DQ 9êVOHGN\ KRGQRFHQt
VWODþLWHOQRVWL SĤG\ Y RHGRPHWUX XND]XMt QD SĜt]QLYê YOLY ]DSUDYHQt Y\VRNêFK GiYHN
134
NRPSRVWX QD YêVOHGQRX REMHPRYRX KPRWQRVW SĤG\ SR VWODþRYiQt FRå XND]XMH QD
PRåQRVW]YêãHQtRGROQRVWLSĤG\SĜLMHMtP]DWČåRYiQtPSĜHMH]G\VWURMĤ
=È9ċ5
1HMY\ããtKRGQRW\REMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLUHGXNRYDQpMDNXYêFKR]tFKKRGQRWWDNSR
VWODþRYiQt Y RHGRPHWUX E\O\ ]MLãWČQ\ X SĤGQtFK Y]RUNĤ ] YDULDQW\ K EH] GiYN\
NRPSRVWX3RĜDGtGDOãtFKYDULDQWSRNXVX'''RGSRYtGiK\SRWp]HRWRPåHSĜL
Y\VWDYHQt SĤG\ WODNĤP MH YêVOHGQi REMHPRYi KPRWQRVW YDULDQW VH ]DSUDYHQêP
NRPSRVWHP QLåãt QHå X YDULDQW\ EH] GiYN\ NRPSRVWX /]H SĜHGSRNOiGDW SĜt]QLYê YOLY
Y\VRNêFK GiYHN NRPSRVWX ] RGSDGQt ELRPDV\ QD YODVWQRVWL SĤG\ NWHUp PDMt Yê]QDP SĜL
]DWČåRYiQt SĤG\ SĜHMH]G\ VWURMĤ ÒSUDYD I\]LNiOQtFK YODVWQRVWt RUQp SĤG\ Y\VRNêPL
GiYNDPL NRPSRVWX ] RGSDGQt ELRPDV\ QDEêYi QD DNWXiOQRVWL Y ORNDOLWiFK V QDGE\WNHP
RGSDGQtELRPDV\
/LWHUDWXUD
$%8-=5(,* 0 $/-:,'<$1 0 ,QIOXHQFH RI ROLYH PLOOV VROLG ZDVWH RQ VRLO
K\GUDXOLFSURSHUWLHV&RPPXQLFDWLRQVLQ6RLO6FLHQFHDQG3ODQW$QDO\VLV–
– &28571(<5*08//(1*-6RLOTXDOLW\DQGEDUOH\JURZWKDVLQIOXHQFHGE\
WKHODQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIWZRFRPSRVWW\SHV %LRUHVRXUFH7HFKQRORJ\-
*2/$%,0+'(11(<0-,<(.$5&9DOXHRIFRPSRVWHGRUJDQLFZDVWHV
DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR V\QWKHWLF IHUWLOL]HUV IRU VRLO TXDOLW\ LPSURYHPHQW DQG LQFUHDVHG \LHOG
&RPSRVW6FLHQFH8WLOL]DWLRQ– +2515)/(,*(+3(7+6 6RLOPDQDJHPHQWIRUVXVWDLQDELOLW\ 5HLVNLUFKHQ
&DWHQD9HUODJ*0%+S
+ģ/$ - .29$ěËý(. 3 0$5(â29È . .2//È529È 0 9/Èâ.29È 0 )\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL SĤG\ SR ]DSUDYHQt Y\VRNêFK GiYHN NRPSRVWX GR SĤG\ $JULWHFK
6FLHQFH-
3/Ë9$3 HWDO.RPSRVWRYiQtY SiVRYêFKKURPDGiFKQDYROQpSORãH 3UDKD 3URIL
3UHVVVURV
8YHGHQpYêVOHGN\E\O\]tVNiQ\SĜLĜHãHQtYê]NXPQpKRSURMHNWX0=Hý5þ4+
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
SURI,QJ-RVHI+ĤOD&6FýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DPêFNi
3UDKDKXOD#WIF]XF]
135
9/,9=3ģ62%8=35$&29È1Ë3ģ'<1$-(-Ë=+871ċ1Ë
-$1ý(59,1.$%$5%25$%$'$/Ë.29È2 -,ěË3263Ëâ,/
0HQGORYD8QLYHU]LWDY %UQČÒVWDY]HPČGČOVNpSRWUDYLQiĜVNpDHYLURQPHQWiOQtWHFKQLN\
2
ZHPČGČOVNêYê]NXPVSROV UR7URXEVNR
$EVWUDFW
1D VWDQRYLãWL Y 8QþRYLFtFK E\O\ VOHGRYiQ\ Y OHWHFK - PRåQRVWL UĤ]Qp
LQWHQ]LW\ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ SĜL ]DNOiGDQt SRURVWĤ %\O\ KRGQRFHQ\ WĜL UĤ]Qp YDULDQW\
RUEDPČONp N\SĜHQtKOXERNp N\SĜHQt D E\O SRVRX]HQ MHMLFK YOLY QD SHQHWURPHWULFNê
RGSRUNWHUêMHLQGLNiWRUHP]KXWQČQtPSĤG\= YêVOHGNĤY\SO\QXORåH YDULDQW\VN\SĜHQtP
PDMt PHQãt QiFK\OQRVW NH ]KXWQČQt PDMt QLåãt SyURYLWRVW D MVRX VFKRSQ\ ]DGUåHW YtFH
YOiK\
.OtþRYiVORYD ]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\SHQHWURPHWULFNêRGSRU]KXWQČQtREMHPRYiKPRWQRVW
ÚVOD
=Y\ãRYiQt SURGXNWLYLW\ SUiFH D VQLåRYiQt QiNODGĤ QD SUDFRYQt RSHUDFH Y
]HPČGČOVWYtXPRåĖXMt]Y\ãXMtFtVHYêNRQ\PRWRUĤWUDNWRUĤVDPRMt]GQêFKVWURMĤD]Y\ãXMtFt
VHQRVQRVWGRSUDYQtFKSURVWĜHGNĤ 1DGUXKpVWUDQČVHXWČFKWRVWURMĤ]Y\ãXMHKPRWQRVW
]Y\ãXMHVH]DWtåHQtQDQiSUDY\DWtPVH]Y\ãXMHUL]LNR]KXWQČQtSĤG\=KXWQČQtPGRFKi]t
N SRãNR]RYiQt SĤGQt VWUXNWXU\ N UĤVWX REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL SĤG\ D WtP N SRNOHVX MHMt
SyURYLWRVWL =HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLND RYOLYĖXMH ]KXWQČQt SĤG\ ]HMPpQD SĤVREHQtP SRGYR]NĤ
QD SĤGX SURVWĜHGQLFWYtP SQHXPDWLN\ QHER SiVX 2GYDOXMtFt VH SQHXPDWLND ]SĤVREt
GHIRUPDFt SODVWLFNpKR SRGORåt = KOHGLVND LQWHQ]LW\ ]KXWQČQt MH UR]KRGXMtFt NRQWDNWQt WODN
SQHXPDWLN\QDSĤGXNWHUêMHGiQ QDSČWtPPH]LSĤGRXDSQHXPDWLNRXNWHUpSĤVREtNROPR
QDSRYUFKSĤG\Y SORãHRWLVNX*UHþHQNRXYiGtåHVHY]UĤVWDMtFtPWODNHPKXãWČQt
XVWHMQČ]DWtåHQpSQHXPDWLN\URVWHLWODNQDSĤGX3ĜL]YČWãHQpYOKNRVWLSĤG\VH]DWtåHQt
SĜHQiãtDåGRSRGORåtNGH]SĤVREXMHWUYDOpGHIRUPDFH3RXåLWtPRGHUQtFKSQHXPDWLND
PRåQRVWL SURPČQOLYpKR KXãWČQt MH MHGQRX ] WHFKQLFNêFK ĜHãHQt VQLåRYiQt WHFKQRJHQQtKR
XWXåHQt 'DOãt FHVWRX MH XSODWQČQt PRGHUQtFK SČVWHEQtFK WHFKQRORJLt NWHUp RYOLYĖXML
VWUXNWXUXSĤGGDQRXVWXSQČP]SUDFRYiQtDSRþWHPSRMH]GĤSRSĤGČ-DYĤUHN
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
9 UiPFL Yê]NXPQpKR SURMHNWX E\O VOHGRYiQ YH Y\EUDQêFK ORNDOLWiFK ýHVNp
UHSXEOLN\ +UXãRYDQ\ QDG -HYLãRYNRX - ]HPČGČOVNi YêUREQt SRGREODVW . 8QþRYLFH –
]HPČGČOVNi YêUREQt SRGREODVW ě /HVRQLFH - ]HPČGČOVNi YêUREQt SRGREODVW % YOLY
UĤ]QêFK ]SĤVREĤ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ QD SHQHWURPHWULFNê RGSRU 3ĜL KRGQRFHQt E\OD WDNp
]MLãWČQD REMHPRYi KPRWQRVW UHGXNRYDQi 2+UD FHONRYi SyURYLWRVW %\O\ VOHGRYiQ\ W\WR
YDULDQW\]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\
x 9DULDQWD- NODVLFNp]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\V RUERXGRP
x 9DULDQWD- PLQLPDOL]DþQtV PČONêPN\SĜHQtPGRP
x 9DULDQWD- KORXENRYpSRGUêYiQtGR-P
3HQHWURPHWULFNê RGSRU RGSRU YQLNQXWt NXåHOH GR SĤG\ E\O PČĜHQ SĜtVWURMHP 30- SUR
KORXEN\ – PP Y LQWHUYDOX SR 4 PP 0ČĜHQt VH SURYiGČOR QD NDåGp YDULDQWČ
v MDUQtPDSRG]LPQtPREGREtY SČWLRSDNRYiQtFK9êVOHGN\SRG]LPQtKRVOHGRYiQtY OHWHFK
-QDORNDOLWČ8QþRYLFHMVRXXYHGHQ\Y JUDILFNpSRGREČQDREU-
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
=KXWQČQt RUQLþQt YUVWY\ SĜHGHYãtP SRGORåt RPH]XMH UĤVW NRĜHQĤ D VQLåXMH
SURVDNRYiQt YRG\ ÒURGQRVW SĤG\ MH VQtåHQt YOLYHP RPH]HQpKR SURQLNiQt Y]GXFKX
VQtåHQtP SyURYLWRVWL =KXWQČQt VH YH VYpP GĤVOHGNX SURMHYXMH ]YêãHQtP UHGXNRYDQp
REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL ]YêãHQtP SHQHWURPHWULFNpKR RGSRUX SĤG\ 1D REU MH SUĤEČK
136
SHQHWURPHWULFNpKR RGSRUX X YDULDQW\ RUED +RGQRWD RGSRUX E\OD Y URFH v KRUL]RQWXKORXEN\-PQDGKRGQRWRX03DY URFHGRVDKRYDODKRGQRW\
03D 7\WR KRGQRW\ XND]XMt QD PRåQê YOLY XWXåHQt SRGRUQLþQt YUVWY\ 5RN E\O
H[WUHPQČPRNUêDKRGQRW\RGSRUXY FHOpPSURILOXQHGRViKO\03D+RGQRW\UHGXNRYDQp
REMHPRYpKPRWQRVWLYL]WDEGRVDKXMLXWpWRYDULDQW\Y\URYQDQêFKKRGQRWRG-
JFP-3 FRå YêUD]QČ QHRYOLYĖXMH UĤVW NRĜHQĤ 3RGOH 5HEHOND MH KRGQRWD -
JFP-3 KUDQLþQtKRGQRWRXSURUĤVWNRĜHQĤ9 URFHYL]REUDYDULDQW\DPČONp
DKOXERNpN\SĜHQtGRViKO\Y\VRNêFKKRGQRWSHQHWURPHWULFNpKRRGSRUXRSURWLURNX
+OXERNpN\SĜHQtYDUGRViKORKUDQLFH03DMLåY KORXEFHPFRå]QDPHQiVQtåHQt
UĤVWX NRĜHQĤ þL MHMLFK ]DVWDYHQt 7R VH PĤåH QHJDWLYQČ SURMHYLW QD YêQRVX SČVWRYDQp
SORGLQ\ , SĜHV Y\VRNp KRGQRW\ SHQHWURPHWULFNpKR RGSRUX XND]XMt KRGQRW\ REMHPRYp
KPRWQRVWLYL]WDEPDOpUR]SČWtRG-JFP-3 FRåXND]XMHQDGREUêVWDYSĤG\SUR
UĤVWURVWOLQ3ĜLKRGQRFHQtYãHFKYDULDQWY URFHGRViKO\YãHFKQ\YDULDQW\PD[LPiOQČ
03D YL] REU KRGQRW\ REMHPRYp KPRWQRVW E\O\ QD NRQFL YHJHWDþQt REGREt X
YDULDQW D Y\ããt QHå X YDULDQW\ ] RUERX YL] WDE 3UR WHFKQRJHQQt ]KXWQČQt MVRX
UR]KRGXMtFtOLPLWQtKRGQRW\SHQHWURPHWULFNpKRRGSRUXDNRQWDNWQtFKWODNĤ/LPLWQtKRGQRW\
SHQHWURPHWULFNpKR RGSRUX SRGOH /KRWVNpKR ]iYLVt QD GUXKX SĤG\ D GRVDKXMt
KRGQRW - 03D OLPLWQt KRGQRW\ NRQWDNWQtFK WODNĤ SRGOH UĤ]QêFK DXWRUĤ MVRX SUR QDãH
SRGPtQN\ RG - N3D +UDQLFH 03D MH RGVWUDQLWHOQi QiVOHGQRX DJURWHFKQLNRX
=KXWQČQt YČWãt D GR YČWãtFK KORXEHN PXVtPH RGVWUDQLW VDPRVWDWQRX RSHUDFt - N\SĜHQt D
SURY]GXãQČQtSĤG\KORXENRYêPN\SĜLþHP.
*UDILFNi]iYLVORVWSHQHWUDþQtKRRGSRUX>03D@QDKORXEFH>PP@
8QþRYLFHYOHWHFKDåYDULDQWD
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
WĞŶĞƚƌĂēŶşŽĚƉŽƌ;DWĂ)
100
,ůŽƵďŬĂ; mm)
200
300
400
500
600
700
rok 2008
rok 2009
rok 2010
2EU3UĤEČKSHQHWURPHWULFNpKRRGSRUXYDULDQWD- RUED
137
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
100
,ůŽƵďŬĂ; mm)
200
300
400
500
600
700
rok 2008
rok 2009
rok 2010
2EU3UĤEČKSHQHWURPHWULFNpKRRGSRUXYDULDQWD- PČONpN\SĜHQt
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
100
,ůŽƵďŬĂ; mm)
200
300
400
500
600
700
rok 2008
rok 2009
rok 2010
2EU3UĤEČKSHQHWURPHWULFNpKRRGSRUXYDULDQWD- KORXENRYpN\SĜHQt
138
+RGQRW\RGSRUX81ý29,&(K P
3HQHWURPHWULFNêRGSRU03D
YDU
var 2
4
var 3
3
2
2EU3UĤEČKSHQHWURPHWULFNpKRRGSRUXY KORXEFHPYOHWHFK-
7DE)\]LNiOQtYODVWQRVWLSĤG\81ý29,&(SURK -P
9$5,$17$
2EMHPRYiKPRWQRVWUHGXNRYDQi
JFP-3
,]
N ,,]
N ,,,]
N z-]DþiWHNYHJHWDFHN-NRQHFYHJHWDFH
&HONRYiSyURYLWRVW
=È9ċ5
9êVOHGN\ SRNXVX QiP XPRåQLO\ SRVRX]HQt YOLYX ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ QD MHMt
SHQHWURPHWULFNêRGSRUDQDREMHPRYRXKPRWQRVWUHGXNRYDQRX6 YêVOHGNĤY\SOêYiåHMH
PRåQRYHY\EUDQêFKSUDFRYQtFK RSHUDFtFKQDKUDGLWRUEXKORXENRYêPSRSĜtSDGČPČONêP
N\SĜHQtP8YHGHQpYêVOHGN\SURNi]DO\QXWQRVWSRVX]RYiQt]KXWQČQtSĤG\YåG\] QČNROLND
~KOĤ .URPČ SHQHWURPHWULFNpKR RGSRUX D REMHPRYp KPRWQRVWL MH QXWQR VOHGRYDW REVDK
YRG\ D WR YãH NRQIURQWRYDW V YêQRV\ SORGLQ\ 7DNp RUJDQLFNi KPRWD X WČFKWR YDULDQW
SĤVREt SR]LWLYQČ QD SĤGQt YOKNRVW D QD ]KXWQČQt 9 VRXþDVQRVWL MVRX VWiOH þDVWČML
SRXåtYiQ\ V\VWpP\ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ NWHUp MVRX WHFKQRORJLFN\ D HNRQRPLFN\ PpQČ
QiURþQp -H QXWQp ]YROLW WDNRYp ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ NWHUp Y\WYRĜt YKRGQp SRGPtQN\ SUR
]DORåHQt SRURVWX SUR RSWLPiOQt UĤVW D SUR GRVDåHQt NYDOLWQtKR YêQRVX 9HGOH SĤGQtFK
YODVWQRVWt GDQêFK MHMLFK SĜLUR]HQêP YêYRMHP MVRX RUQp SĤG\ RYOLYĖRYiQ\ WHFKQRORJLHPL
KRVSRGDĜHQt QD QLFK 7HFKQRJHQQt ]KXWQČQt NWHUp Ve v SĤGČ DNXPXOXMH SĜHGHYãtP
v SRGRUQLþQt MH NURPČ MLQpKR ]SĤVREHQR PRELOQtPL PHFKDQL]DþQtPL SURVWĜHGN\ ]HMPpQD
MHMLFKKPRWQRVWt]SĤVREHPDþHWQRVWtSRK\EXSRSR]HPNX1DKUD]HQtRUE\]SUDFRYiQtP
139
SĤG\ EH] SĜHYUDFHQt VNêY\ SRGUêYiQtP N\SĜHQtP QHVPt DOH VQtåLW YêVOHGQRX NYDOLWX
VNOt]HQpKR SURGXNWX D QHVPt VQtåLW SĤGQt ~URGQRVW 'DOãt YKRGQRX PHWRGRX XPRåĖXMtFt
VQtåHQt]KXWQČQtMH]HPČGČOVWYtV Ĝt]HQêPSURYR]HP&7)&RQWUROOHG7UDILF)DUPLQJ
'HGLNDFH
3ĜtVSČYHNMHVRXþiVWtĜHãHQpKRSURMHNWX1$=94+Ä6WDQRYHQtVWXSQČGHJUDGDþQtFK]PČQ
YSĤGČYOLYHPDQWURSRJHQQtþLQQRVWLYVRXYLVORVWLVSČVWRYiQtPSORGLQ³ 0=Hý5
/LWHUDWXUD
$6$( 67$1'$5'6 3URFHGXUHV IRU XVLQJ DQG UHSRUWLQJ GDWD REWDLQHG ZLWK WKH
VRLOFRQHSHQHWURPHWHU6W-RVHSK0LFKLJDQ$6$((GD(3
%$'$/Ë.29È%+58%é- 0LQLPDOL]DþQtWHFKQRORJLH]DUXþXMtVWDELOQČMãt]iVREX
YRG\Y SĤGČÒURGDþV -,661-
*5(ý(1.2$9ODVWQRVWLWHUpQQtFKYR]LGHO(69â=3UDKDV
-$9ģ5(. 09$&+ 0 1HJDWLYQt YOLY ]KXWQČQt SĤG D VRXVWDYDRSDWĜHQt N MHMLFK
RGVWUDQČQt0HWRGLNDSURSUD[L9859YYLV,6%1----
/+276.é - =KXWQČQt SĤG D RSDWĜHQt SURWL QČPX 6WXGLMQt ]SUiYD 8=3, 3UDKD V
5$9(// 6 3ĤGD QHMFHQČMãt DWLYXP ]HPČGČOVWYt Ä=SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ D SĤGQt
VWUXNWXUD³3ĜHNODG] DQJ$JULV&6DVV
â,021-/+276.é-DNRO=SUDFRYiQtD]~URGĖRYiQtSĤG6=13UDKD
V
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
'RF,QJ-DQýHUYLQND&VFÒVWDY]HPČGČOVNpSRWUDYLQiĜVNpD HYLURQPHQWiOQtWHFKQLN\$)
0HQGHORYDXQLYHU]LWDY %UQČ=HPČGČOVNi%UQRH-PDLOFHX]W#PHQGHOXF]
140
HODNOCENÍ KVALITY ZP5$&29È1Ë3ģ'<9 ZÁVISLOSTI NA ROVNOMċ51267,
52=0Ë67ċ1Ë5267/,11é&+=%<7.ģ326./,=1, 3ě('3/2',1<
-,ěË0$â(.0,/$1.528/Ë.='(1ċ..9Ë=-26()+ģ/$3$9(/352&+È=.$
.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ7)ý=8Y 3UD]H
Abstrakt:
7HFKQRORJLH ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ GR]QDO\ Y SRVOHGQtFK GYDFHWL OHWHFK YHONp ]PČQ\ D
RG NRQYHQþQt WHFKQRORJLH ]DORåHQp QD NDåGRURþQtP REUDFHQt SĤG\ SRPRFt UDGOLþQpKR
SOXKXVHYHYHONpPtĜHSĜHãORQDWHFKQRORJLHFKDUDNWHULVWLFNpPČONêPN\SĜHQtPSĤG\EH]
MHMtKRREUDFHQt9 WČFKWRWHFKQRORJLtFKKUDMHGĤOHåLWRXUROLNYDOLWDUR]PHWiQtSRVNOL]ĖRYêFK
]E\WNĤ SĜHGSORGLQ\ QD SRYUFKX SĤG\ 3URYHGHQêP SROQtP PČĜHQtP E\OR GRNi]iQR åH
QiVOHGQp ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ QHGRNiåH ]OHSãLW URYQRPČUQRVW GLVWULEXFH URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ
QDSRYUFKXSĤG\DMH WHG\QXWQpVSUiYQČQDVWDYLWMLåUR]PHWDGORSOHYDVOiP\QDVNOt]HFt
POiWLþFH SĜL VNOL]QL 9êVOHGHN H[SHULPHQWX MH SĜtQRVHP SUR SUDNWLFNp SRXåLWt
PLQLPDOL]DþQtFKWHFKQRORJLtY ]HPČGČOVNpYêUREČ
.OtþRYiVORYD PLQLPDOL]DFHURVWOLQQp]E\WN\]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\
ÚVOD
6\VWpP\DSRVWXS\]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\D]DNOiGiQtSRURVWĤMVRXYSRVOHGQtFKOHWHFK
SRGURERYiQ\ NULWLFNp DQDOê]H V FtOHP ]YêãLW ~URYHĖ SpþH R SĤGQt SURVWĜHGt D ]OHSãLW
SRGPtQN\ SUR WYRUEX YêQRVX SORGLQ RPH]LW QHåiGRXFt SRãNR]RYiQt SĤGQt VWUXNWXU\
RPH]LWHUR]LSĤG\LNRQWDPLQDFLSRG]HPQtLSRYUFKRYpYRG\VQDGQRSRK\EOLYêPLIRUPDPL
åLYLQ 9]KOHGHP N Y\VRNp HQHUJHWLFNp QiURþQRVWL NRQYHQþQtKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ V RUERX
PRKRX]MHGQRGXãHQpSRVWXS\]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\]DORåHQpQDPČONpPN\SĜHQtSĜLVSČWNH
VQtåHQt QiNODGĤ QD MHGQRWNX SURGXNFH MHVWOLåH SĜL MHMLFK XSODWĖRYiQt QHGRMGH
N YêUD]QČMãtPXVQtåHQtYêQRVĤSORGLQ+ĤOD
3ĜLLQWHQ]LYQtP]SUDFRYiQtRUQLFHGRFKi]tN SURY]GXãĖRYiQt]SUDFRYiYDQpYUVWY\
þtPå VH GRVDKXMH PQRKRQiVREQČ U\FKOHMãt PLQHUDOL]DFH D UR]NODGX SĤGQt RUJDQLFNp
KPRW\ 7tP Y]QLNi YHOPL YêNRQQp SURVWĜHGt SUR UĤVW URVWOLQ %RKXåHO WDWR LQWHQ]LYQt
PLQHUDOL]DFHMHMHGQRX] KODYQtFKSĜtþLQ]WUiWKXPXVX-HVWOLåHFKFHPHGORXKRGREČXGUåHW
Y\VRNRX SĤGQt ~URGQRVW MH QXWQp SRþtWDW V Y\ããtPL YVWXS\ RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ QD SR]HPHN
5ĤåHN HW +ĤOD 'DOãtP GĤOHåLWêP SR]QDWNHP SUR SRXåtYiQt NRQ]HUYDþQtFK
WHFKQRORJLt ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ MH SR]QDWHN åH LQWHQ]LYQt ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ ]KRUãXMH SĤGQt
VWUXNWXUX .|OOHU =YêãHQi PLQHUDOL]DFH SĜL SURYiGČQp RUEČ SOXKHP YHGH
N RGERXUiYiQt RUJDQLFNp VORåN\ SĤG\ VH YãHPL QHJDWLYQtPL QiVOHGN\ NWHUê WHQWR MHY
Y\YROiYi.UDXVHD:LHQHNHXYiGČMtåHREVDKRUJDQLFNpVORåN\Y SĤGČQDGDQpP
SR]HPNXNOHVO SR OHWHFK LQWHQ]LYQtKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ ] SRþiWHþQtFK QD VRWYD
3RGOH .|OOHUD D /LQNHKR GRFKi]t SR QČNROLNDOHWpP Y\QHFKiQt RUE\ NH
]PČQiPELRORJLFNêFKI\]LNiOQtFKLFKHPLFNêFKYODVWQRVWtSĤG\
3RNU\YSĤG\URVWOLQQêPL ]E\WN\- PXOþHPVHKUiYiREGREQRX~ORKXMDNR]DSRMHQê
SRURVW SORGLQ 9 RERX SĜtSDGHFK VH MHGQi R Y\WYiĜHQt W]Y ÄVWLQQpKR JDUp³ NWHUp VH
SUDNWLFN\SĜt]QLYČSRGtOtQDYãHFKSĤGQtFKYODVWQRVWHFK=DKODYQt~þHOPXOþHVHSRYDåXMH
RFKUDQD SĤGQt Y\VSČORVWL GUREWRYLWi VWUXNWXUD ]DEUiQČQt VOLWt D NRUQDWČQt SĤG\ D WtP
VQtåHQtYêSDUX SĤGQtYRG\+ĤOD9\XåLWtPXOþHYRFKUDQQpP]SĤVREX]SUDFRYiQt
VHUĤ]QtSRGOH]SĤVREXKRVSRGDĜHQtVURVWOLQQêPL]E\WN\&URS5HVLGXHPDQDJHPHQW9
NDåGpP SĜtSDGČ PXVt EêW SĤGD SRNU\WD PXOþHP PLQLPiOQČ QDG MHMt SORFK\
-RKQVRQ 0XOþ PĤåH SRFKi]HW MDN ] SRVNOL]ĖRYêFK ]E\WNĤ SĜHGSORGLQ\ WDN ]
URVWOLQQp ELRPDV\ PH]LSORGLQ SĜHGHYãtP VWUQLVNRYêFK 3ĜL Y\WYiĜHQt RFKUDQQpKR PXOþH ]
SRVNOL]ĖRYêFK ]E\WNĤ SĜHGSORGLQ\ VH Y SRGVWDWČ MHGQi R Y\XåLWt YHGOHMãtKR SURGXNWX
SČVWRYDQpURVWOLQ\- VWUQLãWČVGUREQêPLURVWOLQQêPL]E\WN\SOHY\~KUDEN\DMSRSĜtSDGČ
UR]GUFHQp UR]ĜH]DQp VOiP\ 9êãND VWUQLãWČ E\ VH PČOD SRK\ERYDW GR PD[ P D
141
GUREQp SRVNOL]ĖRYp ]E\WN\ SOHY\ DM E\ QHPČO\ WYRĜLW VLOQp VRXYLVOp YUVWY\ QD SRYUFKX
SĤG\3ĜLPXOþRYiQtVOiPRXSĜHGSORGLQ\MHWĜHED]RKOHGĖRYDWGUXKSORGLQ\3ĜLPXOþRYiQt
VOiPRX RELOQLQ E\ YUVWYD PXOþH QHPČOD EêW YČWãt MDN PP 3ĜL YUVWYČ Y\ããt MDN PP
KUR]t QHEH]SHþt RVtGOHQt KUDERãL V PRåQêP SRãNR]HQtP SRURVWX Y\VHWp SORGLQ\
1HSĜt]QLYpMVRXWDNpVLOQpYUVWY\SOHY9êKRGQČMãtMHPXOþ]HVOiP\OXVNRYLQVRKOHGHPQD
OHSãtSRPČU\&1âLPRQHWDO
=DQHFKiQtURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤQDSRYUFKXSĤG\YHGHN YêUD]QpPXRERKDFHQtSĤG\
KXPXVHPGtN\Y\ããtPLNURELiOQtDNWLYLWČ7R]Y\ãXMHQDSĜtNODGVWDELOLWXSĤGQtFKDJUHJiWĤ
þtPå MH SĤGD RGROQČMãt SURWL ]DEDKQČQt D HUR]L 3RVNOL]ĖRYp ]E\WN\ PDMt QD QiVOHGQRX
SORGLQ\ YOLY SR]LWLYQt L QHJDWLYQt 6OiPD NWHUi ]ĤVWDQH QD SROL VWDELOL]XMH QHER ]Y\ãXMH
REVDKKXPXVXY SĤGČV SR]LWLYQtPYOLYHPQDVWUXNWXUXSĤG\ELRORJLFNRXDNWLYLWXDREVDK
åLYLQ 9UVWYD VOiP\ MH QHMOHSãt RFKUDQRX SURWL HUR]L RPH]XMH RGSDĜRYiQt YRG\ D ~þLQQČ
SRWODþXMHUĤ]QpSOHYHOH
1HMYČWãtPSUREOpPHPNWHUêVOiPDQDSRYUFKXQHERWČVQČSRGQtP]SĤVREXMHMH
QHJDWLYQt YOLY QD XNOiGiQt RVLYD D WR L SĜL SRXåLWt VSHFLiOQtFK VWURMĤ SUR SĜtPp VHWt
'ĤVOHGNHP PRKRX EêW QHSUDYLGHOQp SRURVW\ V PH]HUDPL 2EDY\ åH SĜL UR]NODGX VOiP\
Y]QLNDMt I\WRQFLGQt OiWN\ LQKLEXMtFt NOtþHQt QiVOHGQp SORGLQ\ VH SRGOH .|OOHUD DNRO SĜL SURYHGHQêFK SRNXVHFK QHSURMHYLO\ SRNXG MH DOH Y GRVWDWHþQpP PQRåVWYt SĜtWRPHQ
N\VOtN 3UREOpP V UR]NODGHP VOiP\ Y]QLNi SĜL MHMtP KOXERNpP ]SUDYHQt NGH MH DNXWQt
QHGRVWDWHNN\VOtNXNWHUêMHQXWQêSURMHMtUR]NODG7pPČĜYãHFKQDDJURWHFKQLFNiRSDWĜHQt
PDMt YOLY QD SRVNOL]ĖRYp ]E\WN\ 3DWĜt VHP MLå YROED SĜHGSORGLQ\ D GiOH SDN SĜL VNOL]QL
VSUiYQiYROEDYêãN\VWUQLãWČ=SUDYLGODMGHRGRVDåHQtFRQHMNUDWãtKRVWUQLãWČDGRVDåHQt
FRQHMURYQRPČUQČMãtKRUR]GČOHQtURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤSRSRYUFKX
MATERIÁL A METODY
3UR KRGQRFHQt UR]ORåHQt URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ SR SRGPtWFH Y ]iYLVORVWL QD NYDOLWČ
MHMLFK UR]PHWiQt VNOt]HFt POiWLþNRX E\O\ ]DORåHQ\ GYČ SRNXVQp YDULDQW\ KRVSRGDĜHQt
V URVWOLQQêPL]E\WN\DWRGRNRQDOpUR]PHWiQtURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤD]KRUãHQpQHGRNRQDOp
UR]PHWiQt NG\ YČWãLQD VOiP\ ]ĤVWiYi Y SUXKX ]D VNOt]HFt POiWLþNRX 3ĜL Y\WYiĜHQt
PRGHORYpKR SRNXVX YH YDULDQWČ LGHiOQtKR UR]PtVWČQt ]E\WNĤ E\O\ SRGUFHQp URVWOLQQp
]E\WN\SĜHGSORGLQ\UR]PtVWČQ\URYQRPČUQČSRFHOpãtĜFH]iEČUXVNOt]HFtPOiWLþN\WDNDE\
E\OD VSOQČQD SRGPtQND SRGpOQp L SĜtþQp URYQRPČUQRVWL UR]PtVWČQt URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ 8
GUXKpYDULDQW\NWHUpPČODVLPXORYDWQHURYQRPČUQRVWUR]PtVWČQtURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤE\OR
] þLQQRVWL Y\ĜD]HQR UR]PHWDGOR SOHY D VPČURYDFt SOHFK\ UHIOHNWRUX GUWLþH QDVWDYHQ\ QD
VWĜHG WDN DE\ E\O\ URVWOLQQp ]E\WN\ UR]PtVWČQ\ V FR PRåQi QHMYČWãt QHURYQRPČUQRVWt
1iVOHGQČE\ODSURYHGHQDSRGPtWNDUDGOLþNRYêPN\SĜLþHP+RUVFK3KDQWRP)*NWHUê
E\O Y\EDYHQ ãtSRYêPL UDGOLþNDPL D ]SUDFRYiYDO SĤGX GR KORXEN\ FP 9 RERX
YDULDQWiFKE\ODSRXåLWDGRSRUXþHQiKRGQRWDSUDFRYQtU\FKORVWLVRXSUDY\
9é6/('.<$',6.86(
=QDPČĜHQêFKKRGQRWY\QHVHQêFKY JUDIHFKQDREUDPĤåHPHSR]RURYDWYOLY
URYQRPČUQRVWL UR]PHWiQt ]E\WNĤ VNOt]HFt POiWLþNRX QD URYQRPČUQRVW UR]PtVWČQt
URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ SR SURYHGHQt PČONpKR N\SĜHQt UDGOLþNRYêP N\SĜLþHP %\OD SRWYU]HQD
K\SRWp]D åH QHURYQRPČUQRVW UR]PtVWČQt ]E\WNĤ SR VNOL]QL Pi Yê]QDPQê YOLY QD MHMLFK
QHURYQRPČUQRVW SR SRGPtWFH 9 V\VWpPHFK ~VSRUQpKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ KUDMH
URYQRPČUQRVW UR]PtVWČQt ]E\WNĤ YHONRX UROL Y NYDOLWČ QiVOHGQêFK RSHUDFt D ]DORåHQt
SURVWX
'ĤOHåLWêMHSUĤEČKKPRWQRVWLMHGQRWOLYêFKY]RUNĤSRSRGPtWFHYHYDULDQWČV Qt]NRX
NYDOLWRX UR]PHWiQt NG\ GRFKi]t SĜL SRGPtWFH N LQWHQ]LYQtPX KUQXWt URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ
N\SĜLþHP D MHMLFK QiVOHGQpPX XYROĖRYiQt YH VKOXFtFK MHå PDMt ]D QiVOHGHN Yê]QDPQê
QiUĤVW KPRWQRVWL RGHEUDQpKR Y]RUNX MHå MH Y\ããt QHå KPRWQRVW URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ QD
GDQpP PtVWČ SR VNOL]QL SĜHG SRGPtWNRX7HQWRSRNXVMDVQČ GHPRQVWURYDO åH QHNYDOLWQČ
SURYHGHQi SĜHGFKi]HMtFt RSHUDFH GR ]QDþQp PtU\ RYOLYĖXMH NYDOLWX QiVOHGQp SUDFRYQt
RSHUDFHDWtPLNYDOLWX]DORåHQtSRURVWXQiVOHGQpSORGLQ\7DWRGRPQČQNDE\ODSRWYU]HQD
142
SURYHGHQtP GDOãtKR WHVWX NG\ E\OD VOHGRYiQD Yê]QDPQRVW UR]GtOĤ PH]L KRGQRWDPL
KPRWQRVWLURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤQDSRYUFKXSĤG\SĜHGDSRSRGPtWFH
+PRWQRVWURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤ
[g.m-2]
SRVNOL]QL
- - - - - - - - - - 5 5 - - âtĜND]iEČUXUDGOLþNRYpKRN\SĜLþH>P@
2EU- 5R]PtVWČQtURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤSRSRGPtWFHDVNOL]QLVQHGRNRQDOêPUR]PHWiQtPVOiP\
SRVNOL]QL
+PRWQRVWURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤ
[g.m-2]
SRSRGPtWFH
- - - - - - - - - - 5 5 - - ãtĜND]iEČUXUDGOLþNRYpKRN\SĜLþH>P@
2EU- 5R]PtVWČQtURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤSRSRGPtWFHDVNOL]QLV GRNRQDOêPUR]PHWiQtPVOiP\
9 QiVOHGXMtFtFK NUDELFRYêFK JUDIHFK REU D MVRX ]Qi]RUQČQ\ UR]GtO\
Y MHGQRWOLYêFK YDULDQWiFK 1HURYQRPČUQp UR]PtVWČQt VOiP\ SĜHG SRGPtWNRX PČOR ]D
QiVOHGHN ]YČWãHQt KPRWQRVWL URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ QD SRYUFKX ] GĤYRGX MHMLFK KUQXWtP
VWURMHPDXYROĖRYiQtPYHVKOXFtFK=YROHQêUDGOLþNRYêN\SĜLþQHE\O]DGDQêFKSRGPtQHN
SĜLVYpSUiFLVFKRSHQ]OHSãLWURYQRPČUQRVWUR]PtVWČQtURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤQDSRYUFKX
143
2EU- .UDELFRYêJUDIKPRWQRVWLURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤQDSRYUFKXSĤG\SĜHGSRGPtWNRX
1DPČĜHQp KRGQRW\ E\O\ VWDWLVWLFN\ ]SUDFRYiQ\ SRPRFt QHSDUDPHWULFNêFK PHWRG
QHERĢ MLå ] SRKOHGX QD KLVWRJUDP\ þHWQRVWL REU MH SDWUQp åH VRXERU\ KRGQRW
QHY\ND]XMt ]QDN\ QRUPiOQtKR UR]GČOHQt 3UR KRGQRFHQt Yê]QDPQRVWL UR]GtOX E\O SRXåLW
QHSDUDPHWULFNê .ROPRJRURY-6PLUQRYĤY WHVW 7tPWR WHVWHP E\O SURNi]iQ VWDWLVWLFN\
Yê]QDPQêUR]GtOQDKODGLQČYê]QDPQRVWLĮ PH]LYDULDQWRXV GRNRQDOêPUR]PHWiQtP
DYDULDQWRXV Qt]NRXNYDOLWRXUR]PHWiQtVOiP\
2EU- +PRWQRVWLURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤQDSRYUFKXSĤG\SRSRGPtWFH
3URYHGHQêP:LOFR[RQRYêPWHVWHPQHE\OSURNi]iQUR]GtOPH]LVWDYHPSĜHGDSR
Y\NRQiQt SUDFRYQt RSHUDFH 9\SRþWHQi KODGLQD Yê]QDPQRVWL S MH YČWãt QHå
Į QHO]H ]DPtWQRXW QXORYRX K\SRWp]X D PH]L VRXERU\ QHQt VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQê
UR]GtO= WRKRGĤYRGXPĤåHPHY\VORYLW]iYČUåHQHURYQRPČUQRVWY UR]PtVWČQtURVWOLQQêFK
]E\WNĤSĜHGSRGPtWNRXEXGHPtWYOLYQDQHURYQRPČUQRVWURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤLSRSRGPtWFH
D PĤåH VH QHJDWLYQČ SURMHYLW SĜL GDOãtFK SUDFRYQtFK RSHUDFtFK ]HMPpQD SĜL ]DNOiGiQt
SRURVWX REU 'tN\ WRPX åH QHURYQRPČUQČ UR]PtVWČQp ]E\WN\ ]SĤVREXMt
QHSUĤFKRGQRVW N\SĜLþH D WDN GRFKi]t N KUQXWt PDWHULiOX MH QD REU SDWUQê QiUĤVW
KPRWQRVWL URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ SR SURYHGHQpP N\SĜHQt YH VURYQiQt VH VWDYHP SĜHG
SRGPtWNRX
144
2EU- ýHWQRVWKPRWQRVWLURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤQDSRYUFKXSĤG\SĜHGSRGPtWNRX
2EU- +PRWQRVWLURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤQDSRYUFKXSĤG\SĜLQHURYQRPČUQpPUR]SW\OXVOiP\
2EU- ýHWQRVWKPRWQRVWLURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤQDSRYUFKXSĤG\SRSRGPtWFHYRERXYDULDQWiFK
145
2EU- +PRWQRVWLURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤQDSRYUFKXSĤG\SĜLURYQRPČUQpPUR]SW\OXVOiP\
6WHMQČ WDN E\O :LOFR[RQĤY WHVW SURYHGHQ SUR KRGQRFHQt YDULDQW\ V GRNRQDOêP
UR]PHWiQtPVOiP\3URYHGHQêPWHVWHPQHE\O\SURNi]iQ\VWDWLVWLFN\Yê]QDPQpUR]GtO\Y
URYQRPČUQRVWL UR]PtVWČQt URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ QD SRYUFKX SĤG\ SĜHG SRGPtWNRX D SR
SRGPtWFH Y\SRþWHQi KODGLQ\ Yê]QDPQRVWL S MH Y\ããt QHå Į %\O WHG\
SRWYU]HQ SĜHGSRNODG åH NYDOLWD SĜHGFKR]t SUDFRYQt RSHUDFH RYOLYĖXMH SUDFRYQt RSHUDFL
QiVOHGXMtFt = JUDIX REU MH SDWUQp åH KPRWQRVW URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ QD SRYUFKX SĤG\
Y WpWRYDULDQWČSRSRGPtWFHNOHVODWHG\þiVWURVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤE\OD]DSUDYHQDGRSĤG\
9\KRGQRFHQtP WRKRWR SRNXVX E\O GRNi]iQ QHJDWLYQt YOLY ãSDWQČ QDVWDYHQpKR
GUWLþH D UR]PHWDGOD SOHY VNOt]HFt POiWLþN\ QD NYDOLWX SUiFH VWURMĤ SUR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\
NWHUê SĜL SRXåtYiQt ~VSRUQpKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ PĤåH PtW SUR ]DORåHQt SRURVWX QiVOHGQp
SORGLQ\IDWiOQtQiVOHGN\
=È9ċ5
8VNXWHþQČQêP PČĜHQtP E\OR GRNi]iQR åH QHURYQRPČUQČ UR]SWêOHQp URVWOLQQp
]E\WN\ PDMt YOLY QD URYQRPČUQRVW UR]PtVWČQt ]E\WNĤ SR SRGPtWFH L QD NYDOLWX SRGPtWN\
.\SĜLþ QHGRNi]DO VYRX þLQQRVWt ]OHSãLW URYQRPČUQRVW UR]PtVWČQt URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ
GRNRQFH GtN\ DNXPXODFL URVWOLQQêFK þiVWL PH]L SUDFRYQtPL QiVWURML GRFKi]HOR
N YêUD]QČMãtP QHURYQRPČUQRVWHP 7tP E\OD GRNi]iQD Y]iMHPQi ]iYLVORVW PH]L
MHGQRWOLYêPL SUDFRYQtPL RSHUDFHPL NWHUi MH Y V\VWpPHFK ~VSRUQpKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\
YHOLFH GĤOHåLWi QHERĢ UR]PtVWČQt URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ ]GH VHKUiYi Yê]QDPQRX UROL
1HURYQRPČUQRVW SR VNOL]QL Pi YêUD]Qê YOLY QD QHURYQRPČUQRVW SR SRGPtWFH VH YãHPL
QHJDWLYQtPL YOLY\QDNYDOLWXSUiFHDNYDOLWX ]DORåHQtQiVOHGQpKRSRURVWX=URYQRPČUQČQt
O]H GRViKQRXW RSDNRYiQtP SUDFRYQt RSHUDFH - SRGPtWN\ 9 WRPWR SĜtSDGČ YãDN GRFKi]t
QHMHQNH]WUiWiPHNRQRPLFNêPDOHSĜHGHYãtPWDNpNHãNRGiPQDSĤGQtVWUXNWXĜHYOLYHP
QHåiGRXFtKR]KXWQČQtDUR]EtMHQtVWUXNWXUQtFKDJUHJiWĤQDGPČUQRXLQWHQ]LWRX]SUDFRYiQt
3ĜL ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ N\SĜLþL ]ĤVWiYi YČWãLQD URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ PČOFH ]DSUDYHQi
SRG SRYUFKHP SĤG\ D Y åiGQpP SĜtSDGČ ML QHO]H ]DSUDYLW GR KORXEN\ ]SUDFRYiQt 3RGOH
YêQRVX VOiP\ D SRåDGDYNX QD ]DSUDYHQt O]H NRQVWDWRYDW åH SUR RSWLPDOL]DFL UR]ORåHQt
URVWOLQQêFK]E\WNĤYH]SUDFRYiYDQpPSURILOXMHQXWQpSĤGX]SUDFRYDWGRKORXEN\NWHURX
XUþXMH YêQRV VOiP\ ýtP YČWãt YêQRV WtP KOXEãt N\SĜHQt SĜL SRGPtWFH 3ĜL UHVSHNWRYiQt
WpWR VNXWHþQRVWL ]ĤVWiYi QD SRYUFKX þiVW URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ FKUiQLFtFK SĤGX SĜHG
QHJDWLYQtPLYOLY\SĜHGHYãtPSURWLHUR]LDþiVWMH]DSUDYHQDGRSURILOXSĜLþHPåQLNG\QHQt
]DSUDYHQDDåGRKORXEN\]SUDFRYiQtSĜLSRXåLWtUDGOLþNRYêFKQHERGOiWRYêFKN\SĜLþĤ
'HGLNDFH:
3ĜtVSČYHNY]QLNOSĜLĜHãHQtSURMHNWX1$=94+
146
/LWHUDWXUD:
$1.(1 7 6$5725, / 6WRSSHOEHDUEHLWXQJ )$7 %HULFKW 1U 7lQLNRQ )$7
7lQLNRQV
+ģ/$-352&+È=.29È%DNRO9OLYPLQLPDOL]DþQtFKDSĤGRRFKUDQQêFKWHFKQRORJLt
QDSORGLQ\SĤGQtSURVWĜHGtDHNRQRPLNX=,3UDKDÒ=3,Y3UD]HV-
.g//(5.(UIROJUHLFKHU$FNHUEDXRKQH3IOXJ)UDQNIXUWDP0HLQ'/*V
.g//(5 . /,1.( &+ (UIROJUHLFKHU $FNHUEDX RKQH 3IOXJ :LVVHQVFKDIWOLFKH
(UJHEQLVVH-SUDNWLVFKH(UIDKUXQJHQ)UDQNIXUWDP0HLQ'/*V
.5$86( 5 /25(1= ) :,(1(.( ) %RGHQEHDWUEHLWXQJ LQ GHQ 7URSHQ XQG
6XEWURSHQ%HULFKWHEHU/DQGZLUWVFKDIW9ROV-
+ģ/$-$%5+$0=%$8(5)=SUDFRYiQtSĤG\3UDKD%Ui]GDV
-2+1621 5 5 6RLO HQJDQJLQJ HIIHFWV RQ VXUIDFH UHVLGXH DQG URXJKQHHV ZLWK FKLVHOW\SHLPSOHPHQWV6RLO6FLHQFH$P-RXUQDO9ROV-
5ģä(.3+ģ/$-=SUDFRYiQtSĤG\Y UĤ]QêFKDJURHNRORJLFNêFKSRGPtQNiFK)DUPiĜ
þV-
â,021 - â.2'$ 9 +ģ/$ - =DNOiGiQt SRURVWĤ KODYQtFK SORGLQ QRYêPL
WHFKQRORJLHPL3UDKD$JURVSRMV
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ-LĜt0DãHN3K'ý=8Y 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
.DPêFNi3UDKDPDVHNM#WIF]XF]
147
3$5$0(75<9é52%<79$529$1é&+%,23$/,9= 75$91Ë&+325267ģ
'$9,'%/$ä(--,ěË628ý(.0$57,1352&+È=.$
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUDY\XåLWtVWURMĤ
9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\YYL
Abstrakt
ýOiQHN]DKUQXMHSRSLVYêUREQtKRSURFHVXWYDURYDQêFKELRSDOLYNRQNUpWQČSHOHWD
EULNHW ] FKUDVWLFH UiNRVRYLWp 0DWHULiO ]tVNDQê UR]GUXåHQtP EDOtNX E\O SĜLSUDYHQ QD
ĜH]DFtP ãURWRYQtNX .RYR 1RYiN 56 ]D SRXåLWt VtWD R SUĤPČUX PP ýiVW WDNWR
XSUDYHQpKRPDWHULiOXE\ODSRXåLWDQDYêUREXSHOHWQDJUDQXODþQtOLQFH.RYR1RYiN0*/
]E\WHNSRVORXåLON YêUREČEULNHWQDOLVX%5,./,6+/68YãHFKSUDFRYQtFKRSHUDFt
E\O\PČĜHQ\W\WRSDUDPHWU\GREDYêURE\VSRWĜHEDHOHNWULFNpHQHUJLHFHONRYiKPRWQRVW
YêVOHGQêFKSURGXNWĤDQDMHMLFK]iNODGČE\O\SURYHGHQ\YêSRþW\MHGQRWNRYêFKXND]DWHOĤ
.OtþRYiVORYD ELRSDOLYRFKUDVWLFHUiNRVRYLWiSHOHW\EULNHW\
ÚVOD
9 SRVOHGQtP GHVHWLOHWt ]D]QDPHQDO ]iMHP R UĤ]Qp GUXK\ ELRSDOLY ] HQHUJHWLFNêFK
SORGLQURVWRXFtWHQGHQFL2EODVWWYDURYDQêFKELRSDOLYGQHVSĜHGVWDYXMtSĜHGHYãtPSHOHW\D
EULNHW\ ] I\WRPDV\ =GH MH ]QDþQê SRWHQFLiO Y WUYDOêFK WUDYQtFK SRURVWHFK D YHGOHMãtFK
SURGXNWHFK ]HPČGČOVNp YêURE\ = KOHGLVND YêKĜHYQRVWL D SURGHMQt FHQ\ VH WDWR SDOLYD
SRK\EXMt Y UR]PH]tFK KRGQRW NWHUp VH PRKRX EOtåLW KRGQRWiP KQČGpKR XKOt -HYLþ –
+XWOD.XQFRYi .RQNXUHQFHVFKRSQRVWWDNRYêFKĜHãHQtGQHV]iYLVt]HMPpQD
QD DNWXiOQt GRWDþQt SROLWLFH SUR GDQp RGYČWYt $EUDKiP – .RYiĜRYi = WRKRWR
GĤYRGX MH WĜHED YČQRYDW HQRUPQt SR]RUQRVW SDUDPHWUĤP QiURþQRVWL YêURE\ MHGQRWOLYêFK
SURGXNWĤ ] ELRPDV\ =QDþQRX þiVW YDULDELOQtFK QiNODGĤ SRNUêYDMt QiNODG\ QD VSRWĜHEX
HOHNWULFNp HQHUJLH D P]GX REVOXK\ 1D SĜtNODGX FKUDVWLFH UiNRVRYLWp E\O\ VWDQRYHQ\
SDUDPHWU\ HQHUJHWLFNp D þDVRYp QiURþQRVWL QD MHGQRWNX SURGXNFH WYDURYDQêFK ELRSDOLY
7\ PRKRX SRVORXåLW MDNR REHFQê SRGNODG SUR UR]KRGRYiQt R UHDOL]DFL SURMHNWX
HQHUJHWLFNpKRY\XåLWtWUDYQtFKSRURVWĤ
MATERIÁL A METODY
&KUDVWLFH UiNRVRYLWi ] EDOtNĤ E\OD XSUDYHQD ãURWRYiQtP QD ĜH]DFtP ãURWRYQtNX
.RYR 1RYiN 56 NGH E\OR LQVWDORYiQR VtWR R SUĤPČUX RWYRUĤ PP 'iYNRYiQt
YVWXSQtKRPDWHULiOXE\OR]DMLãWČQRPDQXiOQČ'ĤOHåLWpSDUDPHWU\ãURWRYQtNXSRVN\WRYDQp
YêUREFHPMVRXXYHGHQ\Y 7DE
7DEXOND– 3DUDPHWU\ãURWRYQtNX.RYR1RYiN56
(OSĜtNRQ
(OSĜLSRMHQt
+PRWQRVW
3UĤPČUYêVWXSQtWUXEN\
9êNRQĜH]iQtDãURWRYiQtVtWRSUĤPČU
PP
=GURM.RYR1RYiN
N:
9$
NJ
PP
-NJK-
3ĜLEOLåQČ WĜHWLQD SĜLSUDYHQpKR PDWHULiOX E\OD SRXåLWD SUR YêUREX SHOHW QD
JUDQXODþQt OLQFH .RYR 1RYiN 0*/ /LQND NH VYpPX SURYR]X SRåDGXMH GRKOHG
SUDFRYQtND NWHUê Y SUDYLGHOQêFK LQWHUYDOHFK NRQWUROXMH D SĜtSDGQČ ]DMLãĢXMH SO\QXOê
SUĤFKRG PDWHULiOX 9êUREFHP XGiYDQp SDUDPHWU\ OLQN\ MVRX XYHGHQ\ Y 7DE VFKpPD
OLQN\SDNQD2EU
148
2EUi]HN– 6FKpPD.RYR1RYiN0*/
=GURM.RYR1RYiN
7DEXOND– 3DUDPHWU\OLQN\0*/
3ĜtNRQFHOpOLQN\
+PRWQRVWOLQN\
(OSĜLSRMHQt
(O]iVXYND
9êNRQQRVWGĜHYQtSHOHW\
9êNRQQRVWELRSHOHW\
=GURM.RYR1RYiN
– N:
NJ
9$NDW&-'
[$
FFD-NJK-
FFD-NJK-
=H]E\OêFKFFDGYRXWĜHWLQQDGUFHQpFKUDVWLFHE\O\Y\UREHQ\EULNHW\QD
DXWRPDWLFNpPEULNHWRYDFtPOLVX%5,./,6+/63DUDPHWU\RGYêUREFHMVRX XYHGHQ\
Y 7DE
7DEXOND– 3DUDPHWU\EULNHWRYDFtKROLVX%5,./,6+/6
9êNRQQRVW
+PRWQRVW
1DSiMHFtQDSČWt
,QVWDORYDQêSĜtNRQ
'pONDOLVRYDQpEULNHW\
0ČUQiKPRWQRVWEULNHW\
=GURM%ULNOLVV UR
NJK- +- NJ
9
N:
- PP
- NJP-
8YãHFKSUDFRYQtFKRSHUDFtQDYêãHXYHGHQêFKVWURMtFKE\O\PČĜHQ\QiVOHGXMtFt
SDUDPHWU\
x
6SRWĜHEDHOHNWULFNpHQHUJLH
x
6NXWHþQêþDVSURYR]XVWURMH
x
&HONRYiKPRWQRVWYêVOHGQêFKSURGXNWĤ
1D]iNODGČ]MLãWČQêFK~GDMĤE\O\Y\SRþWHQ\SDWĜLþQpMHGQRWNRYpXND]DWHOH
149
9é6/('.<$',6.86(
3ĜLãURWRYiQtFKUDVWLFHUiNRVRYLWpE\ORVSRWĜHERYiQRN:KHOHNWULFNpHQHUJLH
FHONRYi KPRWQRVW YêVOHGQpKR PDWHULiOX þLQLOD NJ âURWRYQtN E\O Y SURYR]X PLQ
3ĜHKOHGQpY\MiGĜHQtSDUDPHWUĤYêUREQtRSHUDFHO]HQDOp]W7DE
7DEXOND– =MLãWČQpYêUREQtSDUDPHWU\ãURWRYiQt
2SHUDFH
'UFHQtSUREULNHW\
'UFHQtSURSHOHW\
&HONHP
6SRWĜHEDHQ>N:K@
+PRWQRVW>NJ@
ýDV>PLQ@
3ĜL OLVRYiQt GUFHQp FKUDVWLFH QD SHOHW\ SĜHGVWDYRYDOD VSRWĜHED HOHNWULFNp HQHUJLH
N:K *UDQXODþQt OLQND E\OD Y SURYR]X SR GREX PLQ EČKHP Qtå Y\SURGXNRYDOD
NJ SHOHW 9L] 7DE 9 SUĤEČKX SURYR]X E\OD QXWQi QHXVWiOi NRQWUROD
PDWHULiORYpKR WRNX OLQNRX D SĜtSDGQp PDQXiOQt VKUQRYiQt PDWHULiOX Y ]iVREQtNX QD
ãQHNRYê GRSUDYQtN %ULNHWRYDFt OLV VSRWĜHERYDO QD YêUREX NJ EULNHW FHONHP N:KHOHNWULFNpHQHUJLH]DPLQ9L]7DE3URYR]OLVXMHSOQČDXWRPDWLFNêQXWQpMH
MHQ VKUQRYiQt PDWHULiOX N StVWX Y ]iYČUHþQp Ii]L SURGXNFH NG\ Y ]iVREQtNX ]ĤVWiYi
SRX]HWHQNiDQHVRXYLVOiYUVWYD
7DEXOND– =MLãWČQpYêUREQtSDUDPHWU\OLVRYiQtEULNHWDSHOHW
2SHUDFH
3HOHWRYiQt
%ULNHWRYiQt
6SRWĜHEDHQ>N:K@
+PRWQRVW>NJ@
ýDV>PLQ@
1HSDWUQp UR]GtO\ Y KPRWQRVWL QD YVWXSX D YêVWXSX E\O\ ]SĤVREHQ\ ]WUiWDPL
PDWHULiOX D MHKR YOKNRVWL Y SUĤEČKX SĜHSUDY\ VNODGRYiQt D VDPRWQp YêURE\
= QDPČĜHQêFK KRGQRW Y\FKi]t YêSRþHW XND]DWHOĤ KRGLQRYp YêNRQQRVWL D VSRWĜHE\
HOHNWULFNp HQHUJLH QD MHGQRWNX SURGXNFH 9L] 7DE D 2EU 9êVOHGQi NYDOLWD YêURE\
E\ODUR]GtOQi3HOHW\E\O\UHODWLYQČNRPSDNWQtEULNHW\Y\ND]RYDO\KRUãtVRXGUåQRVW
7DEXOND– 9\SRþWHQpSURYR]QtXND]DWHOH
2SHUDFH
-HGQRWNRYiVSRWĜHEDHO
+RGLQRYiYêNRQQRVW>NJK-@
HQHUJLH>N:KNJ-@
3HOHWRYiQt
%ULNHWRYiQt
'UFHQt
150
OLVRYiQt
GUFHQt
[kWh.kg-1]
SHOHWRYiQt
EULNHWRYiQt
2EUi]HN– -HGQRWNRYiVSRWĜHEDHOHNWULFNpHQHUJLH
=È9ċ5
$QDOê]DSUDFRYQtFKRSHUDFtSĜLYêUREČWYDURYDQêFKELRSDOLY] FKUDVWLFHUiNRVRYLWp
GUFHQp QD VtWX R SUĤPČUX RWYRUĤ PP RGKDOLOD ]QDþQp UR]GtO\ PH]L GYČPD REY\NOêPL
PHWRGDPL OLVRYiQt 9êURED SHOHW VH Y\]QDþXMH YêUD]QČ Y\ããt FHONRYRX VSRWĜHERX
HOHNWULFNp HQHUJLH QD MHGQRWNX SURGXNFH D QiURþQČMãt REVOXKRX YêUREQt OLQN\ 1DRSDN
OHSãtFKYêVOHGNĤE\ORGRVDåHQRY REODVWLNYDOLW\SURGXNFHPDWHULiOGUFHQêQDPPVtWX
VH ] WRKRWR KOHGLVND RVYČGþLO 1Låãt VRXGUåQRVW SURGXNRYDQêFK EULNHW PRKOD EêW
]SĤVREHQD YtFH IDNWRU\ N MHMLFK SĜHVQČMãtPX XUþHQt MH SRWĜHED SRGUREQČMãtKR Yê]NXPX
Y WpWRREODVWL+RGLQRYiYêNRQQRVWXRERXOLVRYDFtFKVWURMĤE\ODOHKFHQLåãtQHåMVRXGROQt
KUDQLFHXGiYDQpYêUREFL
/LWHUDWXUD
$%5$+È0 =.29Èě29È 0 7XKi ELRSDOLYD HNRQRPLND D
NRQNXUHQFHVFKRSQRVW =HPČGČOVNi WHFKQLND D ELRPDVD VWUiQN\ - 3UDKD 9Ò=7
YYLV,6%1---5
J(9,ý 3 +87/$ 3 3HOHWRYDQi DOWHUQDWLYQt SDOLYD ]H VSDOLWHOQêFK ]E\WNĤ
ELRPDV\ =tVNiQR ] ELRPDVD-LQIRF] <KWWSZZZELRPDVDLQIRF]FVGRF6BSGI!
.81&29È 7 (NRQRPLND SČVWRYiQt FKUDVWLFH UiNRVRYLWp =tVNiQR ]
%LRPF]
KWWSZZZGIELRPF]F]RGERUQH-FODQN\HNRQRPLND-SHVWRYDQL-FKUDVWLFHUDNRVRYLWH"VHOBLGV !,661-
3ĜtVSČYHN Y]QLNO Y UiPFL ĜHãHQt Yê]NXPQêFK SURMHNWĤ ,*$ 7) D 0=( .RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ'DYLG%ODåHMýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DPêFNi
3UDKD– 6XFKGROEOD]HM#WIF]XF]
151
INDIKÁTORY VODNÍ ERO=(3ģ'<3ě,3ċ6729È1Ë.8.8ě,&(
-26()+ģ/$3(75129È.3$9(/.29$ěËý(./8.Èâ67$1ċ.
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD
Abstract:
7KHILHOGH[SHULPHQWZLWKYDULDQWVRIVRLOWLOODJHDQGVRZLQJLQFXOWLYDWLRQRIPDL]H
DQG RDW DQG WKH FRQWURO YDULDQW ZLWKRXW FURS SODQWV ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG RQ ORDP\ VDQG VRLO
ZLWKDYHUDJHVORSHRIGHJUHHV%\XVLQJWKHPHWKRGRILQWHUFHSWLQJPLFURSORWVZDWHU
UXQRIIDQGORVVRIVRLOGXULQJWKHLQWHQVLYHUDLQIDOOVZHUHHYDOXDWHGLQWKHSHULRGIURP
-XO\ WR $XJXVW ,Q FDVH RI FRQYHQWLRQDO VRLO WLOODJH DQG PDL]H VRZLQJ ZLWK
SORXJKLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ WKHUH ZDV DVFHUWDLQHG KLJKHU ORVV RI VRLO E\ ZDWHU HURVLRQ LQ WKH
FRXUVHRIHURVLYHHYHQWVWKDQLQWKHYDULDQWVZLWKPLQLPXPVRLOWLOODJH'XULQJWKHWKUHH
HURVLYH HYHQWV LQ RQH VXPPHU PRQWK WKH HURVLYH ZDVK LQ WKH YDULDQW ZLWK FRQYHQWLRQDO
VRLO WLOODJH IRU PDL]H ZDV DGPLVVLEOH VRLO ORVV FDXVHG E\ HURVLRQ SHU \HDU 7KH
UHVXOWV VKRZ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI VRLO FRQVHUYDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ LQ VRLO WLOODJH DQG VRZLQJ LQ
PDL]HFXOWLYDWLRQIRUGHFUHDVHRIVRLOZDWHUHURVLRQ
.H\ZRUGV ZDWHUVRLOHURVLRQVRLOWLOODJH
ÚVOD
3RGPtQN\ ]HPČGČOVNp YêURE\ Y ýHVNp UHSXEOLFH MVRX FKDUDNWHUL]RYiQ\ Y\ããtP
]DVWRXSHQtPSĤGEDVYDåLWêFKSR]HPFtFK7LSSOHWDOXYiGČMtåHYtFHQHå
YêPČU\ SĤG\ Y ý5 MH QD SR]HPFtFK V SUĤPČUQRX VYDåLWRVWt YČWãt QHå 6YDåLWRVW
SR]HPNĤY NRPELQDFLV OHKNRXSĤGRXDUR]ãLĜXMtFtPVHSČVWRYiQtPNXNXĜLFHMDNRW\SLFNp
ãLURNRĜiGNRYpSORGLQ\SĜHGVWDYXMH]YêãHQpUL]LNRY]QLNXYRGQtHUR]H
5L]LNR Y]QLNX HUR]QtFK XGiORVWt VLFH QHQt PRåQp HOLPLQRYDW O]H MHM YãDN VQtåLW
YKRGQêPL DJURWHFKQLFNêPL ]iVDK\ 7\WR ]iVDK\ VSRþtYDMt SĜHGHYãtP YH Y\WYRĜHQt
SRGPtQHNSUR]YêãHQtLQILOWUDFHYRG\GRSĤG\DSURVQtåHQtSRYUFKRYpKRRGWRNXVUiåNRYp
YRG\ $JURWHFKQLFNp ]iVDK\ QHMþDVWČML VSRþtYDMt Y FtOHQpP KRVSRGDĜHQt V URVWOLQQêPL
]E\WN\ D Y NYDOLILNRYDQpP Y\XåLWt UHGXNRYDQpKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ 3UR W\WR ]iVDK\ VH
XVWiOLO SRMHP SĤGRRFKUDQQp WHFKQRORJLH 3R]LWLYQt ~þLQHN SĤGRRFKUDQQêFK WHFKQRORJLt
GRNOiGi :LOVRQ 5H\HV HW DO XYiGČMt åH GtN\ Y\XåLWt SĤGRRFKUDQQêFK
WHFKQRORJLtE\OSRVHGPLOHWHFKVOHGRYiQtSRYUFKRYêRGWRNVQtåHQY SUĤPČUX[]WUiWD
SĤG\VHVQtåLODQDSRORYLQX2UERXVHQDRSDN]DSUDYXMtURVWOLQQp]E\WN\GRSĤG\WDNåHVH
QHXSODWĖXMHMHMLFKRFKUDQQiIXQNFH
6OHGRYiQt SUĤEČKX YRGQt HUR]H Y SĜtURGQtFK SRGPtQNiFK MH REWtåQp 3RPČUQČ
SĜHVQČMHPRåQpXUþLWSRYUFKRYêRGWRNYRG\SĜLLQWHQ]LYQtFKVUiåNiFKDKPRWQRVWVP\Wp
]HPLQ\ PHWRGRX V Y\XåLWtP RGWRNRYêFK SDUFHOHN -DQHþHN HW DO 1D PDOêFK
SDUFHONiFKPLNURSORWVVH]DFK\FXMHYHãNHUêSRYUFKRYêRGWRNYRG\VH VP\WRX]HPLQRX
SRPRFtYKRGQČXPtVWČQêFK]iFK\WQêFKQiGRESRGPtVWHPRGWRNX]SDUFHOHN
MATERIÁL A METODY
3UR~þHO\PČĜHQtE\O]DORåHQSROQtSRNXVQDSR]HPNXV SUĤPČUQRXVYDåLWRVWt
3R]HPHN VH QDFKi]t Y ORNDOLWČ 1HVSHUVNi /KRWD Y QDGPRĜVNp YêãFH P 3ĤGD QD
SR]HPNX MH OHKNi KOLQLWRStVþLWi NDPEL]HP 3ROQt SRNXV MH WYRĜHQ VHGPL YDULDQWDPL
5R]PČUSDUFHO\SURMHGQXYDULDQWXMHP[P'HOãtVWUDQDMHRULHQWRYiQDSRVSiGQLFL
. ]DORåHQtSRNXVXGRãORQDSRG]LP3RVNOL]QLWULWLFDOHUR]GUFHQtVOiP\E\O
SR]HPHNYHGUXKpSRORYLQČVUSQDSRGPtWQXWWDOtĜRYêPN\SĜLþHP8YDULDQW]ĤVWDOD
SĤGD QD SRG]LP EH] GDOãtKR ]SUDFRYiQt X YDULDQW QiVOHGRYDOD Y ĜtMQX SRG]LPQt RUED MHGQRVWUDQQêP SOXKHP GR KORXEN\ P Mt]G\ VRXSUDY\ YH VPČUX
152
YUVWHYQLF NORSHQt VNêY SURWL VYDKX =SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ D VHWt QD MDĜH MH XYHGHQR X
MHGQRWOLYêFKYDULDQWSRNXVX
9DULDQW\SRNXVX
.RQYHQþQt WHFKQRORJLH ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ SUR NXNXĜLFL – RUED QD SRG]LP QD MDĜH
SĜHGVHĢRYiSĜtSUDYDSĤG\VP\NHPV KĜHERYêPLEUiQDPLVHWtNXNXĜLFH
9DULDQWDV RUERXRYHVVHWêKODYQtSORGLQD- RUEDQDSRG]LPQDMDĜHSĜHGVHĢRYi
SĜtSUDYDSĤG\VP\NHPV KĜHERYêPLEUiQDPL]DVHWtRYVD
9DULDQWD V RUERX NXNXĜLFH V RFKUDQQRX SRGSORGLQRX R]LPi RELOQLQD ]DVHWi QD
MDĜH - RUED QD SRG]LP QD MDĜH SĜHGVHĢRYi SĜtSUDYD SĤG\ VP\NHP V KĜHERYêPL
EUiQDPL]DVHWtWULWLFDOHVHWtNXNXĜLFH
9DULDQWD EH] RUE\ NXNXĜLFH EH] RFKUDQQp SRGSORGLQ\ V MDUQt SĜHGVHĢRYRX
SĜtSUDYRX SĤG\ – SRGPtWND SR VNOL]QL SĜHGSORGLQ\ WDOtĜRYêP N\SĜLþHP QD MDĜH
]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\UDGOLþNRYêPN\SĜLþHPGRKORXEN\PVHWtNXNXĜLFH
9DULDQWDEH]RUE\RYHVVHWêKODYQtSORGLQD- SRGPtWNDSRVNOL]QLSĜHGSORGLQ\QD
MDĜH]DVHWtRYVD
9DULDQWD EH] RUE\ NXNXĜLFH EH] RFKUDQQp SRGSORGLQ\ EH] MDUQt SĜHGVHĢRYp
SĜtSUDY\SĤG\- SRGPtWNDSRVNOL]QLSĜHGSORGLQ\WDOtĜRYêPN\SĜLþHPQDMDĜH]DVHWt
NXNXĜLFH
9DULDQWD ÄþHUQê ~KRU³ – QD SRG]LP RUED QD MDĜH ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ UDGOLþNRYêP
N\SĜLþHPGRKORXEN\PXGUåRYiQREH]YHJHWDFH- [DSOLNDFHQHVHOHNWLYQtKR
KHUELFLGX5RXQGXS5DSLGOKD-
1D NDåGp YDULDQWČ SRNXVX E\O\ SR ]DVHWt QDLQVWDORYiQ\ RGWRNRYp PLNURSDUFHON\
3ORFKD NDåGp PLNURSDUFHON\ MH Y\PH]HQD VWČQDPL ] SOHFKX 9H VSRGQt þiVWL VH QDFKi]t
VEČUDþ NWHUê ~VWt GR ]iFK\WQp QiGRE\ ] SODVWX NWHUi MH XPtVWČQD Y RUQLFL SRG ~URYQt
]iFK\WQpPLNURSDUFHON\REU3ORFKD NDåGpPLNURSDUFHON\MHP
2EU- 2GWRNRYiPLNURSDUFHONDVH]iFK\WQRXQiGRERX
3URPČĜHQtLQWHQ]LW\DYHOLNRVWLVUiåHNMHY EOt]NRVWLSRNXVQpKRSR]HPNXXPtVWČQD
PHWHRURORJLFNi VWDQLFH 0ČĜHQt SRYUFKRYpKR RGWRNX QiVOHGRYDOR YåG\ SR XNRQþHQt
LQWHQ]LYQt VUiåNRYp þLQQRVWL 3RYUFKRYê RGWRN E\O ]MLãWČQ ]PČĜHQtP REMHPX KPRWQRVW
VSODYHQp ]HPLQ\ E\OD ]MLãWČQD YiåHQtP SR SĜHILOWURYiQt RGWRNX D QiVOHGQpP Y\VXãHQt
]HPLQ\SĜL&
9é6/('.<$',6.86(
+RGQRW\ SRYUFKRYpKR RGWRNX YRG\ D VP\YX ]HPLQ\ SĜL HUR]QtFK XGiORVWHFK Y OHWQtP
REGREt URNX RG WĜHWt GHNiG\ þHUYHQFH GR NRQFH GUXKp GHNiG\ VUSQD MVRX
]Qi]RUQČQ\ Y JUDIHFK QD REU Då ,QWHQ]LWD GHãĢRYêFK VUiåHN D MHMLFK ~KUQ Y WRPWR
REGREtMVRX]DFK\FHQ\Y JUDIHFKQDREUD
153
9H WĜHWt GHNiGČ þHUYHQFH GRãOR N HUR]Qt XGiORVWL Y GĤVOHGNX ERXĜN\ V ~KUQHP
VUiåHNSĜHVPPMHMLFKLQWHQ]LWDSĜHViKODPPK-- JUDIQDREU9 JUDIXQDREUMH
]Qi]RUQČQSRYUFKRYêRGWRNYRG\SĜLWpWRHUR]QtXGiORVWLNWHUêVRXYLVtV UĤ]QRXLQWHQ]LWRX
LQILOWUDFHYRG\GRSĤG\= KOHGLVNDãNRGOLYRVWLYRGQtHUR]HSĤG\PiYê]QDPVP\Y]HPLQ\
MHKRå KRGQRW\ MVRX ]Qi]RUQČQ\ Y JUDIX QD REU = WRKRWR JUDIX Y\SOêYi åH QHMY\ããt
KRGQRW\ RGQRVX ]HPLQ\ E\O\ ]D]QDPHQiQ\ X YDULDQW ÄþHUQê ~KRU³ D NRQYHQþQt
WHFKQRORJLH]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\SURNXNXĜLFL
2EU- 3RYUFKRYêRGWRNYRG\SĜLERXĜFHYHWĜHWtGHNiGČþHUYHQFH
2EU- 6P\Y]HPLQ\SĜLERXĜFHYHWĜHWtGHNiGČþHUYHQFH
3ĜL GDOãt HUR]Qt XGiORVWL NH NWHUp GRãOR Y SUYQt GHNiGČ VUSQD E\O\ VLFH
]D]QDPHQiQ\QHMQLåãtKRGQRW\SRYUFKRYpKRRGWRNXYRG\XYDULDQWDJUDIQDREU
DYãDN VP\Y ]HPLQ\ E\O X WČFKWR YDULDQW VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQČ Y\ããt QHå X YDULDQW Då JUDIQDREU7RWRNRQVWDWRYiQtRVWDWLVWLFNpYê]QDPQRVWLUR]GtOĤXVP\YX]HPLQ\ SODWtL
SURSĜHGFKR]tHUR]QtXGiORVWREU9\VRNpKRGQRW\SRYUFKRYpKRRGWRNXYRG\XYDULDQW
D RYHV VHWê MVRX RYOLYQČQ\ VNXWHþQRVWt åH Y WpWR GREČ E\O MLå RYHV VNOL]HQ QD
SRYUFKXSĤG\E\ORVWUQLãWČ
154
2EU- 3RYUFKRYêRGWRNYRG\SĜLLQWHQ]LYQtFKVUiåNiFKY SUYQtGHNiGČVUSQD
2EU- 6P\Y]HPLQ\SĜLLQWHQ]LYQtFKVUiåNiFKY SUYQtGHNiGČVUSQD
VUSQD VH Y PtVWČ SROQtKR SRNXVX Y\VN\WOD ERXĜND MHMtå LQWHQ]LWD
QHGRViKODLQWHQ]LW\ERXĜHNY þHUYHQFLD]DþiWNHPVUSQDDOHSĜtMHPYRG\SĤGRXPRKOEêW
RYOLYQČQY\VRNRXYOKNRVWtSĤG\SRSĜHGFKR]tFKGHãWtFK= SRYUFKRYpKRRGWRNXYRG\QHO]H
Y\YR]RYDW MHGQR]QDþQp ]iYČU\ JUDI QD REU 1HMY\ããt VP\Y ]HPLQ\ E\O ]MLãWČQ X
YDULDQW\ VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQČ Y\ããt QHå X RVWDWQtFK YDULDQW – JUDI QD REU 1HMQLåãt
VP\Y ]HPLQ\ E\O ]D]QDPHQiQ X YDULDQW\ – RYHV VHWê ]DORåHQê PLQLPDOL]DþQt
WHFKQRORJLt
155
2EU- 3RYUFKRYêRGWRNYRG\SĜLERXĜFH
2EU- 6P\Y]HPLQ\SĜLERXĜFH
9êVOHGN\ ]tVNDQp SĜL Y\KRGQRFHQt VP\YX ]HPLQ\ SĜL YêãH XYHGHQêFK HUR]QtFK
XGiORVWHFK O]H SRURYQDW V XND]DWHOL SĜtSXVWQp ]WUiW\ SĤG\ YRGQt HUR]t -DQHþHN HW DO
3UR SĤGQt SRGPtQN\ FKDUDNWHULVWLFNp SUR ORNDOLWX V SROQtP SRNXVHP SĜHGVWDYXMH
SĜtSXVWQi]WUiWDSĤG\PH]QtKRGQRWXNJKD- ]DURN=DXYHGHQpWĜLHUR]QtXGiORVWL
SĜHGVWDYRYDOVP\Y]HPLQ\XYDULDQW\KRGQRWXNJKD- ]DURN3URWRåHXSĜHGFKR]tFK
þW\Ĝ HUR]QtFK XGiORVWt Y NYČWQX þHUYQX D Y þiVWL þHUYHQFH E\O ]MLãWČQ X YDULDQW\ VP\Y]HPLQ\SĜHVDKXMtFtNJKD-SĜHViKODQDPČĜHQiKRGQRWDKRGQRWXSĜtSXVWQRXX
YDULDQW\RG]DVHWtNXNXĜLFHGRSRORYLQ\VUSQDYtFHQHåGYRMQiVREQČ8YDULDQWSČVWRYiQt
NXNXĜLFH WHFKQRORJLHPL EH] RUE\ YDULDQW\ D ]ĤVWDO\ KRGQRW\ VP\YX ]HPLQ\ ]D
YãHFKQ\HUR]QtXGiORVWLSRGQHMY\ããtSĜtSXVWQRXKRGQRWRXREGREQČMDNRXYDULDQWV MDUQt
RELOQLQRXYDULDQW\D9êVOHGN\] NRQWUROQtYDULDQW\YDULDQWDGRNOiGDMtY\VRNpUL]LNR
VP\YX]HPLQ\XSĤG\EH]SRURVWX
= KOHGLVNDUL]LNDYRGQtHUR]HSĤG\PDMtYê]QDPSĜHGHYãtPKRGQRW\VP\YX]HPLQ\
3ĜL SRURYQiQt QDPČĜHQêFK KRGQRW V YêVOHGN\ DXWRUĤ NWHĜt VH ]DEêYDOL NYDQWLILNDFt
HUR]QtFK SURFHVĤ SĜL XSODWĖRYiQt UĤ]QêFK SRVWXSĤ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ Y SČVWLWHOVNêFK
WHFKQRORJLtFK VH SRWYUGLO SĜt]QLYê RFKUDQQê ~þLQHN URVWOLQQp ELRPDV\ QD SRYUFKX SĤG\ D
156
Y SRYUFKRYp YUVWYČ SĤG\ 5H\HV HW DO 7UXPDQ HW DO 5DVPXVVHQ :LOVRQ , Y SRGPtQNiFK XYHGHQpKR SROQtKR SRNXVX VH XNi]DOR åH SČVWRYiQt
NXNXĜLFHSĜLY\XåLWtNRQYHQþQtWHFKQRORJLH]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\V RUERXMHUL]LNRYpDOWHUQDWLYQt
WHFKQRORJLH SČVWRYiQt NXNXĜLFH EH] RUE\ Y\Ni]DO\ YêUD]QČ PHQãt RGQRV ]HPLQ\ SĜL
HUR]QtFKXGiORVWHFK
2EU- 6UiåN\DLQWHQ]LWDGHãWČY þHUYHQFL
2EU- 6UiåN\DLQWHQ]LWDGHãWČYVUSQX
=È9ċ5
3ĜL WĜHFK HUR]QtFK XGiORVWHFK Y GĤVOHGNX GHãĢĤ VSRMHQêFK V ERXĜNRYRX þLQQRVWt VH
XNi]DOR]YêãHQpRKURåHQtSĤG\RGQRVHP]HPLQ\YRGRXSĜLSČVWRYiQtNXNXĜLFHV Y\XåLWtP
NRQYHQþQt WHFKQRORJLH ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ âNRGOLYê YOLY YRGQt HUR]H VH SURMHYLO L Y REGREt
NG\ URVWOLQ\ NXNXĜLFH MLå ]þiVWL ]DNUêYDO\ SRYUFK SĤG\ 9êVOHGN\ MVRX SRGSĤUQêP
DUJXPHQWHP SUR Y\XåtYiQt SČVWLWHOVNêFK WHFKQRORJLt SUR NXNXĜLFL NWHUp QHVRX ]QDN\
SĤGRRFKUDQQêFK WHFKQRORJLt 3ĜtQRV O]H VSDWĜRYDW SĜHGHYãtP YH Y\XåtYiQt RFKUDQQpKR
HIHNWX RGXPĜHOp URVWOLQQp ELRPDV\ QD SRYUFKX SĤG\ L Y PRåQRVWHFK Y\XåLWt RFKUDQQp
SRGSORGLQ\ ]DVHWp Y PH]LĜDGt NXNXĜLFH ]D SĜHGSRNODGX åH URVWOLQ\ WpWR SRGSORGLQ\
QHEXGRXNRQNXURYDWURVWOLQiPNXNXĜLFH
8YHGHQp YêVOHGN\ Y]QLNO\ SĜL ĜHãHQt Yê]NXPQpKR ]iPČUX þ 060 D Yê]NXPQpKR
SURMHNWXþ4+
157
/LWHUDWXUD
$=22= 5+ $56+$' 0$ 6RLO LQILOWUDWLRQ DQG K\GUDXOLF FRQGXFWLYLW\ XQGHU
ORQJ-WHUPQR-WLOODJHDQGFRQYHQWLRQDOWLOODJHV\VWHPV &DQ-6RLO6FLS
%$*$5(//29)(5529 0RQLWRULQJSORWVRLOHURVLRQDQGEDVLQVHGLPHQW\LHOG
DW 6SDUDFLD H[SHULPHQWDO DUHD ,Q &KDQJLQJ VRLOV LQ D FKDQJLQJ ZRUOG WKH VRLOV RI
WRPRUURZ*XLGHERRNRIWKHVFLHQWLILFH[FXUVLRQ (66&3DOHUPRS-
-$1(ý(. 0 HW DO 2FKUDQD ]HPČGČOVNp SĤG\ SĜHG HUR]t 3UDKD ,69
QDNODGDWHOVWYtS
5$60866(1 .- ,PSDFW RI SORXJKOHVV VRLO WLOODJH RQ \LHOG DQG VRLO TXDOLW\ $
VFDQGLQDYLDQUHYLHZ 6RLO7LOODJH5HVS-
5(<(6 05$&=.2:6., & 5(''< * &RPSDULVRQ RI FRQYHFWLRQDO DQG QRWLOODJH FRUQ DQG VR\EHDQ SURGXFWLRQ RQ UXQRII DQG HURVLRQ LQ WKH VRXWKHDVWHUQ 86
3LHGPRQW -RXUQDORI6RLODQG:DWHU&RQVHUYDWLRQS-
7,33/0-$1(ý(.0%2+86/È9(.-9OLYY\EUDQêFKWHFKQRORJLtSČVWRYiQt
NXNXĜLFHQDHUR]LSĤG\DSRYUFKRYêRGWRN $JULWHFK6FLHQFHS-
7580$1&&- 6+$:-1- 5((9(6':7LOODJHHIHFWVRQUDLQIDOOSDUWLWLRQLQJ
DQG VHGLPHQW \LHOG IURP DQ XOWLVRO LQ FHQWUDO $ODEDPD - 6RLO :DWHU &RQVHUYDWLRQ S-
:,/621 * 9 7LOODJH DQG UHVLGXH HIIHFWV RQ UXQRII DQG HURVLRQ G\QDPLFV
7UDQVDFWLRQVRIWKH$6$(S-
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD SURI,QJ-RVHI+ĤOD&6FýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H
.DPêFNi3UDKDWHOKXOD#WIF]XF]
158
+2'127(1,(â758.7Ò5< ý$68NASADENIA TRAKTORA 3202&28
MONITOROVACIEHO SYSTe08 NA BÁZE GPS
0,&+$/9$â(.-È1-2%%È*<9/$',0Ë55$7$6ORYHQVNiSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY 1LWUH7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUDVWURMRY
Abstrakt
1D ]DEH]SHþHQLH HIHNWtYQHKR QDVDGHQLD WHFKQLN\ YUiWDQH HOLPLQRYDQLD
QHSURGXNWtYQ\FK QiNODGRY MH QXWQi GRNRQDOi HYLGHQFLD R SUDFRYQRP QDVDGHQt VWURMRY
9ê]QDPQp LQIRUPiFLH SRVN\WXMH PRQLWRULQJ SRK\EX VWURMD YR IXQNFLL RSHUDWtYQHKR þDVX
QDVDGHQLD 3UHVQp LQIRUPiFLH R SRK\EH VWURMD PRåQR ]tVNDĢ SRPRFRX V\VWpPRY
SUDFXM~FLFKQDEi]H*363URFHV]i]QDPXSRORK\VWURMDD MHKRSUHQRVXQDVSUDFRYDQLH
MH WHFKQLFN\ Y\ULHãHQê 9 65 KR SRVN\WXMH PQRåVWYR NRPHUþQêFK VSRORþQRVWt
6SUDFRYDQLH ~GDMRY YKRGQêFK SUH Y\XåLWLH Y SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVWYH Pi YLDFHUR RVRELWRVWt
NWRUp NRPHUþQp V\VWpP\ QHSRVN\WXM~ 1D VSUDFRYDQLH PDQDåpUVN\ Y\XåLWHĐQêFK
LQIRUPiFLtWUHED~GDMHR SRORKHVWURMDQiVOHGQHXSUDYLĢD VSUDFRYDĢ-HGQRX] PRåQRVWtMH
VSUDFRYDQLH Y SURVWUHGt *,6 9êVOHGN\ KRGQRWHQLD þDVX QDVDGHQLD SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHM
V~SUDY\SULVHMEHSRĐQêFKSORGtQSUHGVWDYXMHSUHGNODGDQêSUtVSHYRN
.Đ~þRYpVORYiWUDNWRU JHRJUDILFNiSRORKDPRQLWRULQJ*36*,6
ÚVOD
,QIRUPiFLH R SRK\EH VWURMRY PRåQR ]tVNDĢ VOHGRYDQtP SRPRFRX PRQLWRURYDFtFK
V\VWpPRY SUDFXM~FLFK QD Ei]H *36 -HGQRX ] PRåQRVWt MH SRXåLWLH V\VWpPX (FKR7UDFN
-HWRNRPSOH[QpRQ-OLQHULHãHQLHSUHPRQLWRURYDQLHSRK\EXYR]LGLHONWRUpKR]iNODGRPMH
VDWHOLWQiLGHQWLILNiFLD *36 IQIRUPiFLHR SUHYiG]NHYR]LGODWUDV\]DVWiYN\SUHYiG]NRYp
VWDY\ QDSU RWiþN\ PRWRUD VSRWUHED 3+0 V~ SUHQiãDQp QD ULDGLDFL SRþtWDþ
SURVWUHGQtFWYRP SUHQRVX GiW *356 ÒGDMH R YR]LGOiFK V~ VSURVWUHGNRYDQp QD PDSiFK
Y WDEXĐNiFK DOHER Y JUDIRFK (FKR7UDFN . 1D ]iNODGH H[SHULPHQWiOQHKR
PRQLWRULQJXNWRUêXVNXWRþĖXMH.DWHGUDVWURMRYD YêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY7)638Y 1LWUHQD
9\VRNRãNROVNRP 3RĐQRKRVSRGiUVNRP SRGQLNX Y .ROtĖDQRFK RG URNX PRåQR
NRQãWDWRYDĢ åH ]i]QDP SRORK\ V\VWpPRP (FKR7UDFN PRåQR Y\XåtYDĢ DM SUH
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNH ~þHO\ 6RIWYpURYp VSUDFRYDQLH GiW WDN DNR KR SRVN\WXMH XYHGHQê
V\VWpP YãDN QHVSĎĖD YãHWN\ SRåLDGDYN\ SUH KRGQRWHQLH Y\XåLWLD SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHM
WHFKQLN\ *HRJUDILFNi SRORK\ MH VSURVWUHGNRYDQi QD ]iNODGH DXWRPDS\ þR QLH MH SUH
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNH
Y\XåLWLH
SRVWDþXM~FH
âSHFLILFNp
SRåLDGDYN\
DSOLNiFLH
Y SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVWYH Y\åDGXM~ ORNDOL]iFLX SRORK\ QD YODVWQp ]iXMPRYp ~]HPLD QDSU
SDUFHO\ ~þHORYp D NRPHUþQp NRPXQLNiFLH REMHNW\ D SRG 5LHãHQtP MH GRGDWRþQp
VSUDFRYDQLH ]tVNDQêFK ~GDMRY R SRORKH VWURMD SRPRFRX *,6 - RUJDQL]RYDQpKR V~ERUX
SRþtWDþRYpKR KDUGYpUX VRIWYpUX D JHRJUDILFNêFK ~GDMRY NWRUê MH QDYUKQXWê QD HIHNWtYQH
]tVNDYDQLH XNODGDQLH XSUDYRYDQLH RãHWURYDQLH DQDO\]RYDQLH D ]REUD]RYDQLH YãHWNêFK
IRULHPJHRJUDILFNêFKLQIRUPiFLt 0DFiN– äLWĖiN
&LHĐRPXYiG]DQpKR SUtVSHYNXMH SRXNi]DĢQDPRåQRVWLKRGQRWHQLDãWUXNW~U\ þDVX
QDVDGHQLD VWURMRYHM V~SUDY\ SUL VHMEH Y\EUDQêFK MDUQêFK SORGtQ VOQHþQLFD WHNYLFD
D NXNXULFD SRPRFRXLQIRUPiFLt R SRK\EHSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVN\FKVWURMRY
MATERIÁL A METÓDY
1D KRGQRWHQLH EROL Y\XåLWp ~GDMH ]tVNDQp SUL VHMEH MDUQêFK SORGtQ WHNYLFH
VOQHþQLFHD NXNXULFHYURNX 6OHGRYDQêEROSRK\EV~SUDY\WUDNWRU-RKQ'HHUH
D VHMDþND .YHUQHODQG 2SWLPD U 0RQLWRURYDQLH SRK\EX EROR ]DEH]SHþHQp SRPRFRX
V\VWpPX $XULV (FKR7UDFN (FKRWUDFN 6HMED EROD Y\NRQiYDQi QD SDUFHOiFK
9\VRNRãNROVNpKRSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHKRSRGQLNX638QDVWUHGLVNX.ROtĖDQ\
159
7UDQVIHU ~GDMRY RQ-OLQH QD ULDGLDFL SRþtWDþ GLVSHþHUVNp SUDFRYLVNR QD .DWHGUH
VWURMRY D YêUREQêFK V\VWpPRY 7) 638 Y 1LWUH ERO ULHãHQê GiWRYêP SUHQRVRP *356
)UHNYHQFLD ]iSLVX ~GDMRY R SRORKH EROD SUL SRK\EH VWURMD ]i]QDP PLQ 1D
LGHQWLILNiFLXPLHVWDSRK\EXWUDNWRUD SRGĐDYODVWQêFK]iXMPRYêFK~]HPtEROQD.6967)
638 Y 1LWUH Y\YLQXWê SRVWXS SUDFXM~FL QD Ei]H *,6 (65, $UF*LV ÒGDMH R SRORKH
WUDNWRUD EROL LPSRUWRYDQp GR SURJUDPX $UF0DS NGH QD SRGNODGRFK YODVWQêFK
SRO\JyQRYêFK PiS ]DPHUDQêFK SRPRFRX QDYLJDþQpKR SUtVWURMD /(,&$ *6 EROL
]REUD]HQp MHGQRWOLYp ERG\ SRK\EX (YLGHQFLD R QDVDGHQt VWURMD NQLKD Mi]G EROD
VSUDFRYDQiYRIRUPHWDEXOLHNY 06([FHO2NUHPPLHVWRSLVQêFK~GDMRYV~]i]QDP\SUH
ãLUãLHY\XåLWLH]LVWHQêFKGiWGRSOQHQpR LQIRUPDWtYQHXND]RYDWHOH SRVN\WRYDQpV\VWpPRP
(FKR7UDFN
9é6/('.<$ ',6.86,$
9XåtYDQê V\VWpP (FKR7UDFN ]D]QDPHQiYD ]iNODGQ~ LQIRUPiFLX NWRUi REVDKXMH
~GDMH R þDVH D JHRJUDILFNHM SRORKH IRUPiW :*6 =i]QDP P{åH ćDOHM REVDKRYDĢ
LQIRUPiFLH ]R VQtPDþRY ELQiUQ\FK D DQDOyJRYêFK YVWXSRY LQIRUPiFLX R DNWLYiFLL
V\VWpPX GUiKH D UêFKORVWL 1RVQRX YHOLþLQRX SUH Y\KRGQRFRYDQLH MH þDV D JHRJUDILFNi
SRORKD
3UHGSRNODGRP Y\KRGQRFRYDQLD ~GDMRY ] PRQLWRULQJX SRK\EX VWURMD SRPRFRX
V\VWpPX *,6 MH Y\WYRUHQLH GDWDEi]\ JHRJUDILFNêFK ~GDMRY SDUFLHO ~þHORYêFK D ãWiWQ\FK
NRPXQLNiFLt YUiWDQH KUDQtF REMHNWRY Y ]iXMPRYRP ~]HPt QD NWRUêFK MH SUHGSRNODG
SRK\EX WHFKQLN\ 9 VOHGRYDQRP SUtSDGH EROL YãHWN\ REMHNW\ I\]LFN\ ]DPHUDQp 1iVOHGQH
MH QXWQp Y\WYRULĢ Y V\VWpPH *,6 ]RGSRYHGDM~FL SRGNODG RUWRIRWRPDSD EORN\ /3,6
NDWDVWUiOQD PDSD D SRG QDNWRURP EXG~ ]Qi]RUQHQp YãHWN\ G{OHåLWp SRO\JyQ\ Y UiPFLL
]iXMPRYpKR~]HPLDYUiWDQHQi]YXLGHQWLILNDþQêFKNyGRYD YêPHU\
1DPDQDåpUVNXDQDOê]XþDVXQDVDGHQLDSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHKRVWURMDERODQDEi]HQRUP\
671 Y\WYRUHQi UR]ãtUHQi NODVLILNiFLD MHGQRWOLYêFK þLQQRVWt D LP
SULVO~FKDM~FLFKþDVRY
3UL DQDOê]H ERO NODGHQê G{UD] QD þDV SUHVWRMRY D þDV SUHMD]GRY = WRKWR G{YRGX
EROR SRWUHEQp UR]GHOLĢ FHONRYê þDV 7S QD þLDVWNRYp þDV\ - þDV KODYQê þDV QHSUDFRYQê
D þDVSUHMD]GRY 0DJGROHQ– 5DWDM0DJGROHQ– 5DWDM
3RWRPPRåQRUR]GHOLĢSUHVWRMHY UiPFLQDVDGHQLDWUDNWRUDDNR
7 – þDVKODYQê– ]DFK\WiYDYêNRQSUiFHYUiWDQHRWiþDQLDSULSUiFL
7 – ]ORåNDQHSUDFRYQpKR þDVX UR]GHOHQi QDQDVOHGRYQp]ORåNRYpþDV\
7$ – VWURM VWRMt Y REMHNWH SRGQLNX V Y\SQXWêP PRWRURP 2EVDKXMH QDMPl þDV QD
~GUåEX RGVWUiQHQLH SRU~FK SRUXFK\ WDQNRYDQLH SUHVWiYN\ REHG RGG\FK
SUHVWRMH ] G{YRGX QHSULD]QLYpKR SRþDVLD SUHVWRMH VS{VREHQp RUJDQL]iFLRX
SUiFH
7% – VWURM VWRMt Y REMHNWH SRGQLNX VR ]DSQXWêP PRWRURP - WHRUHWLFN\ KRGQRWD URYQi
QXOH 1HQXORYi KRGQRWD VN~VHQRVWL WR SRWYUG]XM~ Pi ]D QiVOHGRN QDGPHUQ~
]E\WRþQ~VSRWUHEXSRKRQQêFKKP{W
7& – VWURM VWRMt QD SDUFHOH V Y\SQXWêP PRWRURP OEVDKXMH QDMPl þDV QD PHQãLH
~GUåE\D RSUDY\QDSROLSUHVWiYN\QDRGG\FKGRSOQHQLHSUDFRYQêFKPDWHULiORY
ãSDJiW\ RVLYR D SRG SUHVWRMH ] G{YRGX QHSULD]QLYpKR SRþDVLD DOH DM LQp
SUHVWRMHVS{VREHQpRUJDQL]iFLRXSUiFH
7' – VWURM VWRMt PD SDUFHOH VR ]DSQXWêP PRWRURP - WHRUHWLFN\ KRGQRWD URYQi QXOH
1HQXORYi KRGQRWD VN~VHQRVWL WR SRWYUG]XM~ Pi ]D QiVOHGRN QDGPHUQ~
]E\WRþQ~VSRWUHEXSRKRQQêFKKP{W
7( – VWURM VWRMt QD NRPXQLNiFLL V Y\SQXWêP PRWRURP 3UHYDåQH þDV\ RGVWUDĖRYDQLD
SRU~FKNXNWRUêPGRãORSRþDVSUHMD]GRYSRNRPXQLNiFLiFK
7) – VWURM VWRMt QD NRPXQLNiFLt VR ]DSQXWêP PRWRURP OEVDKXMH QDMPl þDV
]DSUtþLQHQêGRSUDYQRXVLWXiFLRXQDãWiWQ\FKNRPXQLNiFLiFK VWiWLDY NROyQH QD
NULåRYDWNiFK D SRG
160
7 – þDVSUHMD]GRY]ORåHQê] þDVRY7$ D 7%
7$– þDVSUHMD]GRYSR SDUFHOiFK
7% – þDVSUHMD]GRYSRNRPXQLNiFLiFKSRĐQêFKFHVWiFKD REFLDFK
7S – FHONRYêþDV
9\KRGQRWHQLH]i]QDPX]PRQLWRULQJXSRK\EXWUDNWRUDMHGRNXPHQWRYDQpQDSUiFL
WUDNWRUD -' Y URNX SUL VHMEH WHNYLFH VOQHþQLFH D NXNXULFH 6~SUDYD SRþDV
ãLHVWLFK GQt Y\NRQiYDOD VHMEX VR VHMDþNRX .YHUQHODQG 2SWLPD U 1DSULHN ]ORåLWêP
PHWHRURORJLFNêP SRGPLHQNDP QD 6ORYHQVNX Y URNX EROL PHVLDFH ]DþLDWNX URND
]UiåNRYR QRUPiOQH PDUHF Då QDGQRUPiOQH DSUtO 0LPRULDGQH QDGQRUPiOQH ]UiåN\
QDVWDOLY PHVLDFLPiM 3HFKR9 þDVHVHME\EROLSR]HPN\QDSRYUFKXVXFKpD
SRGPLHQN\SULVHMEHQDVOHGRYDQêFKSDUFHOiFKEROLYHĐPLSUDãQp
9êNRQSUiFHSRGĐDHYLGHQFLHY =i]QDPHR SUHYiG]NHYR]LGODSRGĐDVSUDFRYDQLD
REVOXKRXVWURMDMHXYHGHQêY WDEXĐNH 7DEXĐND– 3UHYiG]NRYp~GDMHSRGĐDHYLGHQFLHYêND]XSUiFH
'iWXP
2SHUiFLD
ýDVh
9êPHUDha
Parcela
VHMEDVOQHþQLFH
*iþRY
VHMEDVOQHþQLFH
1DG5\EQtNRP
VHMEDWHNYLFH
VHMEDWHNYLFH
+RUQi0LND
1DG5\EQtNRP
âDOJD
VHMEDNXNXULFH
SULKQRMRYDQLH
VHMEDNXNXULFH
SULKQRMRYDQLH
1DG+QRMLVNRP
7HKHOĖD
1DG+QRMLVNRP
7HKHOĖD
1D GHWDLOQp KRGQRWHQLH QDVDGHQLD WHFKQLN\ V~ ]LVWHQp ~GDMH QHSRVWDþXM~FH
D VNUHVĐXM~FH9êNRQQRVĢVWURMRYSRGĐDHYLGHQFLHMHXYHGHQiY WDEXĐNH
7DEXĐND – 9êNRQQRVĢVWURMRYHMV~SUDY\ SRGĐDHYLGHQFLHYêND]XSUiFH
-1
3ORGLQD
'iWXP
ýDVK
9êPHUDKD
9êNRQQRVĢKDK
6OQHþQLFD
6SROX
7HNYLFD
6SROX
.XNXULFD
6SROX
3ULHPHUQi YêNRQQRVĢ SRGĐD HYLGHQFLH YêND]X SUiFH SUL VHMEH VOQHþQLFH MH
KDK-SULVHMEHWHNYLFHKDK- D SULVHMEHNXNXULFHMHKDK-
1D Y\KRGQRWHQLH ~GDMRY ]tVNDQêFK SRPRFRX PRQLWRURYDQLD SRK\EX VWURMD EROL
~GDMH WUDQVIRUPRYDQp GR SURVWUHGLD $UF0DS =i]QDP R SRORKH VWURMD Y VOHGRYDQêFK
GĖRFK MH QD MH QD REUi]NX 3RORKD VWURMD MH ORNDOL]RYDQi GR ]DPHUDQêFK KUDQtF
MHGQRWOLYêFK SR]HPNRYNRPXQLNiFLt DREMHNWRY
3RPRFRXDOJRULWPXY\YLQXWpKRQD.DWHGUHVWURMRYD YêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY7)638
Y 1LWUHEROL]tVNDQp~GDMHYSURVWUHGt*,6 DQDO\]RYDQpYRY]ĢDKXN PLHVWRSLVQêP~GDMRP
D SDUDPHWURPãWUXNW~U\þDVXQDVDGHQLD
161
2EUi]RN – =i]QDPSRK\EXWUDNWRUDSULVHMEHWHNYLFHVOQHþQLFHD NXNXULFH
$QDOê]DþDVRYHM ãWUXNW~U\ SRK\EX D QDVDGHQLDSULVHMEHY\EUDQêFKMDUQêFKSORGtQ
YR IRUPiWH ]i]QDPX KKPPVV SRGĐD PRQLWRURYDQLD SRK\EX VWURMD MH XYHGHQi
Y WDEXĐNH 7DEXĐND– ýDVRYiãWUXNW~UD FHONRYHMY\NRQDQHMSUiFHSUHVWRMRYD SUHMD]GRY
T1
T3A
T3B
T3C
T3D
T3E
T3F
T3
T6A
T6B
T6
TS
6HMEDVOQHþQLFH
6HMEDWHNYLFH
6HMEDNXNXULFH
DSULKQRMRYDQLH
6HMEDVSROX
= WDEXĐN\SO\QLHåHþDVKODYQêYêNRQSUiFH7 SUHGVWDYXMHKD PLQ åH
þDVSUHVWRMRY7 SUHGVWDYXMHKD PLQDþDVSUHMD]GRY7 SUHGVWDYXMHKD PLQ
&HONRYê þDV 7' NWRUê SUHGVWDYXMH þDV VWiWLD VWURMD QD SDUFHOH VR ]DSQXWêP PRWRURP
162
SUHGVWDYXMH K D PLQ = XYHGHQêFK ~GDMRY MH ]UHMPê QHV~ODG V HYLGHQFLRX SRGĐD
YêND]XSUiFH
5HODWtYQH ]DVW~SHQLH ãWUXNW~U\ þDVX QDVDGHQLD VOHGRYDQHM V~SUDY\ SUL VHMEH
VOQHþQLFHSUH]HQWXMHREUi]RN1DREUi]NRFKD MHXYHGHQiãWUXNW~UD þDVXSULVHMEH
WHNYLFHD NXNXULFH
2EUi]RN – *UDILFNpY\MDGUHQLHUHODWtYQHMPLHU\]ORåNRYpKRþDVXSULVHMEHVOQHþQLFH
2EUi]RN – *UDILFNpY\MDGUHQLHUHODWtYQHMPLHU\]ORåNRYpKRþDVXSULVHMEHWHNYLFH
163
2EUi]RN – *UDILFNpY\MDGUHQLHUHODWtYQHMPLHU\]ORåNRYpKRþDVXSULVHMEHNXNXULFH
$QDOê]RX ãWUXNW~U\ þDVX QDVDGHQLD SRGĐD ~GDMRY ] PRQLWRULQJX SRK\EX VWURMD
PRåQR ]tVNDĢ PDQDåpUVNH LQIRUPiFLH R VS{VREH D NYDOLWH Y\NRQDQHM SUiFH 2EUi]N\ D MHGQR]QDþQH Y\MDGUXM~ UHODWtYQH PDOê SRGLHO þDVX NWRUê ERO Y\XåLWê QD SUDFRYQê
YêNRQ 9êNRQQRVĢ VWURMRY SRGĐD HYLGHQFLH MH XYHGHQi Y WDEXĐNH 9êNRQQRVĢ
DQDO\]RYDQiSRGĐD~GDMRY]PRQLWRULQJXSRK\EXVWURMDMHXYHGHQiY WDEXĐNH
7DEXĐND – 9êNRQQRVĢVWURMRYHMV~SUDY\ SRGĐDPRQLWRULQJXSRK\EXVWURMD
3UDFRYQiUêFKORVĢ
-1
3ORGLQD
'iWXP
9êPHUDKD
9êNRQQRVĢKDK
-1
km.h
6OQHþQLFD 6SROX
7HNYLFD
SSROX
.XNXULFD 6SROX
3ULHPHUQi YêNRQQRVĢ SRGĐD PRQLWRULQJX SRK\EX VWURMD MH SUL VHMEH VOQHþQLFH
KD-SULVHMEHWHNYLFHKDK- D SULVHMEHNXNXULFHKDK-
3DUDPHWUH MHGQRWNRYHM YêNRQQRVWL MHGQR]QDþQH YSOêYDM~ QD MHGQRWNRYp QiNODG\
V~SUDY\ 6~þDVQH PRQLWRURYDQi YêNRQQRVĢ XPRåĖXMH NRQWUROX QDSUtNODG SUDFRYQêFK
UêFKORVWtD QDLFK]iNODGHGRGUåLDYDQLHWHFKQRORJLFNHMGLVFLSOtQ\REVOXK\SRþDVVHME\
9ê]QDPQê SRGLHO þDVX ERO SUHGVWDYXMH ]ORåND 7$ – VWiWLH Y REMHNWRFK SRGQLNX
V PRWRURPY\SQXWêP– 7DNiWRLQIRUPiFLDY\åDGXMHSRGUREQpVN~PDQLH
5R]ERURP þLQQRVWL REVOXK\ Y WRPWR þDVH EROL ]LVWHQp UR]VLDKOH RSUDY\ QD V~SUDYH
= PRQLWRURYDQLD WHMWR ]ORåN\ þDVX SO\QLH DM GRSDG NYDOLW\ Y\NRQDQêFK RSUiY QD ćDOãLX
SUHYiG]NX VWURMD ýDV 7$ VD Y SULHEHKX GQt SRVWXSQH ]QLåXMH 2EVDK WHMWR LQIRUPiFLH
P{åH VO~åLĢ DNR DUJXPHQW KRGQRWHQLD SULSUDYHQRVWL VWURMRY QD VH]yQX SUHGVHMERYHM
SULSUDYHQRVWLS{G\D KRGQRWHQLDFHONRYpKRVWDYXUHVS RSRWUHEHQLDVWURMRY9 RSDNXM~FLFK
164
VDVLWXiFLiFKP{åHVO~åLĢDNRUHOHYDQWQêDUJXPHQWSUHUR]KRGRYDQLHR REQRYHVWURMRYpKR
SDUNX
9]KĐDGRP QD GREU~ GRVWXSQRVĢ SR]HPNRY V~ þDV\ ]ORåN\ 7 QHYê]QDPQp
1DSULHN WRPX Y SUYRP GQL QDVDGHQLD V~SUDY\ ERO PRQLWRULQJRP ORNDOL]RYDQê Yê]QDPQê
þDV7( D 7) - LãORR ]DVWiYNXQD~þHORYHMNRPXQLNiFLLD RQ~WHQ~RSUDYXSRþDVSUHMD]GX
] SDUFHO\GRREMHNWXSRGQLNX
1D ]iNODGH ~GDMRY ] PRQLWRULQJX SRK\EX VWURMRY PRåQR REGREQêP VS{VRERP
KRGQRWLĢ ćDOãLH ]ORåN\ þDVX QDVDGHQLD VWURMD &HONRYp ]KRGQRWHQLH ]DVW~SHQLD
MHGQRWOLYêFK]ORåLHNþDVXSULVHMEHY\EUDQêFKMDUQêFKSORGtQMH]REUD]HQpQDREU
T6
11,70 %
T1
36,20 %
T3
52,10 %
2EUi]RN – *UDILFNpY\MDGUHQLHUHODWtYQHMPLHU\]ORåNRYpKRþDVXSULVHMEHY\EUDQêFK
MDUQêFKSORGtQVOQHþQLFDWHNYLFDD NXNXULFD
$QDOê]RX EROR SUHXNi]DQp åH SRGLHO þDVX NWRUê ERO YHQRYDQê SULDPHPX
SUDFRYQpPX YêNRQX YUiWDQH SRWUHEQêFK SUHMD]GRY D SUDYLGHOQHM ~GUåE\ SUHGVWDYXMH
SULEOLåQH SRORYLFX GLVSRQLELOQpKR þDVX VWURMD 9 VOHGRYDQRP þDVRYRP ~VHNX QHS{VRELOL
QHJDWtYQH SRYHWHUQRVWQp YSO\Y\ SUHWR ]tVNDQp LQIRUPiFLH P{åX RNUHP LQpKR
XSR]RUĖRYDĢ QD SRWUHEX ]YêãHQLD G{UD]X QD RUJDQL]iFLX SUiFH (OLPLQiFLRX
QHSURGXNWtYQHKRþDVXQDVDGHQLDPRåQRMHGQR]QDþQHREPHG]LĢFHONRYêþDVSRWUHEQêQD
SUDFRYQêYêNRQ]QtåLĢVSRWUHEXSRKRQQêFKKP{WD ]YêãLĢHIHNWtYQRVĢQDVDGHQLDVWURMD
ZÁVER
3UXGNp ]Y\ãRYDQLH SUHYiG]NRYêFK QiNODGRY YVWXSRY GR SRĐQHM UDVWOLQQHM YêURE\
VS{VREXMH Qt]NX NRQNXUHQFLHVFKRSQRVĢ SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVN\FK VXEMHNWRY þR VS{VREXMH
VWDJQiFLX SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVWYD -HGQRX ] FLHVW DNR ]Y\ãRYDĢ HIHNWLYLWX SUiFH
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHM WHFKQLN\ MH Y\XåtYDQLH VWURMRY Y\EDYHQêFK SUYNDPL LQIRUPDþQêFK
WHFKQROyJLt . SURVWULHGNRP GRSOĖXM~FLP ãWDQGDUGQp LQIRUPDþQp WHFKQROyJLH SDWULD DM
]DULDGHQLD QD PRQLWRURYDQLH SRK\EX VWURMRY .RYDĜtþHN .RYDĜtþHN – +ĤOD 5DWDM – +DYUiQNRYi 5DWDM – .RUHQNR – +DYUiQNRYi = SUH]HQWRYDQêFK
YêVOHGNRY SO\QLH YiåQRVĢ D G{OHåLWRVĢ ]tVNDQLD NYDOLWQêFK D REMHNWtYQ\FK LQIRUPiFLt SUH
]DEH]SHþHQLHPRGHUQpKRPDQDåPHQWXWHFKQLN\=tVNDQpLQIRUPiFLHPRåQRPDQDåpUVN\
Y\XåtYDĢSUHHIHNWtYQHULDGHQLHYêUREQêFKSRVWXSRY
3UtVSHYRN Y]QLNRY Y UiPFL SURMHNWX Ä$SOLNiFLD LQIRUPDþQêFK WHFKQROyJLt QD ]YêãHQLH
HQYLURQPHQWiOQHM D HNRQRPLFNHM XGUåDWHĐQRVWL SURGXNþQpKR DJURV\VWpPX³ ,706 ZZZLWHSDJXQLDJVN
165
LLWHUDW~UD
(FKR7UDFN6DWHOLWQiLGHQWLILNiFLDYR]LGLHO>RQOLQH@>FLW--@'RVWXSQp
QDKWWSZZZHFKRWUDFNVN!
.29$ěËý(. 3 – +ģ/$ - 0HWRGD DXWRPDWLFNpKR VOHGRYiQt VWURMQtFK VRXSUDY
D Y\KRGQRFHQtGDW,Q,QIRUPDþQpWHFKQROyJLHY PDQDåPHQWHYêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY1LWUD
638V– ,6%1---
.29$ěËý(. 3 6WDQRYHQt RSHUDWLYQt YêNRQQRVWL ] SURVWRURYêFK GDW *36
=HPČGČOVNi WHFKQLND D HQHUJHWLND QD SUDKX QRYpKR WLVtFLOHWt -ý8 Y ýHVNêFK
%XGČMRYLFtFKV,6%1– – – 0$&È.0ä,7ĕÈ.0(IHNWtYQHY\XåLWLHVDWHOLWQHMQDYLJiFLHY V\VWpPHSUHVQpKR
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVWYD9HGHFNiPRQRJUDILD6381LWUD,6%1----
0$*'2/(1 $ 5$7$- 9 +RGQRWHQLH QDVDGHQLD SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHM WHFKQLN\
SRPRFRX PRQLWRURYDFLHKR V\VWpPX (FKRWUDFN 7HFKQRIyUXP ]ERUQtN YHGHFNêFK
SUiFSRNURN\YRYêVNXPHSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHMDHQYLURQPHQWiOQHMWHFKQLN\DGYDQFHVLQ
UHVHDUFKRIDJULFXOWXUDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDOHQJLQHHULQJ- 1LWUD638 Y1LWUH ---- 6-
0$*'2/(1 $ 5$7$- 9 9\XåLWLH *,6 SUL PRQLWRULQJX SRK\EX
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHM WHFKQLN\ ,Q 7HFKQLND Y WHFKQROyJLiFK DJURVHNWRUD ]ERUQtN
YHGHFNêFK SUiF ] PHG]LQiURGQHM YHGHFNHM NRQIHUHQFLH 1LWUD >&' 520@
1LWUD638Y1LWUHV– ,6%1----
0,1$0,08VLQJ$UF0DS 5HGODQGV(65,S,6%1---;
3(&+2 - HW DO ([WUpPQH DWPRVIpULFNp ]UiåN\ QD MDU D QD ]DþLDWNX OHWD QD
6ORYHQVNX. 6ORYHQVNê K\GURPHWHRURORJLFNê ~VWDY >VD@ >RQOLQH@ >FLW --@ 'RVWXSQp
QD
KWWSZZZVKPXVN)LOH([WUD)LOHV.0,6FODQN\3HFKRBHWBDOBSGI!
5$7$-9 +$95È1.29È- 0RQLWRULQJY\XåtYDQLDSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHMWHFKQLN\
,Q 7UHQG\ YR YêVNXPH D YêYRML SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVN\FK VWURMRY D WHFKQROyJLt Y HNRV\VWpPH
NXOW~UQHM NUDMLQ\ ]ERUQtN ] PH]LQiURGQHM YHGHFNHM NRLQIHUHQFLH 1LWUD 6ORYHQVNi
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDV– ,6%1---
5$7$- 9 .25(1.2 0 +$95È1.29È - 0DQDåpUVNH Y\XåLWLH LQIRUPiFLt
R SRK\EH VWURMRY Y SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVWYH ,Q $NWXiOQt SUREOpP\ Y\XåtYDQt ]HPČGČOVNp
WHFKQLN\ 0HG]LQiURGQi YHGHFNi NRQIHUHQFLD ýHVNê .UXPORY – >&'520@ýHVNp%XGČMRYLFH-LKRþHVNiXQLYHU]LWDV– ,6%1---
6710HWyG\PHUDQLDþDVXD VWDQRYHQLHSUHYiG]NRYêFKXND]RYDWHĐRY
.RQWDNWQiDGUHVD
,QJ0LFKDO9DãHNHPDLO0LFKDO9DVHN#XQLDJVN
,QJ-iQ-REEiJ\3K'HPDLO-DQ-REEDJ\#XQLDJVN
SURI,QJ9ODGLPtU5DWDM3K'H-PDLO9ODGLPLU5DWDM#XQLDJVN
6381LWUD7).DWHGUDVWURMRYDYêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY7U$+OLQNX1LWUD6ORYHQVNi
UHSXEOLND
166
=+2'12&(1Ë$1$/é=<3(91267,&+0(/292',ýģ$-(-,&+Ò&+<7ģ97$+8
3ě,6./,=1,&+0(/(
/8%20Ë59(17$'2/)5<%.$3(75+(ě0È1(.,92+21=Ë.
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
Abstrakt:
'ĤOHåLWêPDVSHNWHPGRGUåHQtPD[LPiOQtNYDOLW\YêVOHGQpKRSURGXNWXMH]DEUiQČQt
MHKR]QHþLãWČQtQHåiGRXFtPLSĜtPČVPL$QLXFKPHOHQHQtWRWRY\MtPND]YOiãWČY GQHãQt
GREČ NG\ VH SRåDGDYN\ QD NYDOLWX VWiOH ]Y\ãXMt 2G -WêFK OHW NG\ VH Y ý5 ]DþDOR
SRXåtYDW]DYČãRYiQtFKPHORYRGLþĤ] SORãLQSRPRFt~FK\WĤ] SRO\SURS\OHQRYpKRPRWRX]X
VH VWiYDMt QHåiGRXFt SĜtPČVL SUREOpPHP 3UiYČ VWDUp þiVWL 33 PRWRX]X NWHUp ]ĤVWiYDMt
QDVWURSXNRQVWUXNFHVHGRVWiYDMtEČKHPGDOãtFKOHWGRFKPHOHD] GĤYRGXMHMLFKEOt]NêFK
I\]LNiOQtFK YODVWQRVWt MH SUREOpP V MHMLFK VHSDUDFt -HGQRX ] PRåQRVWt ĜHãHQt WRKRWR
SUREOpPX MH SĜL ]DFKRYiQt VWiYDMtFt WHFKQRORJLH ]DYČãRYiQt SRPRFt 33 PRWRX]X
QDYUKQRXW ~FK\W R WDNRYp SHYQRVWL NWHUi E\ YHGOD N SĜHWUåHQt Y ~FK\WX GĜtYH QHå
Y FKPHORYRGLþL D WtP E\ PRWRX] QH]ĤVWiYDO QD VWURSX NRQVWUXNFH 'DOãt SRGPtQNRX MH
WDNRYi SHYQRVW DE\ QHGRFKi]HOR N VDPRYROQpPX SDGiQt NHĜĤ EČKHP YHJHWDFH D SĜL
VNOL]QL
.OtþRYiVORYDFKPHO]DYČãRYiQtSRO\SURS\OHQRYêPRWRX]SHYQRVW
ÚVOD
3RO\SURS\OHQRYê PRWRX] NWHUê QDKUDGLO RFHORYê KiþHN VH ]DþDO Y PHQãt PtĜH
SRXåtYDW Y -WêFK OHWHFK VWROHWt 9 -WêFK OHWHFK E\OR ]DYČãRYiQt KiþNHP ]FHOD
QDKUD]HQR WHFKQRORJLt QDYD]RYiQtP YRGLFtKR GUiWX QD QRVQê GUiW SRO\SURS\OHQRYêP
PRWRX]HP ] SRMt]GQp SORãLQ\ =DYČãRYiQt FKPHORYRGLþH 33 PRWRX]HP ] SORãLQ\ MH
PQRKHP U\FKOHMãt QHå UXþQt ]DYČãRYiQt KiþNHP 3UĤPČUQi SURGXNWLYLWD SUiFH MH –
GUiWNĤQDRVREX]DKRGLQX2SURWL]DYČãHQtKiþNHPVH33PRWRX]SRQRVQpPGUiWČ
QHSRK\EXMHDQHPĤåHVHUR]Yi]DWKiþHNVHPRKOY\KiNQRXW'DOãtYêKRGRXMHSĜtSUDYD
MHGQRWOLYêFK VYD]NĤ GUiWĤ V QDYi]DQêP PRWRX]HP Y PLPRVH]RQQt GREČ .ĜLYiQHN
8 VWiYDMtFtKR ĜHãHQt NWHUp SRXåtYDMt SUDNWLFN\ YãLFKQL SČVWLWHOp QHMVRX LGHiOQt SHYQRVWQt
SRPČU\ PH]L FKPHORYRGLþL D MHMLFK ~FK\W\ 3ĜL VWUKiYiQt UpY FKPHOH Y SUĤEČKX VNOL]QČ
GRFKi]t YHVPČV N SĜHWUåHQt FKPHORYRGLþĤ D N SRQHFKiQt ~FK\WĤ SĜtS L þiVWt GUiWĤ QD
FKPHOQLFRYp NRQVWUXNFL ÒFK\W\ VH Y GDOãtFK OHWHFK KODYQČ YOLYHP DSOLNRYDQêFK
FKHPLNiOLt VDPRYROQČ XYROĖXMt D MVRX MHGQRX ] SĜtþLQ ]DQiãHQt SĜtPČVt GR GDOãt þiVWL
WHFKQRORJLFNpKRSURFHVXNGHVHREWtåQČVHSDUXMt9HQWDNRO
8WHFKQRORJLHSČVWRYiQtFKPHOHE\SURWRE\ORYKRGQpDE\SĜLPHFKDQL]RYDQpPVWUKiYiQt
VNOt]HQpKR FKPHOH GRãOR NH VWUåHQt YRGLFtKR GUiWX VSROHþQČ V UpYRX D ~FK\WHP WDN DE\
FHOê ~FK\W ]ĤVWDO VSRMHQ V GUiWHP D QD FKPHOQLFRYp NRQVWUXNFL QH]ĤVWDO\ ]E\WN\ ~FK\WĤ
&LQLEXUNDNRO6ULYDVWDYDHWDO
MATERIÁL A METODY
3ROQt SRNXV E\O ]DORåHQ QD FKPHOQLFL ILUP\ &+0(/-9HQW VSRO V UR V RGUĤGRX
ä3ý äDWHFNê SRORUDQê þHUYHĖiN - NORQ D SĤYRGQt SOiQ ]DKUQRYDO RVP NRPELQDFt
FKPHORYRGLþH þHUQê åtKDQê GUiW R SUĤPČUX PP D UĤ]QêFK SURYHGHQt ~FK\WĤ 3UR
~FK\W\ E\O SRXåLW SRO\SURS\OpQRYê PRWRX] ILUP\ -87$ DV V R]QDþHQtP SHYQRVWL RG
YêUREFHD3URNDåGRXSHYQRVWPRWRX]XE\O\Y\WYRĜHQ\GYD
GUXK\~FK\WĤ- MHGQRGXFKêDGYRMLWêYL]REU9 NRQHþQpIi]LSĜtSUDY]DORåHQtSRNXVX
YãDN GRãOR N RP\OX D QHE\OD ]DORåHQD YDULDQWD PRWRX]X R SHYQRVWL D
MHGQRGXFKpKR ~FK\WX QD ~NRU GYRX YDULDQW V GYRMLWêP ~FK\WHP .DåGi NRPELQDFH MH
SURYHGHQD YH WĜHFK ĜDGiFK V FFD FKPHORYRGLþL Y MHGQp ĜDGČ 3ĜHG ]DYČãRYiQtP
167
FKPHORYRGLþĤ E\O QRVQê GUiW FKPHOQLFRYp NRQVWUXNFH RþLãWČQ RG ]E\WNĤ ~FK\WĤ
] SĜHGHãOêFKOHW
2EUi]HN- 8Ni]NDMHGQRGXFKpKRDGYRMLWpKR~FK\WXFKPHORYRGLþH
&tOHP SROQtKR SRNXVX E\OR ]PČĜHQt VtO\ SĜL SĜHWUåHQt FKPHORYRGLþH QHER MHKR
~FK\WX SĜL VWUKiYiQt FKPHOH ]MLãWČQt VDPRYROQČ VSDGOêFK UpY SĜL VWUKiYiQt ]MLãWČQt
KPRWQRVWLPČĜHQêFKUpYD]MLãWČQtPtVWDSĜHWUåHQtSĜLVWUKiYiQtGUiWQHERPRWRX]
.RQVWUXNFH EČåQČ SRXåtYDQpKR VWUKiYDþH SUR VNOL]HĖ FKPHOH QHXPRåĖRYDOD
XPtVWČQtVLORYêFKVQtPDþĤSĜtPRQDVWUKiYDþ3URWRE\ORY\UREHQR ]DĜt]HQtYL]REU
YHNWHUpPSUREtKDORVWUKiYiQt]DVWHMQêFKSRGPtQHNMDNRXVWUKiYDþĤDE\ORPRåQpPČĜLW
SRVWXSQČ MHGQRWOLYp UpY\ Y ĜDGČ =DĜt]HQt E\OR XPtVWČQR QD QiYČVX WDåHQpP WUDNWRUHP
SĜLþHPåQiYČVE\OGRNRPSOHWRYiQRUiPSURYêN\YQpXNRWYHQtWDKRYpKR VQtPDþH'UXKê
NRQHF VQtPDþH E\O SURGORXåHQ ]iYČVHP SUR XFK\FHQt UpY\ SĜL VWUKiYiQt =DĜt]HQt E\OR
UR]PČURYČQDYUåHQRWDNDE\VWUKiYiQtSUREtKDOR]DVWHMQêFKSRGPtQHNMDNRXVWUKiYDþĤ
SĜLVNOL]QL7R]QDPHQiåHE\ORGRGUåHQRPtVWRXFK\FHQtUpY\SĜLVWUKiYiQtDWDNpRGNORQ
UpY\SĜLVWUKiYiQt9êN\YQêPXORåHQtPRERXNRQFĤVQtPDþHWDKRYpVtO\E\OR]DMLãWČQRåH
SĜLVWUKiYiQtEXGHPČĜHQDMHQRVRYiVtODY FKPHORYRGLþL. PČĜHQtWDKRYpVtO\E\OSRXåLW
VQtPDþ RG +%0 %UQR YêKUDGQt ]DVWRXSHQt I\ +RWWLQJHU %DOGZLQ 0HVVWHFKQLN *PE+
V W\SRYêPR]QDþHQtP8%DPČĜtFtPUR]VDKHP-N19êVWXSQtVLJQiO]HVQtPDþHE\O
]SUDFRYiQ SRPRFt PRELOQt PČĜtFt ~VWĜHGQ\ 0*& SOXV WDNWpå RG ILUP\ +%0 YL] REU SĜLSRMHQp N QRWHERRNX 0ČĜtFt ~VWĜHGQD VQtPDþ L XNOiGiQt PČĜHQêFK GDW E\OR
]DEH]SHþHQRSURJUDPHP&DWPDQ(DV\NWHUêMHGRGiYDQêN PČĜtFt~VWĜHGQČ
2EUi]HN – 6FKHPDPČĜLFtKR]DĜt]HQtSURSROQtPČĜHQt
-QRVQêGUiWFKPHOQLFRYpNRQVWUXNFH-FKPHORYiUpYDQDFKPHORYRGLþL-RNRSURXFK\FHQtUpY\
NHVQtPDþLWDKRYpVtO\-YêN\YQiUDPHQDVQtPDþH-VQtPDþWDKRYpVtO\-UiPSURXFK\FHQt
UDPHQHVQtPDþH-QiYČV
3R LQVWDODFL FHOp PČĜLFt DSDUDWXU\ E\OD SURYHGHQD NDOLEUDFH VQtPDþH SRPRFt
]iYČVX VH ]iYDåtP R KPRWQRVWL NJ 5pY\ QD FKPHORYRGLþtFK E\O\ SĜHG PČĜHQtP
R]QDþHQ\SRĜDGRYêPþtVOHPPD[NVUpY0ČĜHQtE\ORYåG\SURYHGHQR]DVRXYLVOpKR
168
QHSĜHUXãRYDQpKR VWUKiYiQt FKPHOH Y MHGQp ĜDGČ SRNXVQp FKPHOQLFH 5pYD E\OD
RGVWĜLåHQD RG ]HPČ YH YêãFH FFD P SURYOHþHQD GR RND QD UDPHQL VQtPDþH D
SO\QXOêP SRMH]GHP WUDNWRUX V QiYČVHP QDSQXWD SĜL VNORQX YL] REU 3O\QXOêP
WDKHPGRãORNHVWUåHQtUpY\DSĜHWUåHQtFKPHORYRGLþHQHERMHKR~FK\WX3RVWUåHQtE\OD
FKPHORYi UpYD XORåHQD QD QiYČV &KPHORYp UpY\ NWHUp EČKHP VWUKiYiQt VSDGO\ YOLYHP
RWĜHVĤ FKPHOQLFRYp NRQVWUXNFH QHE\O\ GR PČĜHQt ]DKUQXW\ 9 SUĤEČKX VWUKiYiQt E\OD
VQtPDþHP PČĜHQD WDKRYi VtOD V IUHNYHQFt +] 3R VWUåHQt NDåGp ĜDG\ E\OD VWDQRYHQD
KPRWQRVWFKPHORYêFKUpYDY\KRGQRFHQRPtVWRSĜHWUåHQtGUiWPRWRX]'iOHE\O]MLãWČQ
SRþHWVDPRYROQČVSDGOêFKUpY9êVOHGN\E\O\Y\KRGQRFHQ\SURJUDPHP6WDWLVWLFD
9é6/('.<0ċě(1Ë
=MLãĢRYiQt KPRWQRVWL YãHFK VWUåHQêFK NHĜĤ E\OR GĤOHåLWp NH VWDQRYHQt MHMtKR YOLYX
QD VtOX SRWĜHEQRX NH VWUåHQt D PtVWR SĜHWUåHQt FKPHORYRGLþH -DN FHONRYČ WDN L Y
MHGQRWOLYêFKYDULDQWiFKE\O\XKPRWQRVWLNHĜĤ]MLãWČQ\Yê]QDPQpVWDWLVWLFNpUR]GtO\-DNMH
SDWUQR] JUDIXYL]REUE\ODQHMY\ããtSUĤPČUQiKPRWQRVWNJ]MLãWČQDXYDULDQW\
' GYRMLWê ~FK\W 1DRSDN QHMQLåãt SUĤPČUQi KPRWQRVW NJ E\OD X YDULDQW\
-MHGQRGXFKê~FK\W
+PRWQRVWNHĜH>NJ@
-
'
-
'
-
'
'
9DULDQWD
2EUi]HN - 3RURYQiQtKPRWQRVWLNHĜĤMHGQRWOLYêFKYDULDQW
= JUDIXQDREUi]NXMVRXGiOH]ĜHMPpUR]GtO\KPRWQRVWtNHĜĤPH]LMHGQRWOLYêPL
YDULDQWDPL ]DYČãHQt 1HMYêUD]QČMãt UR]GtO MH PH]L YDULDQWRX ' NJ D
YDULDQWDPL -NJD 'NJ'DOãtPpQČYê]QDPQpUR]GtO\MVRX
PH]L YDULDQWDPL ' NJ D - NJ GiOH SDN PH]L YDULDQWRX
-NJD -NJ
= Y\SRþWHQêFKNRUHODþQtFKFKDUDNWHULVWLNUHJUHVQtDQDOê]\KPRWQRVWLDWUKDFtVtO\YL]REU
MHSDWUQpåHKPRWQRVWNHĜHQHPiYOLYQDMHKRVWUåHQt9]KOHGHPN KRGQRWČNRUHODþQtKR
NRHILFLHQWXPĤåHPHPOXYLWRYHOPLVODEpSĜtPp]iYLVORVWLNWHUiMHGDQRXUHJUHVQt
IXQNFtSRSViQDSRX]H] 'DOãtPDUJXPHQWHPMHY\SRþWHQiKODGLQDYê]QDPQRVWLS NWHUi MH Yê]QDPQČ Y\ããt QHå VWDQRYHQi KODGLQD Yê]QDPQRVWL Į POXYtPH
WHG\RVWDWLVWLFN\QHYê]QDPQpPNRHILFLHQWXNRUHODFH
169
1 [
6tODVWUåHQt>1@
+PRWQRVW>NJ@
2EUi]HN - 9OLYKPRWQRVWLNHĜHQDVtOXSRWĜHEQRXNMHKRVWUåHQt
'DOãtP SDUDPHWUHP NWHUêP MVPH VH ]DEêYDO\ E\O YOLY KPRWQRVWL NHĜĤ QD PtVWR
SĜHWUåHQtFKPHORYRGLþH= REUi]NXMHQDSUYQtSRKOHGSDWUQpåHVWUåHQpNHĜHXNWHUêFK
VH FKPHORYRGLþ SĜHWUKO Y GUiWX PČO\ SUĤPČUQRX KPRWQRVW NJ FRå MH R Y\ããt
KPRWQRVWQHåXNHĜĤNGHVHFKPHORYRGLþSĜHWUKOY ~FK\WX=GHE\ODSUĤPČUQiKPRWQRVW
NJ 7HQWR UR]GtO MH DOH VWDWLVWLFN\ QHYê]QDPQê D PĤåHPH WHG\ NRQVWDWRYDW åH
KPRWQRVWNHĜHQHPiQDPtVWRSĜHWUåHQtFKPHORYRGLþHYOLY
+PRWQRVW>NJ@
'UiW
0RWRX]
0tVWRSĜHWUåHQt
2EUi]HN5 - 9OLYKPRWQRVWLNHĜHQDPtVWRSĜHWUåHQt
6tOD SRWĜHEQi NH VWUåHQt NHĜH VH ]Y\ãRYDOD MDN X MHGQRGXFKpKR WDN X GYRMLWpKR
~YD]NX VH ]Y\ãXMtFt VH SHYQRVWt ~FK\WX 8 MHGQRGXFKêFK ~FK\WĤ URVWOD WUKDFt VtOD RG
1 X YDULDQW\ Då GR 1 X YDULDQW\ 8 GYRMLWêFK ~FK\WĤ E\OD
WUKDFtVtODYUR]PH]t1XYDULDQW\ DåGR1XYDULDQW\ -DN
MH SDWUQR ] JUDIX YL] REU X YDULDQW 1 1 D 1 V GYRMLWêP ~YD]NHP QHE\O\ VKOHGiQ\ VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp UR]GtO\ 'DOãt
QHSUĤND]QpUR]GtO\E\O\VKOHGiQ\XYDULDQW 'D 'D '1D
GiOHPH]LYDULDQWDPL 'D '
170
6tODSĜHWUåHQt>1@
-HGQRGXFKê~Y D]HN
'Y RMLWê~Y D]HN
9DULDQWD
2EUi]HN - 6tODSRWĜHEQiNHVWUåHQtNHĜHSRGOHYDULDQW\]DYČãHQt
3RGtOSĜHWUåHQt>@
= JUDIXQDREUi]NXMHQDSURVWR]ĜHMPpåHSRGtOSĜHWUåHQtFKPHORYRGLþHY GUiWX
Y]UĤVWi VH ]Y\ãXMtFt VH SHYQRVWt ~FK\WX 8 YDULDQW\ - QHE\O SĜHWUåHQ GUiW DQL
MHGQRX QDRSDN SĜHWUåHQt Y PRWRX]X MH ]NUHVOHQR Y\VRNêP SRGtOHP VDPRYROQČ
VSDGOêFK NHĜĤ 3RNXG E\FKRP WRWR QHEUDOL Y ~YDKX E\O E\ SRGtO SĜHWUåHQt
Y PRWRX]X8YDULDQW\ -VHSĜHWUKORY GUiWXSĜtSDGĤDY PRWRX]X
, ]GH YãDN PXVtPH SRþtWDW VH VDPRYROQČ VSDGOêFK NHĜĤ 9DULDQWD - VH
Y\]QDþRYDODY\ããtPSRGtOHPVSDGOêFKNHĜĤQHåYDULDQWD -DþNROLYMHSDWUQp
] JUDIX QD REUi]NX åH WUKDFt VtOD E\OD L NG\å VWDWLVWLFN\ QHYê]QDPQČ R Y\ããt
3RGtOSĜHWUåHQtY GUiWXDPRWRX]XE\ON
55
5
0RWRX]
'UiW
6SDGOp
-
-
-
'
'
'
'
9DULDQWD
2EUi]HN - 3RGtOSĜHWUåHQtYPRWRX]XGUiWXDVDPRYROQČY]iYLVORVWLQDYDULDQWČ
2GYDULDQW\ 'YêãHMVPHMLåQH]D]QDPHQDOLåiGQpVDPRYROQČVSDGOpNHĜH
'iOHVHXWpWRYDULDQW\Y\URYQiYiSRGtOSĜHWUåHQtY GUiWXDPRWRX]X.RQNUpWQČY PRWRX]X
VHSĜHWUKORVWUåHQêFKNHĜĤDY GUiWX8GDOãtFKYDULDQWW]Q D
V GYRMLWêP~FK\WHPE\O\MLåYêVOHGN\WRWRåQp3RGtOSĜHWUåHQtVHSĜHVXQXOQDVWUDQX
GUiWX D WR YH YãHFK SĜtSDGHFK QD 1HE\O ]D]QDPHQiQ åiGQê SĜtSDG SĜHWUåHQt
PRWRX]XLVDPRYROQČVSDGOpKRNHĜH
171
=È9ċR
3ROQtP PČĜHQtP D QiVOHGQêP VWDWLVWLFNêP ]KRGQRFHQtP QDPČĜHQêFK YêVOHGNĤ
PĤåHPH NRQVWDWRYDW åH KPRWQRVW FKPHORYpKR NHĜH QHPi YOLY MDN QD VtOX SRWĜHEQRX
N MHKRVWUåHQtWDNQDPtVWRSĜHWUåHQtFKPHORYRGLþH6tODSRWĜHEQiNHVWUåHQtFKPHORYpKR
NHĜH Y]UĤVWi VH ]Y\ãXMtFt VH SHYQRVWt ~FK\WX 8 YDULDQW ]DYČãHQêFK PRWRX]HP D V GYRMLWêP ~FK\WHP GRãOR YH SĜtSDGĤ N SĜHWUåHQt GUiWX FRå
]QDPHQiåHSHYQRVW~FK\WXMLåYêUD]QČSĜHY\ãXMHSHYQRVWVDPRWQpKRGUiWX6DPRYROQČ
VSDGOp NHĜH E\O\ ]D]QDPHQiQ\ X QHMVODEãtFK ~FK\WĤ W]Q D V MHGQRGXFKêP ~FK\WHP 9]KOHGHP N VDPRYROQpPX SDGiQt NHĜĤ VH QHGi V WČPLWR
YDULDQWDPL Y SUD[L PRF SRþtWDW - QiNODGQp ]DYČãRYiQt NHĜĤ EČKHP YHJHWDFH D QiVOHGQp
SUREOpP\SĜLVNOL]QL3URSĜHGVWDYX E\WRE\ORQDKHNWDUFFDNHĜĤXYDULDQW\ -NHĜĤXYDULDQW\ -DNHĜĤXYDULDQW\ -
,GHiOQt YDULDQWČ SĜL NWHUp E\FKRP QH]D]QDPHQDOL VDPRYROQČ VSDGOp NHĜH D YH YãHFK
SĜtSDGHFKE\GRãORN SĜHWUåHQt~FK\WXVHQHMYtFHSĜLEOtåLODYDULDQWD V MHGQRGXFKêP
~FK\WHP = VH X VWUåHQpKR NHĜH SĜHWUKO ~FK\W D ]EêYDMtFtFK ]E\OR QD GUiW
1HJDWLYHPMVRXVWiOHVDPRYROQČVSDGOêFKNHĜĤ
/LWHUDWXUD:
.ě,9È1(.- +RSZLUHVDQGVWULQJVXVHGLQKRSJURZLQJLQ&5 ,Q5$.0DJGD
ý(+ %DUEDUD HG 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK +RS 6HPLQDU ZLWK LQWHUQDWLRQDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQ
6ORYHQLD 3RUWRURå - )HEUXDU\ äDOHF ,QãWLWXW ]D KPHOMDUVWYR LQ SLYRYDUVWYR
6ORYHQLMHSS -,6%1----
9(17/DNRO0HFKDQL]RYDQpOLQN\YHFKPHODĜVWYt9Ò&+äDWHFV
&,1,%85.9DNRO1DYUKRYiQtODQRYêFKFKPHOQLFRYêFKNRQVWUXNFt
0HWRGLNDSURSUD[L&KPHODĜVNêLQVWLWXWVURV,6%1--- -
65,9$67$9$$.HWDO(QJLQHHULQJ3ULQFLSOHVRI$JULFXOWXUDO0DFKLQHV
$6$(0LFKLJDQ86$S,6%1---
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ/XERPtU9HQWýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWD3UDKD– 6XFKGROý5
7HO-)D[-
172
SVOZ %,2/2*,&.<52=/2ä,7(/1é&+2'3$'ģ
9/$67,0,/$/70$110,526/$90,05$
ý=83UDKD7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD
Abstract:
7KH DUWLFOHV GHVFULEHV WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKH ORJLVWLF PRGHO %: RI QHZ FRPSRVWLQJ
2IIHUVLQVWDQWLDWLRQQXPEHUDQGVL]HRIFRQWDLQHUVDQGFDOFXODWHWKHDPRXQW%:VXLWDEOH
IRU SURFHVVLQJ ,PSRUWDQW UHVXOW LV WR DQVZHU WKH TXHVWLRQ RI RSWLPDO UDGLXV FROOHFWLQJ
YHKLFOHV ZLWKLQ D UDGLXV RI FRPSRVWLQJ VLWHV7KH VROXWLRQ LVPDGHIRU WKH UDGLL RI DQGNPIURPFRPSRVWLQJ
.H\ZRUGVFROOHFWLRQORJLVWLFVELRGHJUDGDEOHZDVWHFRPSRVWLQJ
ÚVOD
1DNOiGiQt V %52 SĜHGVWDYXMH Y VRXþDVQRVWL MHGQX ] QHMDNWXiOQČMãtFK REODVWt
RGSDGRYpKR KRVSRGiĜVWYt 7R MH GiQR SĜHGHYãtP QDUĤVWDMtFtP REMHPHP WpWR VORåN\
RGSDGĤ REHFQČ QiVOHGQêP WODNHP QD MHKR GĤVOHGQČMãt ]SUDFRYiYiQt DOH L QHXVWiOH VH
]SĜtVĖXMtFt OHJLVODWLYRX 3RGVWDWQê YOLY QD ]Y\ãXMtFt VH SURGXNFL ELRORJLFN\ UR]ORåLWHOQêFK
RGSDGĤ Pi QD MHGQp VWUDQČ ]PČQD åLYRWQtKR VW\OX D ]iURYHĖ L RGNORQ RG SČVWRYiQt
UĤ]QêFKGUXKĤ]HOHQLQ\DRYRFHQDYODVWQtFKSR]HPFtFK%LRORJLFN\UR]ORåLWHOQpRGSDG\]
WRKRWR GĤYRGX WYRĜt Y VRXþDVQp GREČ Då NRPXQiOQtKR RGSDGX SĜLþHPå ]SĤVRE
MHMLFKVEČUX D QiVOHGQp]SUDFRYiQt PĤåH MDN SR]LWLYQČ WDN L QHJDWLYQČ RYOLYQLW MHGQRWOLYp
VORåN\åLYRWQtKRSURVWĜHGt
MATERIÁL A METODY
3ĜtVSČYHN ĜHãt PRGHORYČ VYR] %52 QD NRPSRVWiUQX YH YHVQLFNp ]iVWDYEČ UHJLRQX
QHGDOHNR3UDK\3ĜHGPČWHPE\OR]MLãWČQtREMHNWLYQtKRPQRåVWYtELRORJLFN\UR]ORåLWHOQêFK
RGSDGĤYHVOHGRYDQpP~]HPtDQiYUKRSWLPiOQtKR]SĤVREXVEČUXDVYR]X3UR]DMLãWČQt
NDSDFLW\ NRPSRVWiUQ\ E\OR QDYUåHQR ~]HPt V SRORPČUHP NP NWHUp E\OR SRVWXSQČ
QDY\ãRYiQR QD SRORPČU D NP 3UR ~]HPt E\O Y\SUDFRYiQ QiYUK RSWLPiOQtKR
V\VWpPX VEČUX D VYR]X YþHWQČ WHFKQRORJLFNpKR Y\EDYHQt &HONRYê SRþHW REFt Y
]iMPRYpP~]HPtMH
$QDOê]DREODVWLREVDKXMH
$QDOê]X REFt Y REODVWL R SRORPČUX NP RG NRPSRVWiUQ\ NWHUi E\OD
QiVOHGQČUR]ãtĜHQDQDDNPD]DKUQXMH]MLãWČQtR
¾ SRþWXREFtY GDQpORNDOLWČ
¾ SRþWXRE\YDWHOY MHGQRWOLYêFKREFtFK
¾ FHONRYpKR SĜtVWXSX RE\YDWHO N SUREOHPDWLFH ELRORJLFN\
UR]ORåLWHOQêFKNRPXQiOQtFKRGSDGĤSRPRFtGRWD]QtNX
6WDQRYHQtYêVOHGQpKRPQRåVWYt%52
¾ VWDQRYHQtPČUQpSURGXNFH%52] ~GUåE\SORFKYHĜHMQp]HOHQČ
$E\ E\OR PRåQp VEČU %52 ] REFH 3DYORY ]KRGQRWLW MH Y\XåLWR PHWRGLN\
Y\FKi]HMtFt ]H Y]WDKX NGH MH FHONRYi UHiOQČ VHEUDQi SURGXNFH XYiGČQD Y NJ QD
MHGQRKRRE\YDWHOHDURN>@+RGQRW\PČUQpKRPQRåVWYtY\SRþWHQpWtPWR]SĤVREHPOpSH
UHSUH]HQWXMtSURGXNFLELRRGSDGXY KRGQRFHQpPUHJLRQX
173
qmČUQi
NGH
qcelková
1000 Q
>NJRE\YDWHO-URN-@
URþQtPČUQiSURGXNFHQDRE\YDWHOH>NJRE\YDWHO-URN-@
FHONRYiURþQtSURGXNFHREODVWL>WURN-@
SRþHWRE\YDWHOY REODVWL>SRþHW@
TPČUQi TFHONRYi Q
0ČUQi SURGXNFH %52 ] ~GUåE\ SORFK REHFQt ]HOHQČ VH Y\MDGĜXMH MDNR FHONRYi
URþQtSURGXNFHQDURVWOpKPRW\Y]WDåHQiQDSORFKXSRGOHQiVOHGXMtFtKRY]WDKX
qBROzeleĖ
NGH
mBRO zeleĖ
S zeleĖ
T%52]HOHĖ P%52]HOHĖ S]HOHĖ >WKD-URN-@
URþQtPČUQiSURGXNFHQDKDREHF]HOHQČ>WKD-URN-@
FHONRYiURþQtSURGXNFH%52REHFQt]HOHQČ>WURN-@
SORFKDREHFQt]HOHQČ>KD@
8UþHQt SRþWX VEČUQêFK QiGRE D 92. QD ]iNODGČ Y\SURGXNRYDQpKR
PQRåVWYt
9\WYRĜHQtNRQFHSWXVYR]X%52SURQRYČY]QLNORXNRPSRVWiUQX
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
1D REU MH XNi]ND PDS\ REODVWL V XYHGHQêPL SRORPČU\ Y]GiOHQRVWt NWHUp
GRNXPHQWXMtQDY\ãXMtFtVHYHOLNRVWVSiGRYpKR~]HPtQDYUåHQpNRPSRVWiUQ\
2EUi]HN– 0DSDMHGQRWOLYêFKREODVWtVYR]X%52
174
$QDOê]DSURGXNFH%52
1D]iNODGČYVWXSQtFKSDUDPHWUĤE\ORQXWQpVWDQRYLWSRWHQFLRQiOQtSURGXNFL%5.2
YH Y\PH]HQpP ~]HPt 3RGNODG\ SUR YêVOHGQp KRGQRW\ %5.2 PLQ D %5.2 PD[
Y WDEXOFH E\O\ ]tVNiQ\ SRGOH SURMHNWĤ Y ý5 D KRGQRW ] SXEOLNDFt NWHUp VH ]DEêYDO\
PQRåVWYtP%52Y MHGQRWOLYêFKREFtFK
7DEXOND– 0QRåVWYt%5.2RGRE\YDWHO
Obec
3RþHW
RE\YDWHO
=DKUDG\
[ha]
=DKUDG\
YêQRV
>WURN-1]
BRKO min.
>WURN-1]
BRKO max.
>WURN-1]
3DYORY
+RVWRXĖ
0DOp.\ãLFH
'UDKHOþLFH
Celkem
39 228
756
11 340
7DEXONDXYiGtPQRåVWYt%52] YHĜHMQp]HOHQČYHVOHGRYDQêFKREFtFK
7DEXOND– 3URGXNFH%52YREFLFHONHP
Obec
3DYORY
+RVWRXĖ
2YRFQpVDG\ 2YRFQpVDG\
%5.2RG BRKO
YHĜHMQi
YHĜHMQi
RE\YDWHO celkem
RG
]HOHĖWUYDOp ]HOHĖWUYDOp
Ø
WUDYQt
KRGQRWD RE\YDWHO WUDYQtSRURVW\
>WURN-1]
[ha]
SRURVW\
>WURN-1]
YêQRV
[t
k1]
BRO
Y REFL
celkem
>WURN1]
0DOp.\ãLFH
'UDKHOþLFH
Celkem
17 30 776
1iYUKWHFKQRORJLFNpKRY\EDYHQtSURGDQpREFHMHXYHGHQY WDEXOFH
175
7DEXOND– 1iYUKWHFKQRORJLFNpKRY\EDYHQt
Obec
1iGRE\O
VOK stabilní
3DYORY
92.QD]DYROiQt
$12
+RVWRXĖ
$12
$12
$12[GQtNV
$12
$12
0DOp.\ãLFH
$12
'UDKHOþLFH
Celkem
$12
REFt
REFt
26ks
XYHGHQpEXĖN\MVRXSRX]HSĜtNODGHPĜHãHQtEH]NRQNUHWL]DFHREFH
1DYUKRYDQpYDULDQW\
1iGRE\ O E\ PČO\ EêW YROQČ SĜtVWXSQp UR]PtVWČQp SRGOH SRåDGDYNĤ
MHGQRWOLYêFKREFtQDGRQiãNRYRX Y]GiOHQRVWFFDP/]HMHXPtVWLW]HMPpQD
X E\WRYêFK GRPĤ MH PRåQp MH GRSOQLW YROQČ SĜtVWXSQêPL 92. NWHUp ]DMLãĢXMt
PRåQRVWVEČUXREMHPQČMãtKRELRORJLFNpKRRGSDGXSĜtSDGQČYČWãtKRPQRåVWYt
ELRRGSDGXOLVWtWUiYD3RþHW92.MH]iYLVOêQDSORãHYHĜHMQp]HOHQČ
1iGRE\PRKRXEêWXPtVWČQ\XNDåGpKR5'D%'DMHPRåQpMHGRSOQLW 92.
RSČW QD GHILQRYDQp RGSDG\ 8 5' O]H XYDåRYDW R QiGREiFK O D X %'
R QiGREiFKO]DSĜHGSRNODGXYKRGQpKRUR]PtVWČQt92.
2EFH V PDOêP YêVN\WHP %52 PRKRX EêW REVOXKRYiQ\ W]Y QD ]DYROiQt VEČU
GRSĜLVWDYHQêFK92.NWHUpVHRGYiåHMtSRGOHSRWĜHE\
=È9ċ5
3ĜLKRGQRFHQtORJLVWLN\VYR]XE\OSURSRþWHQFHONRYêSRþHWQDMHWêFKNLORPHWUĤDMHMLFK
QiUĤVWY]iYLVORVWLQDQDYêãHQtSRORPČUXREODVWLD NP3URSRORPČUNP RG
NRPSRVWiUQ\ þLQLOR QDYêãHQt NP FRå MH QiUĤVW R D SĜL SRORPČUX NP RG
NRPSRVWiUQ\E\ORQDYêãHQtNP– WMQiUĤVWR&HONRYêSRþHWNLORPHWUĤþLQLO
SURYDULDQWXSRORPČUNPE\ONPSURNPMHWRNPDSURSRORPČU NP
MHSRþHWXMHWêFKNP =DMtPDYêMHURYQČåSRKOHGQDQDUĤVWSORFK\~]HPtNWHUiPi
YOLY QD SURGXNFL %52 Y ]iYLVORVWL QD ]YêãHQt SRORPČUX VYR]RYp REODVWL RGNRPSRVWiUQ\
5R]ORKD]DKUDGRYRFQêFKVDGĤYHĜHMQp]HOHQČDWUYDOHWUDYQtFKSRURVWĤE\ODY SRORPČUX
NP KDYSRORPČUXNPQDYêãHQDR KDFRåMHQiUĤVWRDYHNP
SRORPČUXR KD- WMQiUĤVWR =YêãHXYHGHQêFKYêVOHGNĤO]HY\KRGQRWLWåH
SURFHQWXiOQt QiUĤVW Y SRþWX XMHWêFK NLORPHWUĤ D WHG\ L QDYêãHQt SORFK\ SĜL QiUĤVWX
SRORPČUX RG NRPSRVWiUQ\ R D NP MH REGREQê D O]H KR WHG\ Y]tW MDNR ]iNODG SUR
REHFQpSRVWXS\
/]H NRQVWDWRYDW åH QHQt PRåQp QDOp]W REHFQČ SODWQp XUþHQt RSWLPiOQt GRYR]Qp
Y]GiOHQRVWL GR NRPSRVWiUQ\ QHERĢ MH ]ĜHMPp åH SĜL QDYêãHQt SRORPČUX RG PtVWD
NRPSRVWiUQ\ GRMGH N QDYêãHQt XMHWpKR PQRåVWYt NP DOH ]iURYHĖ EXGH GRYH]HQR YČWãt
PQRåVWYt %52 FRå Y SURSRþWX V QDYêãHQtP SRþWX XMHWêFK NP YHGH N YêVOHGNĤP åH
QiNODG\ QD GRSUDYX WXQ\ %52 MVRX Y XYHGHQêFK SĜtSDGHFK VURYQDWHOQp – .þ
1LåãtKRGQRWDMHY WpWRREODVWLX YČWãtKRRNUXKX-HSRWĜHEDDOHNRQVWDWRYDWåHSURGXNFH
%52MHY þDVHD PtVWČYHOLFHSURPČQOLYiDPĤåHEêWY MLQêFKREODVWHFKYêVOHGQiKRGQRWD
REUiFHQi
9]KOHGHP N YČWãtPX SĜtMPX ]D SĜLYH]HQê D WHG\ L ]SRSODWQČQê %52 RG
SĤYRGFĤ PĤåH EêW HNRQRPLND NRPSRVWiUQ\ OHSãt MH QXWQR DOH SĜHGSRNOiGDW ]YêãHQp
176
QiNODG\QD ]SUDFRYiQt%52SĜLYêUREČNRPSRVWXNWHUpPRKRXEêWWtPWRY\ããtPSĜtMPHP
SRNU\W\
=iYČUHþQpNRQVWDWRYiQtWHG\]QtåH]YČWãHQêRNUXK]YČWãHQtW]YQDViYDFtKR~]HPt
VH QHSURMHYt VQtåHQtP DQL ]YêãHQtP QiNODGĤ QD GRSUDYX D ]ĜHMPČ DQL QD ]SUDFRYiQt
%5.2
3R]QDWN\XYHGHQpYWRPWRþOiQNXE\O\]tVNiQ\YUiPFLĜHãHQtYê]NXPQpKR]iPČUX0â07þ 0â0
LLWHUDWXUD:
3/Ë9$$.2/.RPSRVWRYiQtQD YROQpSORãHYSiVRYêFKKURPDGiFK3URIL3UHVV
VUR,6%1----Y\GiQtV
$/70$11 9 – 9$&8/Ë. 3 – 0,05$ 0 7HFKQLND SUR ]SUDFRYiQt
NRPXQiOQtKRRGSDGXý=83UDKD3RZHUSULQWVUR,6%1----Y\GiQt
V
.RQWDNWQtDGUHsa:
9ODVWLPLO$OWPDQQ'RF,QJ3K'ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWD7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD
Y\XåLWtVWURMĤ3UDKD6XFKGROH-PDLO- DOWY#WIF]XF]WHO- 0LURVODY0LPUD,QJ3K'ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWD7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUDY\XåLWtVWURMĤ
3UDKD6XFKGROH-PDLO- PLPUD#WIF]XF]WHO- 177
9<8ä,7,(.8.85,ý1é&+ STEBIEL NA ENERGETIC.eÒýELY A NIEKTORÉ
POZNATKY PRI ICH SPAď29$1Ë
.2/20$1.5,â72)0$57,1%/$â.20$5(.$1*(/29,ý=8=$1$&+8'È
Abstrakt:
&LHĐRP SUiFH EROR VOHGRYDQLH PRåQRVWL ]EHUX NXNXULþQpKR N{URYLD SR ]EHUH
RELOQêPL NRPEDMQDPL D MHKR QiVOHGQp Y\XåLWLH QD HQHUJHWLFNp ~þHO\ SUL VSDĐRYDQt
6OHGRYDOL VPH VSDĐRYDQLH EDOtNRY V YOKNRVĢRX D D YSO\Y YOKNRVWL QD REVDK
HPLVLtSO\QRY&21212 D V~þDVWQHSHUFHQWR]RVWDWNRYpKR2 Y VSDOLQiFKSRKRUHQt
9ãHWN\ KRGQRW\ VOHGRYDQêFK HPLVQêFK OLPLWRY EROL Y DNWXiOQ\FK QRUPDWtYQ\FK OLPLWRFK
GHILQRYDQêFKY =ELHUNH]iNRQRYþ
.Đ~þRYp VORYi NXNXULþQp N{URYLH REQRYLWHĐQp ]GURMH HQHUJLH HPLVLH &2 12 12
HPLVQpOLPLW\]EHUNXNXULþQpKRN{URYLDVSDĐRYDQLHNXNXULþQpKRN{URYLD
ÚVOD
-HGQRX] SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVN\FKSORGtQNWRUiPiãLURNpPRåQRVWLY\XåLWLD] SRKĐDGX
WYRUE\ I\WRPDV\ MH NXNXULFD NWRUi MH SRYDåRYDQi ]D SORGLQX WUHWLHKR WLVtFURþLD 3UHþR"
-HGQRGXFKR SUHWR OHER EH] NXNXULFH MH QHP\VOLWHĐQi YêåLYD ĐXGt D ]YLHUDW = NXNXULFH MH
PRåQpY\URELĢOLHKROHMDMELRSO\QD ] QHKRNRJHQHUiFLRXHOHNWULFN~HQHUJLXQDMQRYãLHXå
DM SODVW\ WHSHOQRL]RODþQp PDWHULiO\ D LQp .XNXULFD MH SUHGRYãHWNêP HNRQRPLFN\
YêQRVQRXSORGLQRX$1*(/29,ý
=KĐDGLVNDVSDĐRYDQLDV~G{OHåLWp YODVWQRVWLELRPDV\NGHKODYQêPLXND]RYDWHĐPL
NYDOLW\V~KRGQRW\DNRREVDKYRG\Y ELRSDOLYHFKHPLFNp]ORåHQLHKRUĐDYLQ\SDOLYDREVDK
SUFKDYHMKRUĐDYLQ\YêKUHYQRVĢELRSDOLYD0$*$– 3,6=&=$/.$
.XNXULþQpVWHEOiY\ND]XM~SULYOKNRVWLYêKUHYQRVĢ0-NJ- SULREMHPRYHM
KPRWQRVWL NJP Y EDOtNRFK 3UH OHSãLH Y\XåLWLH ELRPDV\ MH SRWUHEQi MHM ~SUDYD
/LVRYDQLHELRPDV\GHQGURPDV\I\WRPDV\PDWHULiOXSULYHĐPLY\VRNRPWODNXMHSUDFRYQê
SURFHVNWRUêY SRVOHGQHMIi]HR]QDþXMHPHDNR]KXWĖRYDQLH3(3,&+
7UDGLþQê YLDFRSHUDþQê ]EHU NXNXULþQHM VODP\ N{URYLD SUHELHKD Y QDVOHGRYQêFK
NURNRFK NWRUp V~ GHILQRYDQp SULPiUQ\P VS{VRERP ]EHUX NXNXULFH QD ]UQR WM DNê W\S
VWURMDEROSRXåLWêQD]EHUSRUDVWXNXNXULFH
1DMþDVWHMãLH VD MHGQi R ]EHU ]UQD NODVLFNêP RELOQêP NRPEDMQRP V DGDSWpURP QD
]EHU NXNXULFH QD ]UQR V GUYHQtP VWHELHO NXNXULFH SRG NRPEDMQ 1iVOHGQH MH Y\NRQDQi
RSHUiFLD GUYHQLD NXNXULþQHM VODP\ D VWUQLVND NODGLYNRYêP DOHER QRåRYêP PXOþRYDþRP
]KUDERYDQLHQDULDGRND OLVRYDQLHGRYHĐNRREMHPRYêFKRNU~KO\FKDOHERKUDQDWêFKEDOtNRY
%,2(&2120<&21)(5(1&(
MATERIÁL A METÓDY
&LHĐRP SUiFH EROR VOHGRYDQLH ]EHUX NXNXULþQpKR N{URYLD SR ]EHUH RELOQêPL
NRPEDMQDPLD MHKRQiVOHGQpY\XåLWLHQDHQHUJHWLFNp~þHO\SULVSDĐRYDQt
%LRORJLFNê PDWHULiO NXNXULþQp N{URYLH EROR GRSHVWRYDQp QD SR]HPNX
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHKR SRGQLNX Y 5DVWLVODYLFLDFK RNUHV 1RYp =iPN\ QD SORFKH KDFKDUDNWHULVWLNDSR]HPNX2EUD /LVRYDQLHNXNXULþQpKRN{URYLD ERORXVNXWRþQHQpOLVRPQDYHĐNRREMHPRYpKUDQDWp
EDOtN\.8+1/6'EH]]PHQ\QDVWDYHQLD2EU%DOtN\EROLRGYH]HQp] SR]HPNX
D XVNODGQHQp
178
2EU/LVQDYHĐNRREMHPRYpKUDQDWpEDOtN\.8+1/6%
3UH VSDĐRYDQLH EDOtNRY ] NXNXULþQpKR N{URYLD VPH Y\EUDOL VSDĐRYĖX VSRORþQRVWL
Menert-7KHUP Y Šali NWRUi ]DEH]SHþXMH Y\NXURYDQLH QLHNRĐNêFK E\WRYêFK GRPRY
XVS{VREHQ~ QD VSDĐRYDQLH EDOtNRY RELOQHM VODP\ D EDOtNRY ] NXNXULþQpKR N{URYLD $NR
VSDĐRYDQê PDWHULiO EROL SRXåLWp OLVRYDQp EDOtN\ NXNXULþQpKR N{URYLD R UR]PHURFK [
[FPV KPRWQRVĢRXNJV YOKNRVĢRX18 % D 38 % 2EU
2EU%DOtNNXNXULþQpKRN{URYLDYNODGDQêGRGiYNRYDFLHKR]DULDGHQLDVSDĐRYQH
0HUDQLH HPLVLt XYRĐĖRYDQêFK SUL VSDĐRYDQt I\WRPDV\ EROL XVNXWRþQHQp PHUDFtP
]DULDGHQtP TESTO 350 M/XL NWRUê MH SRXåtYDQê QD .DWHGUH VWURMRY D YêUREQêFK
V\VWpPRY0RGXOiUQ\V\VWpP7(672VDVNODGi] WURFKKODYQêFKGLHORY2EU7RWR
]DULDGHQLH MH NDOLEURYDQp QD SUHVQp PHUDQLD HPLVLt SULþRP SUL Y\KRGQRFRYDQt
QDPHUDQêFKKRGQ{WVPHY\FKiG]DOL] HPLVQêFKOLPLWRYGHILQRYDQêFK=iNRQRPR RY]GXãt
þD WLHå9\KOiãNRX0ħ365þ
3UL ãLURNRP ]iEHUHPRåQêFK PHUDQêFK KRGQ{WSUtVWURMRP7(672 0;/ VPH
DNR SUHGPHWQp D DQDO\]RYDQp Y\EUDOL 2 &2 &2 12 12 SOXV NRQWUROQp KRGQRW\
7HSORWDVSDOtQT$/DPEGDD ÒþLQQRVĢ
179
$
%
C
2EU0RGXOiUQ\V\VWpP7(6720;/QDDQDOê]XSO\QQêFKVSDOtQ$– .RQWUROQiMHGQRWND%
– $QDO\]DþQêER[%– 2GEHURYiVRQGD
9é6/('.<$ ',6.86,$
= KĐDGLVND PRåQRVWL 3' 5DVWLVODYLFH D VSDĐRYQH 0HQHUW-7KHUP Y âDOL VPH
SULVW~SLOL N PRåQRVWL Y\XåLWLD NXNXULþQpKR N{URYLD DNR N ]GURMX HQHUJLH QD Y\NXURYDQLH
RE\WQêFKGRPRY
+RGQRW\VOHGRYDQLDELRORJLFNHM~URG\I\WRPDV\NXNXULFH
1DPHUDQpKRGQRW\ELRORJLFNHM~URG\]UQDD VWHELHOSR]EHUHQDVOHGRYDQHMSDUFHOH
V~Y\MDGUHQpJUDILFN\VSUDFRYDQpY SURVWUHGt*,62EUD
2EU9\KRGQRWHQLHYDULDELOW\ELRORJLFNHM~URG\QDVOHGRYDQRPSR]HPNXWKD
= QDPHUDQêFKD JUDILFN\Y\KRGQRWHQêFKKRGQ{WELRORJLFNHM~URG\]UQDD VWHELHOSR
]EHUHP{åHPHNRQãWDWRYDĢåH~URGDI\WRPDV\MHYHĐPLYDULDELOQi%LRORJLFNi~URGD]UQD
QD VOHGRYDQHM SDUFHOH VD SRK\ERYDOD RG GR WKD- D ~URGD NXNXULþQHM KPRW\
Y UR]VDKXRGGRWKD-
180
2EU9\KRGQRWHQLHYDULDELOLW\KPRWQRVWLVWHELHO] ~URG\SR]EHUHY\XåLWHĐQHMDNR2=(WKD
3RURYQDQLH SDUDPHWURY PHUDQêFK FKDUDNWHULVWtN KRUHQLD D HPLVLt SUL U{]Q\FK
YOKNRVWLDFKNXNXULþQpKRN{URYLD
9êVOHGN\ H[SHULPHQWiOQ\FK PHUDQt V~ ]UHMPp ] 2EU D 7DEXĐN\ 1LHNWRUp
KRGQRW\ V~ XYiG]DQp Y PHG]LQiURGQH X]QiYDQêFK MHGQRWNiFK SSP 3DUWV SHU PLOLRQ
9êVOHGN\ ] SULHPHUQêFK KRGQ{W H[SHULPHQWiOQH VOHGRYDQêFK HPLVLt V~ SULD]QLYHMãLH SUH
VSDĐRYDQLHNXNXULþQpKRN{URYLDSULYOKNRVWLDNRSULYOKNRVWL
3RURYQDQLHSULHPHUQêFKKRGQ{WPHUDQêFKHPLVLtSUHUR]GLHOQX
YOKNRVĢEDOtND
+RGQRWD
9OKNRVĢEDOtND
9OKNRVĢEDOtND
&73
Ș
Ȝ
T$
2Y
&5%RG
SSP12
SSP12
&2
&79
&76
2
0HUDQpHPLVLH
2EU3ULHPHUQpKRGQRW\PHUDQêFKFKDUDNWHULVWtNKRUHQLDD HPLVLtSUL VSDĐRYDQtEDOtNRY
NXNXULþQpKRN{URYLD
181
7DEXĐND=iNODGQpãWDWLVWLFNpSDUDPHWUHY\EUDQêFKQDPHUDQêFK~GDMRY
âWDWLVWLFNê
SDUDPHWHU
2
&2
12SSP
12SSP
6WUHGQiKRGQRWD
&K\EDVWUHGQHM
KRGQRW\
0HGLiQ
6PHURGDMQiRGFKêOND 5R]SW\OYêEHUX
âSLFDWRVĢ
âLNPRVĢ
5R]VDK
0LQLPiOQDKRGQRWD
0D[LPiOQDKRGQRWD
6~þHW
3RþHWNV
.RHILFLHQWYDULiFLH 0HUDQLH KRGQ{W SHUFHQWD ]RVWDWNRYpKR N\VOtND Y VSDOLQiFK SUL VSDĐRYDQt
NXNXULþQpKRN{URYLD
1DPHUDQpD ]KRGQRWHQpYêVOHGN\V~JUDILFN\XYHGHQpQD2EU
3RURYQDQLHVWDYXN\VOtNDYVSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtEDOtNRY
VUR]GLHOQRXYOKNRVĢRX
.\VOtNY
2
2
6HNXQG\
2EU3RURYQDQLHSHUFHQWXiOQHKRVWDYX]RVWDWNRYpKRN\VOtNDY VSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtEDOtNRY
V UR]GLHOQRXYOKNRVĢRXY ]iYLVORVWLRGþDVXKRUHQLD
= QDPHUDQêFK KRGQ{W P{åPH NRQãWDWRYDĢ åH Y þDVRYRP PHUDGOH VWDY SHUFHQWD
N\VOtNDY VSDOLQiFKMHY SULHPHUHSULPD[LPiOQHMKRGQRWHD PLQLPiOQHM
ĆDOHM ] JUDIXP{åHPH þtWDĢ åH SUL ]DþDWt KRUHQLD YNODGDQLH ]UH]DQHM þDVWL EDOtND GR
NRWODV~KRGQRW\N\VOtNDYHĐPLUR]GLHOQHQRSRXVWiOHQtKRUHQLDVDKRGQRW\N\VOtNDXVWiOLD
Y UR]VDKXRNROR– 0HUDQLHREVDKX&22 Y VSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtNXNXULþQpKRN{URYLD
3ULHEHKREVDKX&2 Y þDVRYRPKRUL]RQWHMH]REUD]HQêQD2EU9êVOHGN\PHUDQt
RSlĢXND]XM~YHĐPLUR]GLHOQHKRGQRW\HPLVLt&2 SULYNODGDQtEDOtNDGRNRWODD QiVOHGQp
XVWiOHQLHKRGQ{WY UR]VDKX– SSP
182
3RURYQDQLHVWDYX&2YVSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtEDOtNRYV
UR]GLHOQRXYOKNRVĢRX
SSP&2
SSP&2
SSP&2
6HNXQG\
2EU3RURYQDQLHSHUFHQWXiOQHKRVWDYXHPLVLt&2 Y VSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtEDOtNRYV UR]GLHOQRX
YOKNRVĢRXY ]iYLVORVWLRGþDVXKRUHQLD
0HUDQLHREVDKX12Y VSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtNXNXULþQpKRN{URYLD
3ULHEHKQDPHUDQêFKKRGQ{WHPLVLt12V~QD2EU6WDYHPLVLt12SULVSDĐRYDQt
N{URYLD MH YHĐPL YDULDELOQê QD ]DþLDWNX KRUHQLD QR SR XVWiOHQt VD KRGQRW\ SRK\EXM~
Y SULMDWHĐQêFKKRGQRWiFKRNRORSSP
3RURYQDQLHVWDYX12YVSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtEDOtNRYV
SSP12
SSP12
SSP12
6HNXQG\
2EU3RURYQDQLHVWDYXHPLVLt12Y VSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtEDOtNRYV UR]GLHOQRXYOKNRVĢRX
Y ]iYLVORVWLRGþDVXKRUHQLD
0HUDQLHREVDKXNO2 Y VSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtNXNXULþQpKRN{URYLD
9êVOHGN\ PHUDQt HPLVLt 12 PRGXOiUQ\P V\VWpPRP 7(672 0;/ V~
]REUD]HQp QD 2EU 6WDY HPLVLt 12 SUL VSDĐRYDQt Y FHORP þDVRYRP KRUL]RQWH VD
SRK\EXMHRNRORKRGQRW\SSPQRSULVSDĐRYDQtN{URYLDYOKNpKREDOtNDVDSRX]DYUHWt
NRPRU\KRGQRW\12 SRK\ERYDOLY REODVWLDåSSP
183
SSP12
3RURYQDQLHVWDYX12YVSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtEDOtNRYV
SSP12
SSP12
6HNXQG\
2EU3RURYQDQLHVWDYXHPLVLt12 Y VSDOLQiFKSULVSDĐRYDQtEDOtNRYV UR]GLHOQRXYOKNRVĢRX
Y ]iYLVORVWLRGþDVXKRUHQLD
ZÁVER
1D]iNODGHQDPHUDQêFKH[SHULPHQWiOQ\FKYêVOHGNRYD LFK]KRGQRWHQLDMHPRåQp
NRQãWDWRYDĢ åH Y\XåLWLH NXNXULþQpKR N{URYLD QD HQHUJHWLFNp ~þHO\ SUL MHKR VSDĐRYDQt MH
UHiOQHD SUHHPLVLXSO\QRYGRRY]GXãLDV~QDPHUDQpKRGQRW\Y HPLVQêFKOLPLWRFK]ELHUN\
]iNRQRYþVWUDQDþOiQRN6WDFLRQiUQH]DULDGHQLHQDVSDĐRYDQLHSDOtY
VR V~KUQQêP PHQRYLWêP YêNRQRP RG 0: GR 0: 9ãHWN\ HPLVQp OLPLW\ V~
Y V~ODGH VR VOHGRYDQêPL QRUPDPL SUH &2 12 12 QR QD GUXKHM VWUDQH MH QXWQp
NRQãWDWRYDĢåHSULD]QLYHMãLHYêVOHGN\V~SULVSDĐRYDQtN{URYLD V YOKNRVĢRXDNRSUL
YOKNRVWL 3UREOHPDWLND ]EHUX NXNXULþQpKR N{URYLD MH ] KĐDGLVND VWURMRY
WHFKQRORJLFNpKR D HNRQRPLFNpKR KĐDGLVND Y UiPFL 6ORYHQVNHM UHSXEOLN\ PiOR
SUHVN~PDQiSUHWRWLHWRRWi]N\EXG~SUHGPHWRPćDOãLHKRYêVNXPXDMQD.DWHGUHVWURMRY
D YêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY7HFKQLFNHMIDNXOW\638Y1LWUH
LLWHUDW~UD
3(3,&+â(NRQRPLFNpGRSDG\Y\XåtYDQLDELRPDV\Y HQHUJHWLNH
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNHKRSRGQLNX,Q$JURELRHQHUJLD URþþV– ,661–
0$*$-– 3,6=&=$/.$ -%LRPDVDDNR]GURMREQRYLWHĐQHMHQHUJLH1LWUD638
V,6%1---
$1*(/29,ý0ÒþLQN\WHFKQRORJLFNêFKD WHFKQLFNêFKIDNWRURYQDNYDOLWXSURGXNWX
SUL]EHUHD SR]EHURYRPVSUDFRYDQtNXNXULFHQD]UQR+DELOLWDþQiSUiFD1LWUD9(6638
1LWUDV
-2%%È*<-– 6,021Ë.-– ./,0.,(:,&=07KHLQIOXHQFHRIIHUWLJDWLRQRQ
DJUR-SK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIDUDEOHSODQWV,Q6HOHFWHGSUREOHPVRIVRLOWLOODJUV\VWHPVDQG
RSHUDWLRQV:DUVDZ-V,6%1----
-$1'$ý.$-– 0,.8/Ë.0(NRORJLFNpDVSHNW\VSDĐRYDQLDELRPDV\D IRVtOQ\FK
SDOtY9\GDYDWHĐVWYR*(25*äLOLQDV,6%1----
%,2(&2120<&21)(5(1&(%,55(//6%LRPDVVKDUYHVWLQJWUDQVSRUWDQG(QHUJ\
(QWHUSULVHV>RQOLQH@>FLW--@'RVWXSQpQDLQWHUQHWH
ZZZELRHFRQRP\FRQIHUHQFHRUJLPDJHV%LUUHOO6WXDUWSGI
ZZZ]ELHUNDVN – =ELHUND]iNRQRYþþLDVWND– 9\KOiãNDPLQLVWHUVWYD
S{GRKRVSRGiUVWYDåLYRWQpKRSURVWUHGLDDUHJLRQiOQHKRUR]YRMD65]DXJXVWD–
=iNRQRRY]GXãt
184
3UHGORåHQêSUtVSHYRNY]QLNROQD.DWHGUHVWURMRYD YêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY7HFKQLFNHMIDNXOW\638
Y 1LWUHY UiPFL ULHãHQLDSURMHNWX9(*$þV Qi]YRPÄ9êVNXP~þLQNRYWHFKQROyJLtD
WHFKQLN\SUHREUiEDQLHS{G\VRKĐDGRPQDLQWHQ]LWXXYRĐĖRYDQLDHPLVLt&2 GRDWPRVIpU\³
.RQWDNWQiDGUHVD
,QJ.RORPDQ.ULãWRIGRF,QJ0DUHN$QJHORYLþ3K'
6ORYHQVNiSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY 1LWUH7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUDVWURMRYD YêUREQêFK
V\VWpPRY7U$+OLQNX1LWUD6ORYHQVNR
185
POROVNANIE KVALITY P5È&(.<35,ý2935,2%5È%$1Ë3Ð'<
PAVOL FINDURA, JAN TURAN*, PAVEL ZEMÁNEK* *, ONDREJ KURUC, MARCEL
PRÍSTAVKA
SORYHQVNiSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY 1LWUH
8QLYHU]LWD1RYL6DG
0HQGHORYDXQLYHU]LWDY %UQH
$EVWUDNW
Z KĐDGLVND VWURMRY SUH REUiEDQLH S{G\ P{åHPH VDPRWQ~ S{GX SRYDåRYDĢ ]D
VSUDFRYDQêPDWHULiO-HMYODVWQRVWLPXVtPHUHãSHNWRYDĢDNRSULYêYRML WDNDMSUHYiG]NH
VWURMRY 9\VRNi YDULDELOLWD WêFKWR YODVWQRVWt YHĐPL LQWHQ]tYQH RYSO\YĖXMH IXQNFLX
D SRXåLWHĐQRVĢ WHFKQLN\ 0HFKDQLFNêP REUiEDQtP S{G\ VD VQDåtPH Y\WYiUDĢ RSWLPiOQH
SRGPLHQN\SUHUDVWDYêYRMUDVWOtQ2EUiEDQtPS{G\PHQtPHMHMYODVWQRVWL UHVSVWDY8
S{GRRFKUDQQêFK WHFKQROyJLt REUiEDQLD S{G\ VD VQDåtPH Y SRURYQDQt V NRQYHQþQRX
WHFKQROyJLRX]tVNDĢVWDELOQHMãLXãWUXNW~UXS{G\REPHG]HQtPLQWHQ]LW\MHMREUiEDQLD7êPWR
SUtVSHYNRP VD VQDåtPH R ]KRGQRWHQLH NYDOLW\ SUiFH WDQLHURYpKR D UDGOLþNRYpKR N\SULþD
v V\VWpPHS{GRRFKUDQQpKRREUiEDQLDS{G\
.Đ~þRYpVORYi UDGOLþNRYêN\SULþWDQLHURYêN\SULþWHFKQROyJLHREUiEDQLDS{G\
Ò92'
2EUiEDQtP S{G\ Y UiPFL S{GRRFKUDQQêFK WHFKQROyJLt VD VQDåtPH PD[LPiOQH
]DFKRYiYDĢ SULURG]HQp YODVWQRVWL S{G\ 9êUD]QêP PHUtWNRP NWRUê FKDUDNWHUL]XMH WLHWR
YODVWQRVWL MH VWDY S{G\ 3È/7,. 9,7È=(. %85*-=(0È1(.
-2%%È*<
âWUXNW~UQRVĢ MH VFKRSQRVĢ S{G\ Y\WYiUDĢ S{GQH DJUHJiW\ 9 ]iYLVORVWL QD
NYDOLWDWtYQ\FKSDUDPHWURFKS{G\P{åHE\ĢS{GQDãWUXNW~UDQDU{]QHM~URYQL6SUDFRYDQLH
SUtOLã YOKNêFK S{G URYQDNR DNR SUHMD]G\ SR SROL SRãNRG]XM~ S{GQX ãWUXNW~UX +ģ/$,
.\SUHQLH S{G\ V PLQLPiOQ\P DOHER åLDGQ\P REUDFDQtP S{G\ MH ]iNODGRP
X REUiEDQLD S{G\ Y S{GRRFKUDQQêFK V\VWpPRFK +ĎEND VSUDFRYDQLD S{G\ VD SRK\EXMH
QDMþDVWHMãLH Y UR]PHG]t – PP 3UH REUiEDQLH S{G\ VD QDMþDVWHMãLH SRXåtYDM~
UDGOLþNRYp DOHER WDQLHURYp N\SULþH 3UL UDGOLþNRYêFK N\SULþRFK GRFKiG]D N PHQHM
LQWHQ]tYQHPXSUHPLHãDYDQLXUDVWOLQQêFK]Y\ãNRYV S{GRXþRQHPXVtE\ĢQDãNRGXX p{G
RKUR]HQêFKHUy]LDPL352&+È=.$FINDURA
67851< D HEUSSER ]LVWLOL UHGXNFLX HUy]LH SUL SRNU\YQRVWL
UDVWOLQQêPL]Y\ãNDPLD SULSRNU\YQRVWL
7UHEDYãDNGRGDĢåHREUiEDQLHS{G\D SHVWRYDQLHSORGtQY WêFKWRWHFKQROyJLiFKVL
Y\åDGXMH XUþLW~ DJURQRPLFN~ VN~VHQRVĢ .9Ë=-0$â(. 256È*29È NOZDROVICKÝ
MATERIÁL A 0(7Ï'<
3UH H[SHULPHQWiOQH PHUDQLD EROL ]YROHQp GYH VXVHGQp SDUFHO\ Y NDWDVWUiOQRP
~]HPt 1LWU\ 3{GQH DJUHJiW\ SUL REUiEDQt S{G\ Y\WYiUDPH UR]GHĐRYDQtP YlþãtFK
DJUHJiWRYUH]DQtPVWULKDQtPQDMþDVWHMãLHGUREHQtPY UiPFLH[LVWXM~FLFKORPRYêFKSO{FK
SURVWUHGQtFWYRP WDQLHURY DOHER UDGOLþLHN ]YROLOL VPH VL ]iVWXSFRY Y\XåtYDM~FLFK WRWR
QiUDGLH
Z WDQLHURYêFK N\SULþRY SUH KRGQRWHQLH REMHNWX YêVNXPX VPH VL Y\EUDOL MHGQpKR
]iVWXSFX .8+1 ',6&29(5 ;/ PRGHO Y VSRMHQt V WUDNWRURP -2+1 '((5( s GYRMPRQWiåRX ]DGQêFK NROLHV D DNR ]iVWXSFX UDGOLþNRYêFK N\SULþRY VPH VN~ãDOL
.21*6.,/'('(/7$PRGHO +6)+ ĢDKDQêWUDNWRURP&$6(,+&9; 186
A.
B.
2EUi]RN - SRKĐDG QD $- UDGOLþNRYê N\SULþ .21*6.,/'( '(/7$ %- WDQLHURYê N\SULþ .8+1
',6&29(5;/
3UL REUiEDQt S{G\ WHFKQLNRX UHVS MHM SUDFRYQêPL þDVĢDPL GRFKiG]D N ]PHQH
YODVWQRVWt S{G\ Y]KĐDGRP QD WR åH PHQtPH VWDY S{G\ 3UL ]KRGQRWHQt NYDOLW\ SUtSUDY\
S{G\VPHVD]DPHUDOLQD]KRGQRWHQLHVWDYXS{G\D WR
0HUDQLHY\URYQDQRVWLS{GQHKRSRYUFKX
3ULPHUDQtY\URYQDQRVWLS{GQHKRSURILOXVPHVOHGRYDOLSRYUFKS{G\SRSUHMGHQt
SUDFRYQêPL þDVĢDPL VWURMD Y SULHþQRP VPHUH QD SRK\E VWURMD SULþRP VPH Y\NRQDOL RSDNRYDQtSUHNDåG~SUDFRYQ~UêFKORVĢ
0HUDQLHSHQHWURPHWULFNpKRRGSRUX
3UHXUþRYDQLHWRKWRSDUDPHWUXVDSRXåtYDYHUWLNiOQ\SHQHWURORJHUNWRUêSRVWXSQH
]D]QDPHQiYDRGSRUS{G\YRþLYQLNDQLXKURWXGRS{G\+RGQRW\QDPHUDQpKRRGSRUX S{G\
VD GDM~ ]D]QDPHQDĢ EXć SULDPR DOHER VD ]D]QDPHQiYDM~ GR YODVWQHM SDPlĢRYHM
MHGQRWN\
=LVĢRYDQLH]DVW~SHQLDUDVWOLQQêFK]Y\ãNRY
3UH KRGQRWHQLH SRNU\YQRVWL SRYUFKX UDVWOLQQêPL ]Y\ãNDPL VPH SRXåLOL REUD]RY~
DQDOê]XNGHVPHVQtPDOL]DVW~SHQLHUDVWOLQQêFK]Y\ãNRYSUHGSUHMGHQtPN\SULþDD SRWRP
SRSUHMGHQtN\SULþD0HUDFtUiPV UR]PHURP[PVPHYNODGDOLãLNPRQDVPHUULDGNX
3UHY\KRGQRWHQLHVPHSRXåLOL$GREH3KRWRVKRS&(
=LVĢRYDQLHãWUXNW~U\S{G\
-H GDQi Y]iMRPQêP ]DVW~SHQtP MHGQRWOLYêFK S{GQ\FK þDVWtF D DJUHJiWRY 9]RUN\
v PQRåVWYH J RGREHULHPH SRPRFRX UêĐD ] KĎEN\ – PP 3UH NDåGê GDQê
YDULDQWVPHSRXåLOLRSDNRYDQLD
3R SULURG]HQRP Y\VXãHQt Y]RULHN S{G\ DWPRVIpULFNêP Y]GXFKRP VPH Y]RUN\
RGYiåLOL D SRGURELOL SUHRVLHYDFHM DQDOê]H 3UH XYHGHQ~ DQDOê]X VPH SRXåLOL SUHRVLHYDFt
YLEUDþQêSUtVWURM$1$/<6(77(NWRUêMHY\EDYHQêV~VWDYRXGHYLDWLFKSUHRVLHYDFtFKVtW
3UtVWURM]DEH]SHþXMHSUHVQpRGGHĐRYDQLHD NODVLILNiFLXYHĐNRVWt]ĚQ
187
2EUi]RN- 2EUD]RYiDQDOê]DSUHY\KRGQRWHQLHSRNU\YQRVWLSRYUFKXUDVWOLQQêPL]Y\ãNDPL
0HUDQLHREMHPRYHMKPRWQRVWLS{G\D YOKNRVWLS{G\
2EMHPRYi KPRWQRVĢ S{G\ D SyURYLWRVĢ V~ SUHGPHWRP VH]yQQ\FK ]PLHQ
Y\SOêYDM~FLFK ]R VS{VREX REUiEDQLD S{G\ &KDUDNWHUL]XMH SRPHU KPRWQRVWL N REMHPX
p{G\ 3UH MHM ]LVĢRYDQLH VPH SRXåLOL .RSHFNpKR YDOþHN\ 3UL RGEHUH VD SRYUFK S{G\
Y\URYQi D RGNRSH VD YRĐQH OHåLDFL PDWHULiO WDN DE\ VPH PRKOL RGREHUDĢ Y]RUN\
] SRåDGRYDQêFK KĎERN - - - - - -
PP
9é6/('.<$',6.86,$
+RGQRWHQLH N\SULþRY VPH XVNXWRþQLOL SUL SUDFRYQêFK UêFKORVWLDFK NPK- -
NPK D NPK- SULþRP X WDQLHURYpKR N\SULþD VPH PHQLOL XKRO Į 3RXåLOL VPH QDVWDYHQLD Į o D Į o SUH XSUHVQHQLH XKRO Į MH XKRO Y]QLNDM~FL PHG]L
VPHURPSRK\EXWHFKQLN\D URYLQRXRWiþDQLDWDQLHUD
3UL Y\KRGQRFRYDQt QDPHUDQêFK YêVOHGNRY VPH SRVWXSRYDOL SRGĐD Xå XYHGHQHM
PHWRGLN\SUHWRDMLFKYêVOHGN\XGiYDPHY URYQDNHMSRVWXSQRVWL
9êVOHGN\SHQHWURPHWULFNpKRRGSRUX
3UH S{GRRFKUDQQp WHFKQROyJLH V~ FKDUDNWHULVWLFNp Y\ããLH KRGQRW\
SHQHWURPHWULFNpKR RGSRUX 3UL Y]iMRPQRP SRURYQDQt RELGYRFK SDUFLHO P{åHPH
NRQãWDWRYDĢåHUR]GLHO\PHG]LMHGQRWOLYêPLSDUFHODPLV~]DQHGEDWHĐQpMHGLQêYêUD]QHMãt
UR]GLHOMHSO\WNRSRGS{GQ\PSRYUFKRP
188
3HQHWURPHWULFNêRGSRU03D
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
7DQLHURYêN\SULþ
5DGOLþNRYêN\SULþ
0,5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
+ĎENDPHUDQLDFP
2EUi]RN- =iYLVORVĢSHQHWURPHWULFNpKRRGSRUXRGKĎEN\PHUDQLD
9êVOHGN\Y\URYQDQRVWLS{GQHKRSRYUFKX
1HY\URYQDQRVĢ SRYUFKX VD VQDåtPH SUL N\SUHQt ]PLHUQLĢ SRXåLWtP ]KXWĖRYDFtFK
]DULDGHQt v SUtSDGH WDQLHURYpKR N\SULþD SRYUFK ]URYQiYDPH SRXåLWtP U~UNRYpKR YDOFD
v SUtSDGH UDGOLþNRYpKR N\SULþD W~WR ~ORKX ]DEH]SHþXMH GYRMLFD ]URYQiYDFtFK WDQLHURY
6HMEDGRS{G\SULSUDYHQHMSURVWUHGQtFWYRPWêFKWRN\SULþRYVLY\åDGXMHãSHFLiOQXYêEDYX
VHMDþN\6HMDþNDEêYDY\EDYHQiV~VWDYRXNUiMDGLHODVP\NRYêFKGRVLHNSUH~SUDYX]yQ\
VHME\
A
B
189
2EUi]RN-9\URYQDQRVĢS{GQHKRSRYUFKXSUHGD SRN\SUHQt$- WDQLHURYêN\SULþYDULDQW%UDGOLþNRYêN\SULþ
7DEXĐND- 3UHKĐDGãWDWLVWLFNêFKXND]RYDWHĐRYSULPHUDQtY\URYQDQRVWLS{GQHKRSRYUFKX
6WURM
7DQLHURYê
N\SULþ7
7DQLHURYê
N\SULþ7
7DQLHURYê
N\SULþ7
7DQLHURYê
N\SULþ7
7DQLHURYê
N\SULþ7
7DQLHURYê
N\SULþ7
5DGOLþNRYê
N\SULþ5
5DGOLþNRYê
N\SULþ5
5DGOLþNRYê
N\SULþ5
3UDFRYQ
á
UêFKORVĢ
NPK-
KPRED
KPO
įPRED
įPO
VPRED
VPO
PP
PP
PP
PP
3R]QiPNDKSUHGKpo - SULHPHUQiKRGQRWDY\URYQDQRVWLSUHGDSRN\SUHQtPPįSUHGįpo
ãWDQGDUGQiRGFKêONDPP9SUHG, VpoYDULDþQêNRHILFLHQWY\URYQDQRVWLSUHGDSRN\SUHQt
=Y\ãXM~FD VD SUDFRYQi UêFKORVĢ VS{VRERYDOD VW~SDQLH KRGQRW\ YDULDþQpKR
NRHILFLHQWD QHY\URYQDQRVWL S{G\ SR VSUDFRYDQt 3UL Y]iMRPQRP SRURYQDQt SULHPHUQêFK
KRGQ{W YDULDþQpKR NRHILFLHQWD VPH QDMYlþãLX KRGQRWX GRVLDKOL X WDQLHURYpKR N\SULþD
s YlþãtPXKORPQDVWDYHQLDWDQLHUD1DMPHQãtUR]GLHOQHY\URYQDQRVWLSUHGD po
VSUDFRYDQtVPH]D]QDPHQDOLX UDGOLþNRYpKRN\SULþDYSULHPHUH
9êVOHGN\SRNU\YQRVWL S{GQHKRSRYUFKXUDVWOLQQêPL]Y\ãNDPL
9]KĐDGRP QD IDNW åH X S{GRRFKUDQQêFK WHFKQROyJLt QDKUiG]DPH þLQQRVĢ SOXKX
N\SULþPL MH ]DSUDFRYDQLH UDVWOLQQêFK ]Y\ãNRY Yê]QDPQê IDNWRU FKDUDNWHUL]XM~FL NYDOLWX
SUiFH VWURMD 8 WDQLHURYpKR N\SULþD VPH QH]D]QDPHQDOL YêUD]Qp UR]GLHO\ Y ]DSUDFRYDQt
UDVWOLQQêFK ]Y\ãNRY Y ]iYLVORVWL RG SRMD]GRYHM UêFKORVWL VWURMD 1DRSDN X UDGOLþNRYpKR
N\SULþD VPH ]D]QDPHQDOL WUHQG ]KRUãHQpKR PLHãDFLHKR ~þLQNX VR ]Y\ãXM~FRX VD
SRMD]GRYRX UêFKORVĢRX GDOR E\ VD WR RG{YRGQLĢ PDORX VYHWORX YêãNRX VWĎSLNRY UDGOLþLHN
NWRUpVDSULY\ããHMSUDFRYQHMUêFKORVWLÄ]DKOWiYDOL³
190
=DVW~SHQLHUDVWOLQQêFK]Y\ãNRYQD
SRYUFKXS{G\
R
60
50
R
R
40
30
T2
20
T1
T2
T1
T2
T1
10
0
8
10
12
3UDFRYQiUêFKORVĢNPK
2EUi]RN-9SO\YSRXåLWpKRQiUDGLDQD]DSUDFRYDQLHUDVWOLQQêFK]Y\ãNRYGRS{G\7 – WDQLHURYê
o
o
N\SULþQDVWDYHQLHXKODĮ , T – WDQLHURYêN\SULþQDVWDYHQLHXKODĮ , R – UDGOLþNRYê
N\SULþ
9êVOHGN\KRGQRWHQLDS{GQ\FKYODVWQRVWt
âWUXNW~UX S{G\ VPH KRGQRWLOL SRGĐD YHĐNRVWL MHGQRWOLYêFK IUDNFLt 6N~ãN\ EROL
Y\NRQDQpQDS{GHV SHUFHQWXiOQ\P]DVW~SHQtP]ĚQPHQãtFKDNRPPY UR]VDKX
– þLåHVDMHGQDORY ]P\VOH671R SLHVRþQDWR-KOLQLW~S{GX
20
18
9OKNRVĢS{G\
16
14
12
10
8
9OKNRVĢS{G\SUHGN\SUHQtP7
9OKNRVĢS{G\SRN\SUHQt7
9OKNRVĢS{G\SUHGN\SUHQtP5
9OKNRVĢS{G\SRN\SUHQt5
6
4
2
0
25
75
125
+ĎENDPHUDQLDPP
2EUi]RN-9OKNRVĢS{G\Y ]iYLVORVWLQDKĎENHPHUDQLDSUHGD SRN\SUHQtX RELGYRFKN\SULþRY
9RĐED SUDFRYQêFK þDVWt N\SULþD Pi Yê]QDPQê YSO\Y QD PLHãDQLH S{G\ Y
MHGQRWOLYêFKS{GQ\FKKRUL]RQWRFKDOHDMQDUR]ORåHQLHYOKNRVWLY S{GHREU= REU0RåQR
YLGLHĢ åH YêUD]QH Y\ããt PLHãDFt ~þLQRN Pi WDQLHURYê N\SULþ NGH SR N\SUHQt GRãOR
k YêUD]QpPXSRNOHVXYOKNRVWLS{G\
191
ZÁVER
7HFKQRORJLFNp SRVWXS\ SUL S{GRRFKUDQQRP REUiEDQt S{G\ VL Y\åDGXM~ SUH
]DEH]SHþHQLHNYDOLWQHMVHME\GRGUåLDYDQLHSUtVQHMWHFKQRORJLFNHMGLVFLSOtQ\SULY\NRQiYDQt
MHGQRWOLYêFK SUDFRYQêFK RSHUiFLL SUHWR VPH VD VQDåLOL YHUQH ]KRGQRWLĢ VWDY S{G\
VSUDFRYDQêSURVWUHGQtFWYRPN\SULþRYZ QDPHUDQêFKYêVOHGNRYP{åHPHNRQãWDWRYDĢ
x 3UL Y]iMRPQRP SRURYQDQt RELGYRFK SDUFLHO P{åHPH NRQãWDWRYDĢ åH UR]GLHO\ PHG]L
MHGQRWOLYêPL SDUFHODPL V~ ]DQHGEDWHĐQp MHGLQê YêUD]QHMãt UR]GLHO MH SO\WNR SRG
S{GQ\PSRYUFKRP
x VN~ãN\EROLY\NRQDQpQDS{GHV SHUFHQWXiOQ\P]DVW~SHQtP]ĚQPHQãtFKDNRPP
v UR]VDKX– þLåHVDMHGQDORY ]P\VOH671R SLHVRþQDWR-KOLQLW~S{GX
D WDNWLHåQDS{GHVR]DVW~SHQtP]ĚQPHQãtFKDNRPPY UR]VDKXD
x QD ]iNODGH QDPHUDQêFK YêVOHGNRY P{åHPH NRQãWDWRYDĢ åH WDQLHURYê N\SULþ Pi
PHQãt S{GRRFKUDQQê HIHNW DNR UDGOLþNRYê N\SULþ 'RND]XM~ WR SULHPHUQp KRGQRW\
SRNU\YQRVWLSUHYDULDQWX7 WRERORSUH7 ERODKRGQRWDSULþRPSUL
YDULDQWH5VPHGRVLDKOLDåKRGQRWX
x Z DQDOê]\ QDPHUDQêFK YêVOHGNRY P{åHPH YLGLHĢ YêUD]Qê PLHãDFt ~þLQRN þLQQRVWL
WDQLHURYD UDGOLþLHN8 YDULDQW\7D 7MH~þLQRNPLHãDQLDYêUD]QHMãtUR]GLHO
YR YOKNRVWL S{G\ DNR X YDULDQW\ 5 =iURYHĖ YêVOHGRN QHURYQRPHUQpKR UR]ORåHQLD
YOKNRVWL SUHG N\SUHQtP MH GDQê SUDYGHSRGREQH ]KXWQHQRX YUVWYRX S{G\ Y KĎENRYRP
KRUL]RQWH-PP
/LWHUDW~UD
%85* 3 =(0È1(. 3 0HFKDQL]DþQt SURVWĜHGN\ Y\XåtYDQp SĜL SĜtSUDYČ SĤG\
SĜHG]DNOiGiQtPQRYêFKYLQLF6DG\DYLQLFHþ-V-,661-
),1'85$3$VSHNW\NYDOLW\VHME\ULDGNRYêFKSORGtQ,Q+DELOLWDþQiSUiFD
V
+ģ/$ - $ .2/ 0LQLPDOL]DFH ]SUDFRYDQt SXG\ ,Q 3URIL 3UHVV 3UDKD Y\GiQt
V,6%1----
-2%%È*< -- ),1'85$ 3 3RVVLELOLWLHV RI *,6 XVLQJ IRU WKH RSWLPDOL]DWLRQRI
LUULJDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ ,Q -XPWR-7UDFWRUV DQG SRZHUPDFKLQHV-J 1U V ,661-
.9Ë= = 0$â(. - +RGQRFHQt YOLYX NYDOLW\ UR]SW\OX SRVNOL]ĖRYêFK ]E\WNĤ QD
kvalitu podmítky,Q9PH]LQiURGQtNRQIHUHQFHPODGêFK3UDKDý=8V– 256È*29È .- 12='529,&.é / 9SO\Y U{]Q\FK VS{VRERY REUiEDQLD
QDFKHPLFNpYODVWQRVWLS{G\,Q9HGHFNiPRQRJUDILDV
352&+È=.$ 3 3ĤVREHQt SUDFRYQtFK QiVWURMĤ QD SĤGX X VWURMĤ SUR ]SUDFRYiQt
SĤG\D VHWt,Q'L]HUWDþQiSUiFDý=83UDKD
67851< : * – +(866(5 - )UH]LQJ PXOFK IRU FRQVHUYDWLRQ WLODJH LQ
VXJDUEHHWSURGXNWLRQ,Q/DQGZLUVFKDIW6FKZLW]HUODQG9=V-
9,7È=(. , - 7,52/ - (NROyJLD SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVN\FK VXãLDUQt ,Q 7HFKQLND Y
WHFKQROyJLiFK DJURVHNWRUD ]ERUQtN YHGHFNêFK SUiF ] PHG]LQiURGQHM YHGHFNHM
NRQIHUHQFLHSRULDGDQHMSRG]iãWLWRXPLQLVWUDKRVSRGiUVWYDYOiG\65ďXERPtUD-DKQiWND
1LWUD QRYHPEHU - 1LWUD 6ORYHQVNi SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVND XQLYHU]LWD ,6%1
----V-
.RQWDNWQiDGUHVD
GRF,QJ3DYRO)LQGXUD3K', Slovenská SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY 1LWUH7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD
.DWHGUDVWURMRYD YêUREQêFKV\VWpPRY7U$+OLQNX1LWUD
192
=+2'12&(1Ë.9$/,7<6(3$5$&(3ěË0(6Ë= &+0(/(3ċ6729$1e+2
NA 9<62.é&+$1Ë=.é&+.216758.&Ë&+
-$132'6('1Ë.$'2/)5<%.$3(75+(ě0È1(.,92+21=Ë.
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
$EVWUDNW
2EHFQp SRåDGDYN\ QD NYDOLWX ILQiOQtFK ]HPČGČOVNêFK SURGXNWĤ VWiOH URVWRX
7UDGLFHDNYDOLWDþHVNpKRFKPHOHMHFHORVYČWRYČ]QiPi6RXþDVQiVLWXDFHQDVYČWRYpP
WUKX]DYD]XMHSČVWLWHOHN WRPXDE\VYp~VLOt]DPČĜRYDOLEČKHPVNOL]QČQDKRVSRGiUQRVWD
þLVWRWX FKPHOH EH] QHåiGRXFtFK SĜtPČVt SRGOH SRåDGDYNĤ VYČWRYpKR REFKRGX 9 ýHVNp
UHSXEOLFHVHY VRXþDVQpGREČSRXåtYDMtGYD]SĤVRE\SČVWRYiQtDVNOL]QČFKPHOH3UYQtP
]SĤVREHP VH FKPHO WUDGLþQČ SČVWXMH QDW]Y Y\VRNêFK VHGPLPHWURYêFK NRQVWUXNFtFK ]H
NWHUêFKMHFKPHORYiUpYDVWUKiYiQDDRGYiåHQDQDVWDFLRQiUQtþHVDFtDVHSDUDþQtOLQNX
'UXKêP ]SĤVREHP VH FKPHO SČVWXMH QD W]Y Qt]NêFK WĜtPHWURYêFK NRQVWUXNFtFK 9 WRPWR
SĜtSDGČ SUREtKi VNOL]HĖ FKPHOH SĜtPR ] NRQVWUXNFH 6NOL]HQê SURGXNW MH QiVOHGQČ
RGYH]HQ QD VHSDUDþQt OLQNX NGH MH GiOH ]EDYRYiQ SĜtPČVt 3URGXNW\ RERX ]SĤVREĤ
VNOL]QČ SĜLSUDYHQp N VHSDUDFL PDMt UĤ]Qp FKDUDNWHULVWLFNp VORåHQt D SURWR VH OLãt L NYDOLWD
MHMLFK VHSDUDFH D WtP REVDK QHåiGRXFtFK SĜtPČVt Y NRQHþQpP SURGXNWX 9]KOHGHP
k WRPXåHSĜLVNOL]QLFKPHOH] Qt]NpNRQVWUXNFH]ĤVWiYiUpYDQDNRQVWUXNFLDN VHSDUDFL
MGH SURGXNW WYRĜHQê SĜHYiåQČ OLVW\ D FKPHORYêPL KOiYNDPL MH MHKR VHSDUDFH VQDGQČMãt
3UYQt URN\ SČVWRYiQt FKPHOH QD Qt]NêFK NRQVWUXNFtFK XND]XMt åH L SLYRYDUVNp YODVWQRVWL
FKPHOHMVRXYêKRGQp
.OtþRYiVORYD FKPHOPRELOQtVNOt]HþVHSDUDþQtOLQNDQt]NiNRQVWUXNFH
Ò92'
+LVWRULH ]NRXãHQt Qt]NêFK FKPHOQLFRYêFK NRQVWUXNFt Y ý5 VDKi GR OHW Då
NG\ VH QD ÒþHORYpP KRVSRGiĜVWYt 6WHNQtN &+, VUR äDWHF ]NRXãHO\ RGUĤG\
2VYDOGĤYNORQ6OiGHN%RUD 3UHPLDQW=iYČU\] YêVOHGNXSČVWRYiQtDVNOL]QČYWRPWR
REGREt E\O\ SĜHYiåQČ QHJDWLYQt 'DOãt YêYRM ]SĤVREX SČVWRYiQt D VNOL]QČ QD Qt]NêFK
NRQVWUXNFtFK E\O Y ý5 QD þDV SĜHUXãHQ ]DWtPFR Y QČNWHUêFK FKPHODĜVNêFK ]HPtFK E\O
WHQWR ]SĤVRE SČVWRYiQt D VNOL]QČ GiOH Y\YtMHQ D ]NRXãHQ D SRVWXSQČ VH WDN ]DþDOR
GRVDKRYDW VWiOH OHSãtFK YêVOHGNĤ 6 NRPHUþQtP SČVWRYiQtP FKPHOH QD Qt]NêFK
NRQVWUXNFtFKY ýHVNpUHSXEOLFHVH]DþDORY URFH
K ]DORåHQtFKPHOQLFHV Qt]NRXNRQVWUXNFtE\PČO\EêW]YROHQ\YKRGQpRGUĤG\7\WR
RGUĤG\ E\ VH PČO\ Y\]QDþRYDW SR]YROQČMãtP UĤVWHP UpY NUiWNêPL LQWHUQRGLL PHQãtPL D
KRXåHYQDWČMãtPL OLVW\ NUiWNêPL WXåãtPL SD]RFK\ V KXVWČ QDVD]HQêPL GREĜH Y\YLQXWêPL
D SHYQêPLKOiYNDPL3UYQtSORGRQRVQpSD]RFK\E\PČO\EêWQDVD]HQ\YHYêãFH- FP
od SRYUFKX SĤG\ REU 9]KOHGHP N WRPX åH W\WR RGUĤG\ GRVXG X QiV QHE\O\
Y\ãOHFKWČQ\ QH]EêYi QHå YROLW WX]HPVNp RGUĤG\ FKPHOH NWHUp VH DOHVSRĖ QČNWHUêPL
VYêPLYODVWQRVWPLD]QDN\WURFKXEOtåtYêãHXYHGHQêPSDUDPHWUĤP'RVDYDGQtSR]QDWN\
]DWtP QD]QDþXMt åH UHODWLYQČ XVSRNRMLYRX WX]HPVNRX RGUĤGRX FKPHOH SUR Qt]Np
NRQVWUXNFH MH RGUĤGD 6OiGHN , WDWR RGUĤGD SR PRKXWQČMãtP ]DNRĜHQČQt Y RGVWXSX
QČNROLND OHW VH YãDN Y\]QDþXMH YHOPL LQWHQ]LYQt WYRUERX QDG]HPQtFK YHJHWDWLYQtFK
RUJiQĤ GRFKi]t N VLOQpPX ]DKXãWČQt ÄFKPHORYp VWČQ\³ þtPå VH YêUD]QČ VQLåXMH SUĤQLN
VYČWHOQêFK SDSUVNĤ 5HGXNRYDQi LQVRODFH SDN ]KRUãXMH SRGPtQN\ SUR WYRUEX D NYDOLWX
KOiYHN7\VHSDNY\WYiĜHMtMHQQDREYRGXUHVSQDSRYUFKXÄFKPHORYpVWČQ\³3URWRUĤVW
URVWOLQ L WpWR RGUĤG\ MH WĜHED GĤVOHGQČ UHJXORYDW ]SRPDORYDW ĜDGRX DJURWHFKQLFNêFK
]iVDKĤ ]HMPpQD GRERX D ]SĤVREHP ]SRåGČQt MDUQtKR UĤVWX FKPHORYêFK YêKRQĤ
SURP\ãOHQRX DSOLNDFt UĤVWRYêFK UHJXOiWRUĤ UDFLRQiOQtP V\VWpPHP KQRMHQt VH VQtåHQêPL
GiYNDPLGXVtNXDYKRGQêPSRXåLWtP]iYODK\â75$1&
193
2EUi]HN -7USDVOLþtRGUĤG\QDIDUPČ&+0(/(;VSROVURY+RĜHVHGOHFK
,SĜHVWRåHJHQHWLFN\Y\ãOHFKWČQpWUSDVOLþtRGUĤG\E\PČO\PtWWHQGHQFLGRVDKRYDW
QD MDNpPNROLYVWDQRYLãWLYêãN\- 4 PMHQH]E\WQpSRVWDYLWNRQVWUXNFLWDNDE\Y\KRYRYDOD
GDQp RGUĤGČ ] KOHGLVND DJURWHFKQLN\ VSRMHQp V SČVWRYiQtP -DNR RSWLPiOQt VH
] ekRQRPLFNpKR KOHGLVND MHYt NRQVWUXNFH Y\VRNi P = WRKR VH RGYtMt L RSWLPiOQt ãtĜND
ĜDGX NWHUi PXVt EêW URYQČå SĜL]SĤVREHQD YHOLNRVWL WUDNWRUX D YODVWQtP DJURWHFKQLFNêP
]iVDKĤP 9ãHREHFQČ SODWt åH ãtĜND ĜDGĤ E\ PČOD EêW QHSDWUQČ YČWãt QHå YêãND
NRQVWUXNFH -H WĜHED VL YãDN XYČGRPLW åH VH ]Y\ãXMtFt VH ãtĜNRX PH]LĜDGt VH ]Y\ãXMH
UL]LNR SRãNR]HQt YČWUHP 3RNXV\ V RSWLPiOQtPL VSRQ\ URVWOLQ\ XNi]DO\ åH ]YêãHQp
]DVWtQČQt URVWOLQ PĤåH YpVW Då N -WL SURFHQWQt UHGXNFL YêQRVX D -WL SURFHQWQt UHGXNFL
v REVDKXDOIDKRĜNêFKN\VHOLQ*/(1',11,1*
6ORXS\ MVRX SRXåtYiQ\ RG GR PP GpON\ P LPSUHJQRYDQp VH
]DãSLþDWČQtP 3UR VWDELOL]DFL EêYDMt ]DWODþHQ\ GR ]HPČ Y GpOFH P EH] QXWQRVWL
SĜHGYUWiQt SĤG\ 1HMOpSH Y\KRYXMt VORXS\ V PP Y\ããt SUĤPČU þiVWHþQČ QHJDWLYQČ
RYOLYĖXMH VNOL]HĖ PRELOQt VNOt]HþHP 9]GiOHQRVW VORXSĤ Y ĜDGX E\OD RG]NRXãHQD RG GR
P ,GHiOQt VH MHYLOD Y]GiOHQRVW RNROR P NWHUi XPRåĖXMH QDSQXWt YUFKQtKR ODQD
1RVQi VtĢ MH SRXåtYiQD RG ILUP\ 1HWDILP Y\UREHQi ] 3( V RSWLPiOQtPL UR]PČU\ YêãND
PP RND [ PP &HQD MH YHOPL SĜt]QLYi VtĢ MH OHKNi D VQDGQR VH V ní
PDQLSXOXMH1D UV ]iĜHQtMHVWDELOL]RYDQi OHW3$/È1DNRO
6NOt]HQt FKPHOH QD Qt]Np NRQVWUXNFL MH Y VRXþDVQp GREČ ]DMLãWČQR WDåHQêP
PRELOQtP VNOt]HþHP +81- Y\UREHQêP Y ]iYRGX 0HFKDQL]DFH &KPHODĜVWYt GUXåVWYR
äDWHF 3ĜL WRPWR ]SĤVREX VNOL]QČ PRELOQt VNOt]Hþ Y DJUHJDFL V WUDNWRUHP RGSRYtGDMtFt
YêNRQRYpWĜtG\SURMtåGtĜDGHPFKPHORYêFKURVWOLQDVNOt]tKOiYN\þiVWOLVWRYpSORFK\DþiVW
SD]RFKĤ 3RGVWDWQi QDG]HPQt þiVW FKPHORYêFK URVWOLQ YãDN ]ĤVWiYi QD FKPHOQLFRYp
NRQVWUXNFL EH] RGĜt]QXWt RG SRG]HPQtFK RUJiQĤ 1iVOHGNHP WRKR GRFKi]t N WUDQVSRUWX
DVLPLOiWĤDåLYLQGRSRG]HPQtFKRUJiQĤDWtPN MHMLFKLQWHQ]LYQČMãtPXUR]YRMLDVRXþDVQČL
k PHQãt SRWĜHEČ PLQHUiOQtFK åLYLQ Y GDOãtP YHJHWDþQtP REGREt GRFKi]t N W]Y Y\VWiQt
FKPHOHâ75$1&
6NOt]HþFKPHOH+81-REUMHWUDNWRUHPWDåHQêSRMt]GQêVWURMXUþHQêNH VNOL]QL
FKPHOH YH VYLVOH XPtVWČQêFK Qt]NêFK NRQVWUXNþQtFK ]DĜt]HQtFK V YêãNRX FKPHOQLFRYp
NRQVWUXNFHDå P&+0(/$ě679ËGUXåVWYRäDWHF
194
2EUi]HN - 0RELOQtVNOt]Hþ+81-YDJUHJDFLVWUDNWRUHP1HZ+ROODQG7
7HFKQLFNpSRåDGDYN\QDWDKDþ
9êNRQ
PLQLPiOQČ N: 36
)UHNYHQFHRWiþHQtYêYRGRYpKRKĜtGHOH
PLQLPiOQČ PLQ-
3ĜLSRMHQtSRPRFQpKRKĜtGHOH
³ – GUiåHN
3RORKDSRPRFQpKRKĜtGHOH
SRGWDåQêP]DĜt]HQtPSURSĜtYČV
0H]QtHOHNWULFNpQDSČWt
9 - DC
7DåQp]DĜt]HQtSURQiYČV
WDåQêV\VWpPY VRXODGXVQRUPRX',1
9êãNDWDåQpKR]DĜt]HQtSURQiYČV
FFD PPQDG]HPt
=DWtåHQtQDVSRMNXWDåQpRMH
G1VWDWLFNp]DWtåHQt
3RMH]GRYiU\FKORVWSĜLþHViQt
– NPK-
âtĜNDWDKDþH
PD[PP
6HSDUDþQt OLQND MH XUþHQD N VHSDUDFL FKPHORYêFK KOiYHN ]H VPČVL FKPHORYêFK
SD]RFKĤ OLVWHQĤ D KOiYHN 9êVOHGQêP HIHNWHP MH SDN ]LVN þLVWêFK FKPHORYêFK KOiYHN
EH] SĜtPČVt SĜHY\ãXMtFtFK SRYROHQê REFKRGQt VWDQGDUG 6HSDUDþQt OLQND MH XPtVWČQD
v KDOH MH WHG\ VWDFLRQiUQt . WpWR OLQFH MH QDþHVDQi FKPHORYi VPČV GRSUDYRYiQD
VEČUQêPL YR]\ . VHSDUDFL KPRW\ RþHVDQp QD FKPHOQLFL O]H EČåQČ Y\XåtW VWiYDMtFtFK
þHVDFtFKDVHSDUDþQtFKOLQHNYH VNOL]ĖRYêFKVWĜHGLVFtFKFKPHOH
0DWHULiODPHWRG\
&tOHPSRNXVXE\OR]MLãWČQtFKDUDNWHULVWLN\VORåHNYVWXSQtKRPDWHULiOXSĜLYiåHQpKR
k VHSDUDFLDMHKRYOLYQD~þLQQRVWVHSDUDFHSĜLVNOL]QLFKPHOH] Qt]NpNRQVWUXNFHNWHUiVH
SURMHYLOD REVDKHP SĜtPČVt D ]WUiW YH VNOt]HQpP SURGXNWX D MHKR SRURYQiQt V WUDGLþQtP
]SĤVREHPVNOL]QČFKPHOH] Y\VRNêFKNRQVWUXNFt3ROQtSRNXVE\O]DORåHQQD]HPČGČOVNp
IDUPČ 0$- VUR Y 6HGþLFtFK 9]RUN\ E\O\ RGHEtUiQ\ MDN ] FKPHOH SČVWRYDQpKR QD
Qt]NpNRQVWUXNFLRUR]OR]H KDWDN] FKPHOHSČVWRYDQpKRQD Y\VRNpNRQVWUXNFLRVWHMQp
UR]OR]H 7\WR FKPHOQLFH E\O\ Y\EUiQ\ ]iPČUQČ SURWRåH VH VHERX VRXVHGt WXGtå PDMt
steMQp NOLPDWLFNp SRGPtQN\ 1D RERX NRQVWUXNFtFK VH SČVWXMH RGUĤGD 6OiGHN 5RVWOLQ\
MVRXVWHMQČVWDUp1t]NiNRQVWUXNFHE\ODSRVWDYHQDQDPtVWČSĤYRGQtY\VRNpNWHUiVSDGOD
SR OHWQt ERXĜFH . YêVWDYEČ E\O\ SRXåLWp SĤYRGQt VORXS\ V SĜtOLã YHONêP SUĤPČUHP
6HSDUDþQt SURFHV SUREtKDO QD þHVDFt D VHSDUDþQt OLQFH /ý&+- NWHUi E\OD
PRGHUQL]RYiQD 3ĤYRGQt þHVDFt EXEQ\ E\O\ QDKUD]HQ\ þHVDFtPL VWČQDPL D GiOH E\OR
SĜHNOHQXWRÄWČåNpRGViYiQt³Y]GXFKRYpKRþLãWČQt
9VWXSQt SURGXNW ]iVDGQČ RYOLYĖXMH QDVWDYHQt MHGQRWOLYêFK PHFKDQL]PĤ VHSDUDþQt
OLQN\ 9]RUN\ SĜL VNOL]QL ] Qt]Np NRQVWUXNFH E\O\ RGHEUiQ\ ] GiYNRYDFtKR YR]X NWHUê
195
Y\V\SiYDOFKPHOQD YVWXSQtSiVVHSDUDþQtOLQN\9]RUN\]HVNOL]QČQDVWDQGDUGQtY\VRNp
NRQVWUXNFL E\O\ RGHEUiQ\ QD NRQFL GRSUDYQtNX SRG þHVDFtPL VWČQDPL 9]RUN\ E\O\
UR]WĜtGČQ\ SRGOH MHGQRWOLYêFK VORåHN 9ãHFKQ\ VORåN\ E\O\ QiVOHGQČ ]YiåHQ\ D GiOH E\OR
XUþHQR MHMLFK SRPČUQp ]DVWRXSHQt =H ]tVNDQêFK KRGQRW E\O\ VWDQRYHQ\ SUĤPČUQp
KRGQRW\SRPČUQpKR]DVWRXSHQtMHGQRWOLYêFKVORåHNDSĜHSRþtWiQ\QD KDFKPHOQLFH
=WUiW\MVRXXND]DWHOHPNYDOLW\QDVWDYHQtVHSDUDþQt OLQN\9]RUN\SRVHSDUDFLE\O\
RGHEUiQ\ QD NRQFL YêVWXSQtKR RGSDGRYpKR ]iVREQtNX 9êKRGRX E\OR åH WDWR OLQND Pi
]YOiãĢ RGGČOHQê RGSDGRYê GRSUDYQtN ] ĜH]DþN\ SURWR SĜL RGHEtUiQt Y]RUNĤ ]H
VWDQGDUGQtKR]SĤVREXVNOL]QČ]Y\VRNpNRQVWUXNFHE\ORPRåQpRGHEUDWY]RUN\EH]KODYQt
ORG\K\ D SD]RFKĤ FRå VLPXOXMH VWHMQRX VLWXDFL MDNR SĜL VHSDURYiQt FKPHOH RþHVDQpKR
] Qt]Np NRQVWUXNFH 9ãHFKQ\ Y]RUN\ E\O\ RGHEUiQ\ SRGOH MHGQRWOLYêFK VORåHN NWHUp E\O\
]YiåHQ\D GiOHE\O\VWDQRYHQ\SUĤPČUQpKRGQRW\MHMLFKSRPČUQpKR]DVWRXSHQt.RQHþQp
KRGQRW\E\O\SĜHSRþtWiQ\QD KDFKPHOQLFH
2EVDK SĜtPČVt Y NRQHþQpP SURGXNWX SR VHSDUDFL MH YHOLFH GĤOHåLWê ] REFKRGQtKR
KOHGLVND2EFKRGQtFLWROHUXMtPD[LPiOQČ SĜtPČVt.DåGpSURFHQWRWDNVQLåXMHYêNXSQt
FHQXFKPHOH9]RUN\NRQHþQpKRSURGXNWXSRVHSDUDFLE\O\RGHEUiQ\QDNRQFLVHSDUDþQt
OLQN\ ] GRSUDYQtNX NWHUê GRSUDYXMH SURGXNW GR ]iVREQtNX ]HOHQpKR FKPHOH SiVRYp
VXãiUQ\ 9ãHFKQ\ Y]RUN\ E\O\ UR]WĜtGČQ\ SRGOH MHGQRWOLYêFK VORåHNNWHUp E\O\ ]YiåHQ\ D
E\O\ VWDQRYHQ\ SUĤPČUQp KRGQRW\ MHMLFK SRPČUQpKR ]DVWRXSHQt .RQHþQp KRGQRW\ E\O\
SĜHSRþtWiQ\QD KDFKPHOQLFH
9ãHFKQ\YêVOHGN\E\O\]SUDFRYiQ\DY\KRGQRFHQ\Y SURJUDPX06([FHO
Zastoupení [%]
9êVOHGN\PČĜHQt
9VWXSQtSURGXNWN VHSDUDFLPi]iVDGQtYOLYQDNYDOLWXVHSDUDFH9H]Qi]RUQČQêFK
JUDIHFKREUO]HUR]GtO\YHOLFHGREĜHYLGČW*UDI\Y\FKi]HMt]KRGQRWQDPČĜHQêFKSĜL
VNOL]QLFKPHOHMDN] Qt]NêFKWDNY\VRNêFKNRQVWUXNFtFK
65,00
60,00
55,00
50,00
45,00
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00
ǌĂƐƚŽƵƉĞŶşǀĢƚǀŝēĞŬƐ
ŚůĄǀŬĂŵŝ
ǌĂƐƚŽƵƉĞŶşŚůĄǀĞŬ
ǌĂƐƚŽƵƉĞŶşůŝƐƚƽ
0
1
2
3
4
5
ǌĂƐƚŽƵƉĞŶşǀĢƚǀŝēĞŬ
şƐůŽŵĢƎĞŶş
2EUi]HN- 9VWXSQtSURGXNWNVHSDUDFL– Y\VRNiNRQVWUXNFH
196
55,00
50,00
Zastoupení [%]
45,00
40,00
ǌĂƐƚŽƵƉĞŶşŚůĄǀĞŬ
35,00
30,00
ǌĂƐƚŽƵƉĞŶşůŝƐƚƽ
25,00
20,00
ǌĂƐƚŽƵƉĞŶşǀĢƚǀŝēĞŬƐ
ŚůĄǀŬĂŵŝ
15,00
10,00
ǌĂƐƚŽƵƉĞŶşǀĢƚǀŝēĞŬ
5,00
0,00
0
1
2
3
4
5
şƐůŽŵĢƎĞŶş
2EUi]HN- 9VWXSQtSURGXNWNVHSDUDFL– Qt]NiNRQVWUXNFH
Z JUDIĤMHSDWUQpMDNUR]GtOQêYVWXSQtPDWHULiOPDMtMHGQRWOLYp]SĤVRE\VNOL]QČ3ĜL
]SĤVREX SČVWRYiQt QD Y\VRNp NRQVWUXNFL MH YVWXSQt PDWHULiO YHOLFH KHWHURJHQQt D
SURPČQOLYê 9\VN\WXMH VH Y QČP YHONp PQRåVWYt SD]RFKĤ V FKPHOHP &KPHO MH GiOH
VHSDURYiQY GRþHViYDþLDY WUKDþLVKOXNĤ7\WRþiVWLVHSDUDþQtOLQN\KRþiVWHþQČVHSDUXMt
D ]QDþQČ SRãNRGt 3RãNR]HQê FKPHO MH ] YHONp þiVWL RGVHSDURYiQ Y]GXFKRYêP þLãWČQtP
GR RGSDGX 3D]RFK\ V VHERX VWUKQRX WDNWpå þiVW FKPHOH NWHUê VH QDNRQHF WDNp REMHYt
v RGSDGX7tP]QDþQČURVWRX]WUiW\VHSDUDþQtOLQN\
+ODYQt NRPSRQHQW\ VHSDUDþQt OLQN\ E\O\ EČKHP VNOL]QČ QD Qt]NêFK L Y\VRNêFK
NRQVWUXNFtFK QDVWDYHQ\ VWHMQČ =H VHSDUDþQt OLQN\ SĜL VNOL]QL FKPHOH ] Qt]Np NRQVWUXNFH
E\O\ SRX]H RGSRMHQ\ QHSRWĜHEQp MHGQRWN\ QDSĜ þHVDFt VWČQ\ D ĜH]DþND 3RURYQiQt
REVDKX SĜtPČVt MH SDWUQp ] SĜLORåHQêFK JUDIĤ REU *UDILFNp ]Qi]RUQČQt Y\FKi]t
] QDPČĜHQêFKKRGQRWSĜL VHSDUDFLFKPHOH] Y\VRNêFKNRQVWUXNFt
2EUi]HN- 2EVDKSĜtPČVtY NRQHþQpPSURGXNWX– Y\VRNiNRQVWUXNFH
197
2EUi]HN- 2EVDKSĜtPČVtYNRQHþQpPSURGXNWX– Qt]NiNRQVWUXNFH
2EVDK SĜtPČVt SĜL VHSDUDFL SURGXNWX ] Qt]Np NRQVWUXNFH E\O NGHåWR SĜL
VHSDUDFL SURGXNWX ] Y\VRNp NRQVWUXNFH REVDK SĜtPČVt GRVDKRYDO KRGQRW\ SĜL
VWHMQpP QDVWDYHQt VHSDUDþQt OLQN\ -DN MLå E\OR ]PtQČQR GĤOHåLWp SUR SRURYQiQt EXGH
QiVOHGQpVURYQiQt]WUiWFKPHOHY RGSDGX
9êVOHGN\ PČĜHQt ]WUiW FKPHOH Y RGSDGX SĜL VNOL]QL QD Y\VRNp NRQVWUXNFL MVRX
]QDþQČ RYOLYQČQ\ QDVWDYHQtP VHSDUDþQt OLQN\ 'R WRKRWR RGSDGX QHQt ]DSRþtWiQD
KPRWQRVWUpYD SD]RFKĤDE\VHGDOWHQWRXND]DWHOGREĜHSRURYQDWVH]SĤVREHPVNOL]QČ
QD Qt]Np NRQVWUXNFL = Y\MiGĜHQt SČVWLWHOH Y\SOêYi åH REFKRGQtFL SĜL ERQLWDFL FKPHOH
QDPČĜLOLREVDKSĜtPČVt 1DPČĜHQpKRGQRW\O]HGREĜHSRURYQDW]SĜLORåHQêFKJUDIĤ
REU+RGQRW\Y JUDIXY\FKi]HMt]PČĜHQtSURYHGHQpKRSĜLVNOL]QLFKPHOH] Y\VRNêFK
NRQVWUXNFt
2EUi]HN- 2EVDKFKPHORYêFKKOiYHNY RGSDGX– vysoká kRQVWUXNFH
198
2EUi]HN- 2EVDKFKPHORYêFKKOiYHNY RGSDGX– Qt]NiNRQVWUXNFH
-DNMH] JUDIĤSDWUQpVHSDUDFHSUREtKiPQRKHPOpSHSĜL]SĤVREXVNOL]QČQDQt]Np
NRQVWUXNFL QHå QD Y\VRNp 3UĤPČUQi KRGQRWD ]DVWRXSHQt FKPHOH Y RGSDGX SĜL VHSDUDFL
SURGXNWX ] Y\VRNp NRQVWUXNFH GRViKOD QH]DSRþtWiQD KPRWQRVW UpY SĜL REVDKX
SĜtPČVt v NRQHþQpP SURGXNWX .GHåWR SĜL ]SĤVREX VNOL]QČ FKPHOH ] Qt]NêFK
NRQVWUXNFt VH GRViKOR SĜL VWHMQpP QDVWDYHQt VHSDUDþQt OLQN\ SUĤPČUQêFK ]WUiW FKPHOH
v RGSDGXQH]DSRþtWiQDKPRWQRVWUpYDREVDKSĜtPČVtY NRQHþQpPSURGXNWXE\O
=È9ċ5
3ROQtP PČĜHQtP D QiVOHGQêP VWDWLVWLFNêP Y\KRGQRFHQtP QDPČĜHQêFK YêVOHGNĤ
PĤåHPH NRQVWDWRYDW åH VNOL]HĖ FKPHOH ] Qt]NêFK NRQVWUXNFt D MHKR QiVOHGQi VHSDUDFH
GRVDKXMH OHSãtFK NYDOLWDWLYQtFK YêVOHGNĤ ILQiOQtKR SURGXNWX QHå SĜL VNOL]QL FKPHOH
] Y\VRNêFK NRQVWUXNFt =MLãWČQp VNXWHþQRVWL XND]XMt åH YVWXSQt SURGXNW N VHSDUDFL
]iVDGQČ RYOLYĖXMH NYDOLWX ILQiOQtKR SURGXNWX 3URGXNW ]H VNOL]QČ ] Qt]Np NRQVWUXNFH MH
SĜHYiåQČ ]DVWRXSHQ OLVW\ D KOiYNDPL FKPHOH -HMLFK I\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL MVRX UR]GtOQp D
MHMLFKVHSDUDFHMHWtPXVQDGQČQD9 WRPWRSURGXNWXVHQHREMHYXMtYHYČWãtPtĜHYČWYLþN\D
GDOãt QHåiGRXFt ELRORJLFNp SĜtPČVL NWHUp E\ PRKO\ ]DEUDĖRYDW MHMLFK ~þLQQp VHSDUDFL
=iNODGQt QDVWDYHQt VHSDUDþQt OLQN\ MH WDN VQDGQČMãt D QHQt SRWĜHEQp KR þDVWR
SĜHQDVWDYRYDW DE\FKRP XGUåHOL SRåDGRYDQRX NYDOLWX ILQiOQtKR SURGXNWX +ODYQtP
NULWpULHP YROE\ MHGQRWOLYpKR ]SĤVREX SČVWRYiQt D VNOL]QČ FKPHOH WDN ]ĤVWiYi UHQWDELOLWD
GDQpKR]SĤVREXNWHUiVHRGYtMtRGYROE\YKRGQpRGUĤG\FKPHOH
/LWHUDWXUD
*/(1',11,1* 3 7HFKQLFNp DVSHNW\ SČVWRYiQt FKPHOH QD Qt]NêFK NRQVWUXNFtFK D
SRWĜHE\ GDOãtKR Yê]NXPX 1t]Np NRQVWUXNFH D YêåLYD FKPHOH 6ERUQtN SĜHGQiãHN ]H
VHPLQiĜHNRQDQpKRGQHäDWHF&KPHODĜVNêLQVWLWXW VUR,6%1---
&+0(/$ě679Ë GUXåVWYR äDWHF 1iYRG N REVOX]H þHVDFtKR VWURMH QD FKPHO +81-
äDWHF&KPHODĜVWYtGUXåVWYRäDWHFV
3$/È1 3 9(17 / =Ë'(. - 3URYR]Qt RYČĜRYiQt SČVWRYiQt FKPHOH QD Qt]Np
NRQVWUXNFL&KPHODĜVWYtRGERUQêþDVRSLVFKPHODĜVNêURþQtN-V-
199
â75$1&3&KPHOWUHQG\SČVWRYiQtDSURGXNFH3ĜtQRVWHFKQRORJLtQt]NêFKNRQVWUXNFt
=HPČGČOHF2GERUQêDVWDYRYVNêWêGHQtN EĜH]QDURþQtN;9,,,V
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ-DQ3RGVHGQtN, ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY3UD]H3UDKD– 6XFKGROý5
7HO-)D[-
200
('8520$;,+'– +$5':$5($1'62)7:$5( )25),(/'52%27
&216758&7,21
MILAN KROULÍK, MARTIN DLOUHÝ, JAN 528%Ëý(.720Èâ528%Ëý(.
&]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV3UDJXH)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQWRI
$JULFXOWXUDO0DFKLQHV
&KDUOHV8QLYHUVLW\LQ3UDJXH)DFXOW\RI0DWKHPDWLFVDQG3K\VLFV'HSDUWPHQWRI
6RIWZDUH(QJLQHHULQJ
5RERWLNDF]
$EVWUDFW
0DLQ DLP RI WKLV DUWLFOH LV GHVFULSWLRQ RI URERW (GXUR 0D[L +' WKHLU VHQVRUV DQG
SURJUDP GHVFULSWLRQ XVHG E\ WKH (GXUR 7HDP IRU WKH )LHOG 5RERW (YHQW 7KH JRDO
RI WKH WHDPZDVWREXLOGDQGSURJUDPWKHURERWDQGGHPRQVWUDWHLWVXVDELOLW\LQ DJULFXOWXUDO
WDVN5RERWSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKUHHPDLQWDVNVQDYLJDWLRQWKURXJKRXWORQJURZVRIPDL]HDQG
ZHHGVGHWHFWLRQ7KHQDYLJDWLRQLQWKHURZDQGZHHGGHWHFWLRQZDVRULJLQDOO\SHUIRUPHG
ZLWKWKHFDPHUD,QWKHSUHVHQWSDSHUWKLVURERWLVGHVFULEHGLQVRPHGHWDLO
.H\ZRUGV HGXFDWLRQDOURERW&$1EXVDXWRPDWLFJXLGDQFH
,1752'8&7,21
$XWRQRPRXVURERWVIRUDJULFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHVZLOOEHFRPHUHDOLW\VRRQ,QWKHIXWXUH
PRELOH URERWV ZLOO PRVW SUREDEO\ QDYLJDWH WKURXJK WKH ILHOGV DXWRQRPRXVO\ WR SHUIRUP
GLIIHUHQWNLQGRIDJULFXOWXUDORSHUDWLRQV$VPRVWFURSVDUHFXOWLYDWHGLQURZVDQLPSRUWDQW
VWHS WRZDUGV WKLV ORQJ-WHUP JRDO LV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D URZ-UHFRJQLWLRQ V\VWHP ZKLFK
ZLOODOORZDURERWWRDFFXUDWHO\IROORZDURZRISODQWV$VWUDQG%DHUYHOGW
7KHVH PRELOH URERWV FRXOG WDNH RYHU UHJXODU WDVNV VXFK DV VFRXWLQJ IRU ZHHGV DQG
GLVHDVHVSODQWVSHFLILFDSSOLFDWLRQV\LHOGDQGILHOGPDSSLQJDQGIRULQVWDQFHWKHUHOHDVH
RILQIR-FKHPLFDOVIRUDWWUDFWLQJSUHGDWRUVRISHVWV9DQ+HQWHQHWDO
1RZDGD\V DJULFXOWXUH PDFKLQHU\ LV JHWWLQJ PRUH DQG PRUH HTXLSSHG ZLWK HOHFWURQLFV
VHQVRUV DQG VRIWZDUH V\VWHPV 0DFKLQHU\ JXLGDQFH KDV EHFRPH DOPRVW D VWDQGDUG DW
ODUJHUIDUPVDQGDXWRQRPRXVURERWVZLOOSUREDEO\EHFRPHDUHDOLW\LQWKHIXWXUHDVZHOO
5HVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWLQWKLVDUHDLVIRFXVHGDWSUHVHQWULJKWRQKLJKO\VRSKLVWLFDWHG
URERWV WRWDOO\ LQGHSHQGHQW RQ KXPDQ SRZHU ZLWK KLJK WHFKQRORJLFDO FKDOOHQJHV DQG
RSWLRQVEHDULQJWRJHWKHUHFRQRPLFDODQGHFRORJLFDOEHQHILWV5XFNHOVKDXVHQHWDO
7KDW LV ZK\ DQ DQQXDO FRPSHWLWLRQ FDOOHG )LHOG 5RERW (YHQW ZDV KHOG LQ (XURSH VLQFH
7KLV HYHQW LV RUJDQL]HG IRU VPDOO ILHOG URERWV RU OHW¶V VD\V WKHLU SURWRW\SHV IRU
VWXGHQW WHDPV ZKLFK WU\ WR VKRZ DELOLWLHV RI WKHLU DXWRQRPRXV YHKLFOH WKHUH 2NVDQHQ HW
DO
0$7(5,$/6$1'0(7+2'S
+DUGZDUH
(GXUR 0D[L +' LV WKH SURWRW\SH RI WKUHH-ZKHHO RXWGRRU URERW ZLWK D GLIIHUHQWLDO
GULYH )LJ ,W LV WKH PRGXODU URERWLF SODWIRUP IRU HGXFDWLRQ UHVHDUFK DQG FRQWHVWV ,W
ZHLJKWV DERXW NJ ZLWK WKH GLPHQVLRQV RI [[ FP +' YHUVLRQ XVHV 60$&
6WHSSHU 0RWRU – $GDSWLYH &RQWURO GULYHV ZLWK EHOW WUDQVPLVVLRQ 7KH SRZHU VXSSO\ LV
PDQDJHG E\ WZR 3E EDWWHULHV 9$K 7KH EUDLQ RI WKH URERW LV VLQJOH ERDUG FRPSXWHU
ZLWK$0'*HRGH&38 0%5$0FRPSDFWIODVKFDUGZL-IL(WKHUQHW56DQG
86%SRUWV
201
)LJXUH- (GXUR0D[L+'URERW
7KH56SRUWLVXVHGIRUFRQQHFWLRQWR&$1EXVYLD56-&$1FRQYHUWHU7KH
PRVWRIVHQVRUVDFWXDWRUVDQGRWKHUPRGXOHVGLVSOD\EHHSHUSRZHUPDQDJHPHQWHWF
DUH FRQQHFWHG WR &$1 EXV ZKLFK IRUPV WKH EDFNERQH RI WKH URERW 7KH PRUH GDWD UDWH
GHPDQGLQJVHQVRUVDUHFRQQHFWHGGLUHFWO\WR3&YLDHWKHUQHWLQWHUIDFH7ZRPDLQVHQVRUV
ZHUHXVHGIRUWKH )LHOG5RERW(YHQW7KHZHHGGHWHFWLRQZDVSURYLGHGE\ DQ,3FDPHUD
ZLWKILVK-H\HOHQV)RUREVWDFOHGHWHFWLRQWKHODVHUUDQJHILQGHU6,&./06ZDVXVHG
7KHURERWLVIXUWKHUHTXLSSHGZLWKVRQDU*36DQGFRPSDVVEXWWKHVHVHQVRUVZHUHQRW
XVHGLQPDLQWDVNVGXULQJWKH )LHOG5RERW(YHQW
CAN - RS
FonveUteU
CANopen
SysteP
PDnDJPent
DLsplDy,
EeepeU
MDLn FoPpXteU
[, LLnX[
RS
DLJLtDl IO
*PS
SonDU
EtKeUnet
CoPpDss
LDseU sFDneU
SLFk LMS
USB
MotoU R
USB
MotoU L
EtKeUnet
IP FDPeUD
TUDFkLnJ XnLt
*SM
SpUDyeU
)LJXUH- +DUGZDUHVWUXFWXUHRI WKH (GXUR
6RIWZDUH
7KH PDLQ SURJUDP LV UXQQLQJ RQ [ VLQJOH ERDUG FRPSXWHU ZLWK WKH RSHUDWLQJ
V\VWHP /LQX[ DQG ;HQRPDL UHDO-WLPH H[WHQVLRQ 7KH ;HQRPDL LV XVHG IRU GHFUHDVLQJ RI
VHULDOSRUWLQWHUUXSWODWHQF\DQGLPSURYHPHQWRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQUHOLDELOLW\
7KH ORZ-OHYHO PRWRU FRQWURO LV SURYLGHG E\ PLFURFRQWUROOHUV LQ PRWRU PRGXOHV 7KH PDLQ
FRPSXWHURQO\VHQGVGHVLUHGVSHHGWRWKHXQLWVYLD&$1EXV
7KH KLJKOHYHO VRIWZDUH LV ZULWWHQ LQ 3\WKRQ ,W LV XVLQJ URXWLQHV IRU LPDJH
SURFHVVLQJZULWWHQLQ&&ZLWKKHOSRI2SHQ&9OLEUDU\,WWXUQHGRXWWKDWDOOWKUHHWDVNV
FRXOGEHXQLILHGLQRQHFRGH
202
FRQWHVW )LHOG5RERWURERWYHUERVH
FRQWHVWYHU>-@7DVN
FRQWHVWYHU>----@7DVN
FRQWHVWYHU>-@
7DVN
7KHFRGHLVUHODWLYHO\FRPSDFWDQGLWKDVDSSUR[OLQHVLQFOXGLQJORJJLQJSULQWV
DQGVSUD\HUVSHFLILFURXWLQHV
7KH QDYLJDWLRQ LQ WKH URZ ZDV RULJLQDOO\ KDQGOHG ZLWK FDPHUD 7KH FDPHUD ZDV
PXFK PRUH VXFFHVVIXO RQ WKH JURZQ PDL]H WHVW ILHOG LQ 3UDJXH ZKHQ FRPSDUHGWR ODVHU
VFDQHUSRLQWLQJGRZQ
)LJXUH- 5RERWYLHZRIWHVWILOHGLQ3UDJXH
7KHFDPHUDURZQDYLJDWLRQZDVEDVHGRQFRORUVHJPHQWDWLRQJUHHQZKLWHZKHUH
JUHHQSL[HOZDVFRQVLGHUHGLILQ5*%FRORUVSDFH*!5*!%7KHLPDJH
ZDVSURFHVVHGIURPG\QDPLFFHQWHUWROHIWULJKWXQWLOVXPRIJUHHQSL[HOVZDVDERYHJLYHQ
WKUHVKROG
)LJXUH- &RORUVHJPHQWHGLPDJHDQGORFDWHGSRVLWLRQVRIURZV
6LPLODUDOJRULWKPZDVXVHGIRUZHHGGHWHFWLRQ7KHRQO\GLIIHUHQFHZDVGHILQLWLRQ
RIEULJKWJUHHQ*!5*!%7KHZHHGZDVGHWHFWHGLQIURQWRIWKHURERWVR
WKH VSUD\LQJ KDG WR EH GHOD\HG E\ WLPH ZKHQ URERW WUDYHOV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ FP 7KH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQXVHGH[WUDWDVNTXHXHZLWKWLPHRIIVHW
203
/DVHUURZQDYLJDWLRQ
,Q %UDXQVFKZHLJ ODVHU QDYLJDWLRQ LQVWHDG RI FDPHUD ZDV XVHG 7KH VHQVRU ZDV
VWLOO SRLQWLQJ GHJ GRZQ WR HOLPLQDWH XQHYHQ WHUUDLQ ,QSXW ZDV PHDVXUHPHQWV ZLWK
KDOI GHJUHH VWHS $ VLPSOH DOJRULWKP VHDUFKHG IRU FHQWHU RI URZ – DV DQ REVWDFOH ZDV
FRQVLGHUHG PHDVXUHPHQW VKRUWHU WKDQ P $OVR IRU WKH HQG RI URZ GHWHFWLRQ ZH XVHG
VLPSOHUXOHWKHQWKHVSDFHRSHQHGZLGHUWKDQGHJUHHVRQERWKVLGHV
5(68/76
7KHREMHFWLYHVRIWHDPFRRSHUDWLRQZHUHWRKDYHDXQLYHUVDODQGUREXVWSODWIRUPRI
URERW DQG WR EH XVHG IRU IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK DQG HGXFDWLRQ RQ VPDOO VL]HG URERWV IRU
DJULFXOWXUDO DSSOLFDWLRQV 6WXGHQWV FRRSHUDWLRQ IURP GLIIHUHQW LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\HGXFDWLRQDOLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWUROHRIWKLVFRPSHWLWLRQ
7KH)LHOG5RERW(YHQWZDVTXLWHVXFFHVVIXOIRU(GXUR7HDP7KHWHDPJRWSULFHV
LQWRWDOZLWK*ROGSULFHLQ3URIHVVLRQDO7DVNDQGUDQNHGnd LQRYHUDOOHYDOXDWLRQ
&21&/86,216
7KH (GXUR7HDPIRU)5(ZDVIRUPHGLQFRRUGLQDWLRQZLWK&]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI
/LIH6FLHQFHV3UDJXH'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUDO0DFKLQHV/DVW\HDUH[SHULHQFHVKRZHG
WKDW VXFK SDUWQHUVKLS FRXOG EH IUXLWIXO DQG RXU H[SHFWDWLRQV ZHUH IXOILOOHG :H DUH ERQG
WRJHWKHUE\D EHOLHIWKDWURERWVFDQDQGVKRXOGEHXVHGIRU WDVNVKXPDQVFDQQRWSHUIRUP
ZHOO RU HYHQ DW DOO 2XU SDVW H[SHULHQFH ZLWK WKH URERWLF FRQVWUXFWLRQV DQG RXU SUHYLRXV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RQ WKH URERWLF FRPSHWLWLRQV (XURERW 5RERWRXU 5RERW&KDOOHQJH KDV
VKRZQXVDQ DSSOLFDELOLW\RI RXUDSSURDFKDQGRI RXUUHVHDUFKLGHDVWR WKH URERWLFV
7KH SDVW KDV DOVR WDXJKW XV WKDW LW LV QRW D ODFN RI LGHDV ZKLFK VWRSV WKH URERWV IURP
SHUIRUPLQJ ZHOO EXW D ODFN RI UHOLDELOLW\ %HFDXVH RI WKLV REVHUYDWLRQ ZH IRFXV
on WKH UHOLDELOLW\ LQVWHDG RI WKH FRPSOH[LW\ 2XU DSSURDFK LV IXUWKHU UHLQIRUFHG E\
D QHFHVVDU\ WUDGH-RII EHWZHHQ FRPSXWLQJ SRZHU RI WKH FRQWURO ERDUG DQG LWV SRZHU
FRQVXPSWLRQ 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ QLFH DQG LPSRUWDQW UHVHDUFK LGHDV ZKLFK MXVW FDQQRW EH
LPSOHPHQWHGRQ D UHDOURERW\HW+RZHYHUVRPHFDQ
$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV:HZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNHYHU\RQHZKRKDVKHOSHGXVWRZRUNRQWKLV
URERW 7KDQNV IRU RUJDQLVLQJ WKH )LHOG 5RERW (YHQW 6XSSRUWHG E\ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI
(GXFDWLRQ<RXWKDQG6SRUWVRIWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF3URMHFW1R060
5HIHUHQFHV
$675$1' % %$(59(/'7 $ - $ YLVLRQ EDVHG URZ-IROORZLQJ V\VWHP IRU
DJULFXOWXUDOILHOGPDFKLQHU\ 0HFKDWURQLFV-,661 -
2.6$1(1 7 7,86$1(1 - .267$02 - 3UHSDULQJ D WHDP WR )LHOG 5RERW
(YHQWHGXFDWLRQDODQGWHFKQRORJLFDODVSHFWV,Q3UHFLVLRQDJULFXOWXUH¶ 3URFHHGLQJVRI
WKH WK (XURSHDQ &RQIHUHQFH RQ 3UHFLVLRQ $JULFXOWXUH HGLWHG E\ (- YDQ +HQWHQ '
*RHQVHDQG&/RNKRUVW :DJHQLQJHQ--XO\:DJHQLQJHQ$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV
:DJHQLQJHQWKH1HWKHUODQGVS,6%1----
58&.(/6+$86(1 $ %,%(5 3 '251$ 0 *5(00(6 + ./26( 5 /,1= $
5$+( 5 5(6&+ 5 7+,(/ 0 75$87= ' :(,66 8 %RQL5RE DQ
DXWRQRPRXVILHOGURERWSODWIRUPIRULQGLYLGXDOSODQWSKHQRW\SLQJ,Q3UHFLVLRQDJULFXOWXUH
¶ 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK(XURSHDQ&RQIHUHQFHRQ3UHFLVLRQ$JULFXOWXUHHGLWHGE\(-
YDQ +HQWHQ ' *RHQVH DQG & /RNKRUVW :DJHQLQJHQ - -XO\ :DJHQLQJHQ
$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV:DJHQLQJHQWKH1HWKHUODQGVS,6%1----
9$1 +(17(1 (- 9$1 $66(/7 &- %$..(5 7 %/$$8: 6. *29(56
0+$0 +2)67(( -: -$16(1 50& 1,(8:(1+8,=(1 $7 63((7-(1S,
6/67,*7(5-' 9$1675$7(1*9$1 :,//,*(1%85*/* :85NLQJD
VPDOO VL]HG DXWRQRPRXV URERW IRU WKH )DUP RI WKH )XWXUH ,Q 3UHFLVLRQ DJULFXOWXUH ¶
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK(XURSHDQ&RQIHUHQFHRQ3UHFLVLRQ$JULFXOWXUHHGLWHGE\(-YDQ
204
+HQWHQ'*RHQVHDQG&/RNKRUVW :DJHQLQJHQ--XO\:DJHQLQJHQ$FDGHPLF
3XEOLVKHUV:DJHQLQJHQWKH1HWKHUODQGVS,6%1----
&RQWDFWDGGUHVV0LODQ.URXOtN&]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV3UDJXH)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ
'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUDO0DFKLQHV.DPêFND3UDKD&]HFK5HSXEOLF
NURXOLN#WIF]XF], 0DUWLQ'ORXKê5RERWLNDF]PG#URERWLNDF]
205
THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION ON THE
EXAMPLE OF MODEL INDIVIDUAL FARMS
3$75<&-$6$à$*$13$:(à:,(/,&=.2720$6=.'2%(.
:HVW3RPHUDQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\LQ6]F]HFLQ'HSDUWPHQW&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG
8VHRI7HFKQLFDO(TXLSPHQW
&HQWUXP(QHUJLL/WG/LPLWHGSDUWQHUVKLS
$EVWUDFW
,QYHVWLQJLQDJULFXOWXUDOELRJDVSODQWPXVWEHFDUHIXOO\SODQQHG7KHGHYHORSPHQW
RIPRGHUQWHFKQRORJLHVLQGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVYDULHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVROXWLRQVSURSRVHG
E\QDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWV'XHWRKLJKLQYHVWPHQWFRVWVLWLVZRUWKWRPDNHDQHYDOXDWLRQ
RI WKH YDOXH RI VXEVWUDWHV IRU WKHLU XVHIXOQHVV IRU WKH ELRJDV SURGXFWLRQ 7KH SDSHU
SUHVHQWVWKHRUHWLFDORXWSXWRIELRJDVIURPPL[WXUHVRIGLIIHUHQWVXEVWUDWHVLQIRXUYDULDQWV
7KH KLJKHVW YDOXHV REWDLQHG IURP PL[WXUH RI PDL]H VLODJH ZLWK VXJDU EHHW WKH VPDOOHVW
IURPIHUPHQWDWLRQRISLJVOXUU\
.H\ZRUGV ELRJDVPDQXUHPDL]HVLODJHVXJDUEHHWHFRQRPLFDSSURDFKRIDJULFXOWXUDl
ELRJDVSURGXFWLRQ
INTRODUCTION
,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHSUDFWLFHDQGWKHJXLGHOLQHVRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQHQHUJ\
FRQVXPSWLRQ FRQWURO DQG XVLQJ HQHUJ\ IURP UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV WRJHWKHU ZLWK
HQHUJ\ VDYLQJ DQG LQFUHDVLQJ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ FRQVWLWXWH WKH HVVHQWLDO HOHPHQWV RI WKH
QHFHVVDU\PHDVXUHVSDFNDJHWRUHGXFHJUHHQKRXVHJDVHPLVVLRQVDQGFRPSO\ZLWKWKH
SURYLVLRQV RI WKH .\RWR 3URWRFRO RI 81 )UDPHZRUN &RQYHQWLRQ RQ &OLPDWH &KDQJHV DV
ZHOO DV WR FRPSO\ ZLWK RWKHU FRPPXQLW\ DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPLWPHQWV WR UHGXFH
JUHHQKRXVH JDV HPLVVLRQV EH\RQG WKH \HDU >@ 7KHVH HOHPHQWV VKRXOG EH
DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DQ LQFUHDVLQJ HQHUJ\ VXSSO\ VHFXULW\ SURPRWLQJ WHFKQRORJLFDO
GHYHORSPHQW DQG LQQRYDWLRQ )RU ORFDO FRPPXQLWLHV WKH IDFW WKDW SRZHU LQGXVWU\ LV
JHQHUDWLQJ WKH HPSOR\PHQW DV ZHOO DV WKH JUHDWHU WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU UHJLRQDO
GHYHORSPHQWHVSHFLDOO\LQUXUDODQGLVRODWHGDUHDVLVDOVRLPSRUWDQW
7KH ELRJDV LQ WKH (DVWHUQ (XURSHDQ FRXQWULHV KDV EHFRPH D SRSXODU WRSLF 7KH
SURGXFWLRQWHFKQRORJ\LVXVHGLQ(8FRXQWULHVHVSHFLDOO\LQ*HUPDQ\DQG'HQPDUNDQG
WKH PHPEHUVKLS LQ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ UHTXLUHV UHGXFLQJ HPLVVLRQV WR WKH DWPRVSKHUH
DQGWKHDFTXLVLWLRQRIDFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIWRWDOHQHUJ\IURPUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFHV
,Q WKH OLJKW RI WKH SRVLWLRQ WDNHQ E\ WKH (8 WKH DLPV VKRXOG EH GHILQHG ZKDW LV
H[WUHPHO\DPELWLRXVIRUQHZ(8PHPEHUVLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH&RPPXQLW\LQ
SHU FHQW RI HQHUJ\ DQG SHU FHQW LQ WKH WUDQVSRUW VHFWRU ZLOO FRPH IURP UHQHZDEOH
VRXUFHV >@ 2QH RI WKH IRUPV RI LQYHVWLQJ LQ UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV FRPELQHG ZLWK
WKHZDVWHPDQDJHPHQWPD\EHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHDJULFXOWXUDOELRJDVSODQWV
'HSHQGLQJRQWKHIDUPDFWLYLWLHVSURILOHWKHZDVWHVWUHDPLVGLIIHUHQWZKLFKKDVWR
EH SURSHUO\ VWRUHG GLVSRVHG RU XWLOL]HG ,Q D VPDOO IDUP SUREOHP ZLWK DQLPDO RU SODQW
ZDVWH FDQ EH HDVLO\ VROYHG EXW E\ WKH LQWHQVLILFDWLRQ RI SURGXFWLRQ LW SRVHV D VHULRXV
FKDOOHQJH 0RVW FRPSOLFDWLRQV DULVH PDLQO\ GXH WR LPSURSHU PDQDJHPHQW RI DQLPDO
H[FUHPHQWV 7KH DPRXQW RI DQLPDO H[FUHPHQWV PDQXUH RIWHQ JUHDWO\ H[FHHGV WKH
FDSDFLW\ RI WKHLU GLUHFW DSSOLFDWLRQ DV D IHUWLOL]HU 7KHUHIRUH LW LV UHDVRQDEOH WR XVH RWKHU
PHWKRGVRIXWLOL]DWLRQRQHRIWKHPEHLQJWKHPHWKDQHIHUPHQWDWLRQSURFHVV
7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WR DQDO\VH WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH DJULFXOWXUDO ZDVWH
SURGXFWLRQDQGHFRQRPLFHYDOXDWLRQGHSHQGLQJRQWKHIDUPSURILOHLQWHUPVRIWKHLUXVH
DVDIHHGVWRFNIRUELRJDVSURGXFWLRQLQDJULFXOWXUDOELRJDVSODQWV
206
&ODVVLILFDWLRQDQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVHOHFWHGDJULFXOWXUDOZDVWH
$JULFXOWXUDO DFWLYLWLHV JHQHUDWH ZDVWH RI YDULRXV SRVVLELOLWLHV RI UHXVH DQG YDU\LQJ
GHJUHHVRILPSDFWRQWKHHQYLURQPHQW'XHWRWKHW\SHRISURGXFWLRQZHFDQGLVWLQJXLVK
)LJXUH
x ZDVWHIURPOLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQ
x ZDVWHIURPSODQWSURGXFWLRQ
$JULFXOWXUDO
3URGXFWLRQ
:DVWHIURP
OLYHVWRFN
SURGXFWLRQ
6WDEOHPDQXUH
:DVWHIURP
SODQW
SURGXFWLRQ
/LTXLGPDQXUH
IHUPHQWHG
/LTXLGPDQXUH
XULQH
6WUDZ
FURSUDSHP
DL]H
3RVW-KDUYHVW
UHVLGXH
2WKHUHJ
VWHPVRI
FURSV
)LJXUH– &ODVVLILFDWLRQRIRUJDQLFZDVWHRIDJULFXOWXUDORULJLQ
Source: author’s design
2QHRIWKHZD\VWRXVHZDVWHRIOLYHVWRFNPDQXUHLVDVDIHUWLOL]HU:DVWHIURPWKLV
W\SHRISURGXFWLRQEHORQJVWRQDWXUDOIHUWLOL]HUV7KHUHDUHOLTXLGIHUWLOL]HUV IHUPHQWHGDQG
XQIHUPHQWHG DQG VROLG IHUWLOL]HUV PDQXUH 6WDEOH PDQXUH DQG OLTXLG PDQXUH DUH DQ
H[FHOOHQWVRXUFHRIQXWULHQWVIRUSODQWVDQGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHLQFUHDVHRIWKHKXPXVFRQWHQW
LQ VRLO > @ 7KH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]HUV DSSOLFDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ QDWXUDO
IHUWLOL]HUVLVLWVLPSDFWQRWRQO\LQWKHILUVW\HDUDIWHUDSSOLFDWLRQEXWDOVRLQWKHIROORZLQJ
\HDUV >@ ,Q WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI QDWXUDO OLTXLG DQG VROLG IHUWLOL]HUV ZDWHU RUJDQLF PDWWHU
VWUDZ XQGLJHVWHG IRRG H[FUHPHQW XULQH PLFURRUJDQLVP EDFWHULD DFWLQRP\FHWHV
IXQJLDQGPLQHUDOVXEVWDQFHFDQEHIRXQGLQGLIIHUHQWSURSRUWLRQV>@%HORZWKHFRQWHQWV
RIQXWULHQWVLQQDWXUDOIHUWLOL]HUVLVVKRZQ7DEOH
7DEOH– 7KHFRQWHQWRIQXWULHQWVLQQDWXUDOIHUWLOL]HUV
&DWWOH
PaUDPHWHU
'U\PDWWHU'0
[%]
'U\RUJDQLF
PDWWHU
[% DM]
N [% DM]
NH4 [% DM]
P2O5 [% DM]
K2O [% DM]
0J>'0@
6WDEOH
PDQXUH
/LTXLGH
PDQXUH
6WDEOH
PDQXUH
3LJV
/LTXLGH
PDQXUH
3RXOWU\
6WDEOH
PDQXUH
RN
8 – – RN
RN
68 – – – – 86
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – EG
6 – – – – – EG
EG
EG
Source: author’s elaboration based on [4]
1DWXUDO IHUWLOL]HUV FRQWDLQ DOO WKH QHFHVVDU\ QXWULHQWV IRU SODQWV EXW VPDOOHU
FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI WKHP WKDQ LQ PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV $ ODUJH SDUW RI WKH QXWULHQWV IRXQG LQ
RUJDQLF FRPSRXQGV ZKLFK DUH QRW GLUHFWO\ FROOHFWHG E\ WKH SODQWV 7KHUHIRUH WKH\ ZRUN
VORZO\ DQG WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI FRPSRQHQWV GHSHQGV RQ WKH UDWH RI PLQHUDOL]DWLRQ LQ VRLO
ZKLFK LV DIIHFWHG E\ PDQ\ SDUDPHWHUV VXFK DV JUDQXORPHWULF VRLO FRPSRVLWLRQ VRLO
PRLVWXUH-WKHUPDO FRQGLWLRQ DV ZHOO DV GRVH DQG W\SH RI IHUWLOL]HU >@ &RPSRVLWLRQ RI
207
PDQXUHLQFOXGHVH[FUHPHQWVOLWWHUDQGXULQHFRPSRQHQWVZKLFKGHSHQGLQJRQWKHIRUP
LVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\YDULRXVSK\VLF-FKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQ>@
7KHDPRXQWRIPDQXUHDQGLWVPDQXULDOYDOXHGHSHQGVRQWKHOLYHVWRFN-IHHGW\SHV
RIDQLPDOWKHLUDJHDPRXQWDQGW\SHRIWKHOLWWHUXVHG>@2QHODUJHVWRFNXQLW/68RI
FDWWOHSURYLGHVDQDYHUDJHRINJH[FUHPHQWVDQGNJRIXULQH/68RISLJVNJRI
H[FUHPHQWVDQGNJRIXULQH)URP/68EHLQJLQWKHFRZVKHGDOOWKHWLPHZKHQXVLQJ NJ RI VWUDZ OLWWHU GDLO\ LW SURGXFHV WRQV RI PDQXUH SHU \HDU >@ 3URGXFHG PDQXUH
VKRXOGEHNHSWLQWHUDOLDRQPDQXUHSLWLQFRPSRVWSLOHRQWKHILHOGLQGHHSFRZVKHGRU
XVHGDVPDWHULDOIRUFRPSRVWLQJ>@
7KH OLTXLG PDQXUH LV D QDWXUDO IHUWLOL]HU WKH VDPH DV VWDEOH PDQXUH EXW KDV
GLIIHUHQW SK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ DV ZHOO DV IHUWLOL]DWLRQ HIIHFW ,W LV D
PL[WXUH RI H[FUHPHQW XULQH DQG ZDWHU XVHG IRU PDLQWHQDQFH RI K\JLHQH SRVLWLRQV RI
OLYHVWRFN > @ /LTXLG PDQXUH LV PRUH DJJUHVVLYH WKDQ VWDEOH PDQXUH LW DIIHFWV WKH
VRLOPRUHUDSLGO\DQGWKHUHIRUHPRVWRIWKHQXWULHQWVDUHSUHVHQWLQPLQHUDOIRUPVHDVLO\
DVVLPLODWHG E\ SODQWV 7KH PDQXULDO YDOXH GHSHQGV PDLQO\ RQ OLYHVWRFN-IHHG DQG ZDWHU
GLOXWLRQ7KHTXDQWLW\H[FUHWHGH[FUHPHQWVDQGXULQHE\RQHODUJHVWRFNXQLW/68LVDQ
DYHUDJHNJSHUGD\&LUFDP RIZDWHUSHUGD\LVXVHGWRPDLQWDLQK\JLHQHLQWKH
FRZVKHG$OWRJHWKHUWKLVUHSUHVHQWVNJRIOLTXLGPDQXUHGDLO\ZKLFKJLYHVP OLTXLG
PDQXUHSHU\HDU7KLVIHUWLOL]HUFRQWDLQVRQDYHUDJHSHUFHQWRIGU\PDWWHU'0– XSWR
SHUFHQWRI'0LWLVGLOXWHGVOXUU\DERYHWKLVYDOXHZLWKDGHQVH>@'XULQJIHUWLOL]DWLRQLQ
GRVHRIPāKD- OLTXLGPDQXUHFRQWULEXWHVNJRIQLWURJHQ1NJRISKRVSKRUXV
3DQGNJRISRWDVVLXP.WRVRLO>@
7KHOLTXLGPDQXUHVWRUDJHVKRXOGEHFDUULHGLQGRRUVRURXWGRRUV6WRUDJHLQGRRUV
WDNHVSODFHLQGHHSFKDQQHOVFRYHUHGZLWKIORRUVORW:KLOHRXWGRRUVLWLVVWRUHGLQWDQNV
EHORZ WKH JURXQG LH ODJRRQV RU JURXQG WDQNV > @ ,W LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR FRYHU WKH
VXUIDFH RI OLTXLG PDQXUH WDQNV WR SUHYHQW WKH HPLVVLRQ RI KDUPIXO VXEVWDQFHV LQWR WKH
DWPRVSKHUHPHWKDQH&+DPPRQLD1+HWF /LTXLGIHUWLOL]HUVDOVRLQFOXGHOLTXLGPDQXUHDIHUPHQWHGXULQHRIIDUPDQLPDOV,W
LV UHJDUGHG DV D QLWURJHQ-SRWDVVLXP IHUWLOL]HU EHFDXVH LW LQFOXGHV D VPDOO DPRXQW RI
SKRVSKRUXV,WVKRXOGDOVREHVWRUHGLQVHDOHGWDQNV>@
$WIDUPVVSHFLDOL]LQJLQSODQWSURGXFWLRQZLWKRXWWKHOLYHVWRFNGHQVLW\WKHUHLVDQ
H[FHVVRISODQWZDVWHWKDWFDQEHXVHGLQWHUDOLDDVDIHUWLOL]HURUIRUVLODJH,QWKLVSDSHU
WKHZDVWHIURPVXJDUDQGIRGGHUEHHWDVZHOODVPDL]HZLOOEHDQDO\VHG
7DEOH– 7KH\LHOGPDVVREWDLQHGDQGELRJDVSURGXFWLRQHIILFLHQF\IURPGLIIHUHQWSODQWV
7\SH
0DL]HJUHHQIRUDJH
0DL]HVLODJH
&&0FRUQVLODJHZLWKFKRSSHGPDL]H
FREV
)RGGHUEHHW
0HGRZJUDVV
:KHDWJUDLQ
– %LRJDV
HIILFLHQF\
>P·t-@
%LRJDV
HIILFLHQF\
>PāKD-@
6
0DVV\LHOG
>WāKD-@
Source: author’s elaboration based on [16]
%RWK EHHW DQG PDL]H DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ KLJK ZHLJKWJDLQ 0DL]H DV D VLODJH LV
XVHGDWIDUPVDVDIHHGIRUDQLPDOV&URSVKDUYHVWHGGXULQJWKH\HDUYDU\7KHDYHUDJH
\LHOGLVDERXWWRIIUHVKPDVVSHUKHFWDUHVWUDZ \LHOGFLUFDWāKD- 7DEOH,QWKH
FDVHRIVXJDUEHHW\LHOGVUDQJHIURP-WāKD-:KLOHWKH\LHOGRIIRGGHUEHHWGHSHQGV
RQ WKH VSHFLHV WKH DYHUDJH \LHOG LV FLUFD - WāKD- 7KH UDWLR RI EHHW URRW PDVV WR
OHDYHVLQWKHFDVHRIVXJDUEHHWVLVIRUIRGGHUEHHW>@
208
0$7(5,$/DQG0(7+2'2/2*<
,Q WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH SUREOHP DQ DWWHPSW RI HFRQRPLF DVVHVVPHQW DQG DQ
HYDOXDWLRQ RI XVHIXOQHVV RI DJULFXOWXUDO ZDVWH WR SURGXFH ELRJDV DW IDUPV RI YDULRXV
SURILOHV OLYHVWRFN SURGXFWLRQ SODQW SURGXFWLRQ DV ZHOO DV EUHHGLQJ DQG SURGXFWLRQ ZDV
PDGH 6HOHFWHG DJULFXOWXUDO ZDVWH ZHUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG DQG WKHLU VXLWDELOLW\ IRU ELRJDV
SURGXFWLRQZDVVLPXODWHG
$QLPDO PDQXUH OLTXLG PDQXUH VWDEOH PDQXUH DQG ZDVWH IRUP SODQW SURGXFWLRQ
VLODJHVWUDZ VWDONV OHDYHV HWF FDQ EH VXFFHVVIXOO\ EH DSSOLHG IRU ELRJDV SURGXFWLRQ
+RZHYHUWKHFRPSRQHQWVFRQWDLQHGLQWKHRUJDQLFPDWWHUGLIIHUJUHDWO\LQWKHLUVSHHGRI
GHFRPSRVLWLRQDQGPHWKDQHSURGXFWLRQHIILFLHQF\ZKLFKGHSHQGRQVXFKSDUDPHWHUVDV
>@
x WKHFRQWHQWRIGU\RUJDQLFPDWWHU'20VXVFHSWLEOHWRELRGHJUDGDWLRQ
x WKHFRQWHQWRIFDUERK\GUDWHVIDWVDQGSURWHLQV
x WKHFRQWHQWRIGU\PDWWHU'0
7DEOH3UHVHQWVWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVHOHFWHGUDZPDWHULDOVRIDQLPDODQGSODQWRULJLQ
IRUWKHELRJDVSURGXFWLRQ
7DEOH– 7KHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVHOHFWHGVXEVWUDWHVIRUELRJDVSURGXFWLRQ
5DZPDWHULDO
&DWWOHVOXUU\
3LJVOXUU\
&DWWOH
PDQXUH
3LJPDQXUH
Chicken
PDQXUH
0DL]HVLODJH
5\HVLODJH
6XJDUEHHW
)RGGHUEHHW
%HHWOHDYHV
*UDVVVLODJH
'U\
PDWWHU
'0
%
'U\RUJDQLF
PDWWHU
'20
'0
%LRJDVSURGXFWLRQ
P·t-EDVH
P·t- '02
0HWKDQH
FRQWHQW
&+4
9RO
8 – 1DWXUDOIHUWLOL]HUV
– – – 86
– 68 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5HQHZDEOHUDZPDWHULDOV
– – – – – – – – – – – Source: author’s elaboration based on [4, 12]
$V VHHQ LQ WKH GDWD FRPSLOHG LQ WKH WDEOH SLJ VOXUU\ IURP ZKLFK WKH KLJKHVW
DPRXQWRIPHWKDQHFDQDOVREHREWDLQHGKDVWKHKLJKHVWSRWHQWLDOIRUELRJDVSURGXFWLRQ
LQ P·t- '20 ,Q WKH FDVH RI SODQW ZDVWH VLODJH PDL]H JUDVV DQGU\H DQG VXJDU EHHW
KDYHWKHKLJKHVWSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHELRJDVSURGXFWLRQ)LJXUH
7KHPRVWFRPPRQUDZPDWHULDOIRUWKHDJULFXOWXUDOELRJDVSURGXFWLRQLVSLJVOXUU\
DQG PDL]H VLODJH > @ $SSOLFDWLRQ RI LQVXIILFLHQWO\ IHUPHQWHG DQG SXULILHG VOXUU\
DIIHFWV WKH ELRORJLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI VRLO QHJDWLYHO\ OHDGLQJ WR VLJQLILFDQW DQG ORQJ-WHUP
HQYLURQPHQWDO GHJUDGDWLRQ ZKLFK LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK UHGXFWLRQ RI SURGXFWLYLW\ >@
7KHUHIRUH LW LV VR LPSRUWDQW WR REH\ WKH UHJLPH RI GHDOLQJ ZLWK WLV ZDVWH ZKLFK LV
FRQQHFWHG ZLWK WKH SURSHU VWRUDJH DQG GLVSRVDO ,W LV NQRZQ WKDW OLTXLG PDQXUH LV
FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ ORZ GU\ PDWWHU FRQWHQW DQG WKHUHIRUH SODQW ZDVWH RI KLJK SRWHQWLDO RI
ELRPDVVSURGXFWLRQLVXVHGIRUPHWKDQHIHUPHQWDWLRQLQDJULFXOWXUDOELRJDVSODQW>@7KH
WDEOHVKRZV\LHOGDQGELRJDVHIILFLHQF\RIPDL]HLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHUSODQWV
209
)LJXUH– 3DUDPHWHUV'0'20ELRJDVSURGXFWLRQIURPP WEDVHPHWKDQHFRQWHQWRIWKH
VHOHFWHGVXEVWUDWHVIRUELRJDVSURGXFWLRQ
Source: author’s elaboration based on [4, 12]
:KLOHFRQVLGHULQJWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDELRJDVSODQWW\SLFDOHOHPHQWV
IRUSODQQLQJLQYHVWPHQWWKHOLIHRIWKHSURMHFWWKHOHYHORI³KDUG´LQYHVWPHQWWKHDPRXQW
RIVXUSOXVIXQGVDQGWKHGLVFRXQWUDWHVKRXOGEHGHWHUPLQHG7KHSHULRGRI³SURMHFW¶VOLIH´
LH RSHUDWLRQ SHULRG FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG EDVLQJ RQ WKH LQWHUHVW UDWH RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ RI
DVVHWVFRQVWLWXWLQJWKHLQYHVWPHQWVRXUFH
7KH RSHUDWLRQ SHULRG FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH DYHUDJH UDWH RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ RI
IL[HGDVVHWVFUHDWHGE\WKHLQYHVWPHQW>@7KHDULWKPHWLFDYHUDJHLVWKHTXRWLHQWRIWKH
VXPRIWKHYDOXHVRIDWWULEXWHVDOOXQLWVRIWKHXQLYHUVHE\WKHLUQXPEHU
‫ܯ‬
‫ = ܣ‬σ݇݅=െ1 ‫݅ ݅ܣ‬
>(XUR@
‫ܯ‬
ZKHUH $ – WKH ZHLJKWHG DYHUDJH UDWH RI GHSUHFLDWLRQ IRU IL[HG DVVHWV FUHDWHG E\ WKH
LQYHVWPHQW
N– WKHQXPEHURIW\SHVRIIL[HGDVVHWVLQYHVWPHQWV
AL – WKHUDWHRIGHSUHFLDWLRQL-WKW\SHRIIL[HGDVVHWV
0L– WKHLQLWLDOYDOXHL-WKIL[HGDVVHWV
0– WKHLQLWLDOYDOXHRIDOOIL[HGDVVHWVFUHDWHGLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKHLQYHVWPHQW
7KHRSHUDWLRQSHULRGRIWKHREMHFW7FDQEHGHWHUPLQHGIURPWKHIRUPXOD
ܶ=
‫ݎ‬
‫ܣ‬
log ቀ1+ ቁ
log (1+‫)ݎ‬
><HDUV@
ZKHUH U– WKHGLVFRXQWUDWH
7KH YDOXH GHWHUPLQHG RQ WKLV EDVLV LV WKH DYHUDJH RI H[SHFWHG XVHIXO RSHUDWLRQ
SHULRG RI LQGLYLGXDO FRPSRQHQWV RI IL[HG DVVHWV 7KH XVH RI WKLV YDOXH LQGLFDWHV WKH
DVVXPSWLRQRIOLTXLGDWLRQRIIL[HGDVVHWVDIWHUDPRUWL]DWLRQSHULRG
,WVKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWWKDWKHUHDQLQYHVWPHQWQRWWKHDFWXDOGXUDWLRQRI
WKH ELRJDV SODQW LV FRQVLGHUHG ([SORLWDWLRQ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI DJULFXOWXUDO ELRJDV SODQW
H[FHHGV WKH DPRUWL]DWLRQ SHULRG DQG PD\ UHDFK XS WR \HDUV 7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI
210
DJULFXOWXUDO ELRJDV SODQW LV D SRVVLEOH WDVN IRU ODUJH IDUPV ZLWK RQ-WKH-VSRW DFFHVV WR
VXEVWUDWH EHFDXVH WKH FRVW RI SUHSDULQJ WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ - WKRXVDQG
(XURSHUN:
7RWDO VFDOH RI LQYHVWPHQW H[SHQGLWXUH FDQ EH GHWHUPLQHG IURP WKH GLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQ WKH WRWDO FRVW RI SURMHFW SUHSDUDWLRQ SUH-LQYHVWPHQW SKDVH GLUHFW LQYHVWPHQW
DQG SRVVLEOH WD[ GHGXFWLRQ DQG VXEVLGLHV7KH LQYHVWPHQWFDQQRW SHUWXUE WKH OLTXLGLW\ RI
WKHFRPSDQ\LWVKRXOGEHDEOHWRRSHUDWHVKRUW-WHUPGHEWIURPFXUUHQWDVVHWV7KHWRWDO
FDQEHVDYHGLQWKHIRUPRIWKHIRUPXOD
ܹ = ܹܾ െ ܷ‫ ݌‬+ ‫(> ݌ܭ‬XUR@
ZKHUH
:– WKHWRWDOLQYHVWPHQWH[SHQGLWXUH
8S– LQYHVWPHQWDOORZDQFH
.S- FDSLWDOUHTXLUHPHQWV
7KHFRVWVRIELRJDVSODQWDUHKLJKWKH\FDQEHXVHGE\IDUPVWKDWFDQFROOHFWWKH
DPRXQWRIVXEVWUDWHVDOORZLQJWKHGHFUHDVHLQXQLWFRVWVDVDUHVXOWRIWKHHQHUJ\VFDOH
7KHUH DUH DOVR RWKHU IRUPV RI SURSHUW\ IURP FR-RSHUDWLYH RZQHUVKLS WKURXJK SXEOLFSULYDWH EXW WKH\ FRQFHUQ WKH FHQWUDO ELRJDV SODQWV 7KH DQDO\VLV RI WKH PRGHO DVVXPHV
SURGXFWLRQ RI HQHUJ\ IRU RZQ XVH E\ WKH SURGXFHU ZKLFK JHQHUDWHV ZDVWH IURP WKH
DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQ
7KH LQFRPH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ELRJDV SURGXFWLRQ LV GHSHQGHQW RQ W\SH RI WKH
VXEVWUDWHXVHG)RUHDFKIDUPDVHSDUDWHELRWHFKQRORJ\UHVHDUFKVKRXOGEHFDUULHGRXW
DOORZLQJ IRU RSWLPDO XVH RI PL[WXUHV RI VXEVWUDWHV EXW DVVXPLQJ VRPH GHJUHH RI
JHQHUDOLW\ UXOHV DOORZLQJ HODERUDWLQJ JHQHUDO SURSRVDOV FDQ EH VSHFLILHG 7DNLQJ WKH
DQDO\]HG YDULDQW LQWR DFFRXQW LH SLJ PDQXUH PL[WXUH RI PDL]H VLODJH DQG SLJ PDQXUH
PDL]H VLODJH DQG VXJDU EHHW DV ZHOO DV SLJ PDQXUH PDL]H VLODJH DQG VXJDU EHHW
GLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHSURGXFWLYLW\RIELRJDVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVXEVWUDWHRUDLWVPL[WXUHFDQEH
QRWLFHG 7KHVH IDFWRUV KDYH D PDMRU LPSDFW RQ WKH ELRJDV SURGXFWLRQ WKHUHIRUH WKH
DPRXQW RI SRVVLEOH WR SURGXFH HQHUJ\ DQG WKXV HFRQRPLF UDWLRQDOH IRU LQYHVWPHQW LQ
ELRJDVSODQW
6LPXODWLRQ RI PHWKDQH SURGXFWLRQ DQG ELRJDV SURGXFWLRQ P·d- KDYH EHHQ
FDUULHG RXW XVLQJ $*52%,2*$6722/.,7 DQG WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI DQQXDO ELRJDV
SURGXFWLRQ IURP VHOHFWHG VXEVWUDWHV DV ZHOO DV WKHLU PL[WXUHV EDVHG RQ WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI
ELRJDV SURGXFWLRQ FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH WDEOH GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH W\SH RI ZDVWH IURP
DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQZDVPDGH
,WZDVDVVXPHGWKDWWKHGDLO\LQSXWWRWKHUHDFWRULVNJāGD\-ZKLFKDQQXDOO\
JLYHVNJā\HDU-,QWKLVSDSHUWKHIROORZLQJYDULDQWVZHUHDQDO\]HGIRUVLPXODWLRQ
SLJPDQXUHWKHTXDQWLW\RINJāG-NJā\HDU-
SLJ PDQXUH DQG PDL]H VLODJH LQ WKH TXDQWLWLHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ NJāG- NJā\HDU-DQGNJāG- NJā\HDU-
PDL]HVLODJHDQGVXJDUEHHWLQWKHTXDQWLWLHVUHVSHFWLYHO\NJāG-NJā\HDU
DQGNJāG-NJā\HDU-
SLJ PDQXUH PDL]H VLODJH DQG VXJDU EHHW LQ WKH TXDQWLWLHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ NJāG-
NJā\HDU-NJāG-NJā\HDU-DQGNJāG-NJā\HDU-
7KH ILUVW DQG WKH VHFRQG YDULDQW GHVFULEHV IDUP GHDOLQJ ZLWK DQLPDO KXVEDQGU\
ZDVWH WKH WKLUG – SODQWV ZDVWH WKH IRXUWK – ZDVWH IURP DQLPDO DQG SODQW SURGXFWLRQ ,Q
)LJXUHWKHFXUYHVRIPHWKDQH&+DQGELRJDVSURGXFWLRQIURPWKHVHVXEVWUDWHVDQG
WKHLUPL[WXUHVDUHVKRZQ
211
-
)LJXUH– 6LPXODWLRQRIPHWKDQHDQGELRJDVSURGXFWLRQLQP ·d LQVHOHFWHGYDULDQWV
,WZDVDVVXPHGIRUWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHELRJDVSURGXFWLRQWKDWWKH\LHOGIURPW
'02IRUSLJPDQXUHLVP·t-IRUPDL]HVLODJHP·t-DQGVXJDUEHHWP·t-$
JHQHUDOIRUPRIIRUPXODIRUFDOFXODWLQJWKHDPRXQWRIELRJDVSURGXFWLRQLVDVIROORZV
‫ ܯ = ݁ܯ‬ȉ ‫ݏ‬. ݉.ȉ ‫ݏ‬. ݉. ‫݋‬.ȉ ‫ܩ‬
ZKHUH0H– ELRJDVSURGXFWLRQ
0– GRVHGPDVV>Wā\HDU-@
VP– GU\PDWWHURIVXEVWUDWH
212
VPR– GU\RUJDQLFPDWWHURIVXEVWUDWH
*– ELRJDVSURGXFWLYLW\PIURPWVPR
7DEOH– 7KHSDUDPHWHUV RIVHOHFWHGVXEVWUDWHVXVHGLQWKHVLPXODWLRQRIELRJDVSURGXFWLRQ
6XEVWUDWH
*QRMRZLFD
ĞZLĔVND
.LV]RQND]
NXNXU\G]\
%XUDNFXNURZ\
'U\PDWWHU
'0
>@
'U\RUJDQLFPDWWHU
'20
>'0@
86
%LRJDV
SURGXFWLRQ
>P·t- '02@
%LRJDV
SURGXFWLRQ
>P·t-@
Source: author’s elaboration based on [4, 12]
%LRJDVSURGXFWLRQIURPGLIIHUHQWYDULDQWVZDVGHYHORSHGDVIROORZV7DEOH
7DEOH– %LRJDVSURGXFWLRQIURPVHOHFWHGVXEVWUDWHVSHU\HDU
9DULDQW
,QSXW
7\SHRIVXEVWUDWHV
3LJPDQXUH
3LJPDQXUHPDL]H
VLODJH
0DL]HVLODJHVXJDU
EHHW
3LJPDQXUHPDL]H
VLODJHVXJDUEHHW
NJāG-
Wā\HDU-
$QQXDOELRJDV
SURGXFWLRQ
P·t-ā\HDU-
6RXUFHDXWKRUV¶FDOFXODWLRQV
:KDWIROORZVIURPWKHFKDUWVRIWKHPHWKDQHDQGELRJDVSURGXFWLRQ)LJXUHDV
ZHOO DV WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI DQQXDO SURGXFWLRQ RI ELRJDV 7DEOH LV WKDW WKH KLJKHVW
SURGXFWLYLW\FKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHWKLUGYDULDQWLHPDL]HVLODJHDQGVXJDUEHHW,QFRQWUDVW
WKH VPDOOHVW TXDQWLW\ RI ELRJDV SURGXFWLRQ FKDUDFWHUL]HV E\ ILUVW YDULDQW ZKHUH RQO\ SLJ
PDQXUHZDVXVHG
7KH YDOXHV VKRZQ LQ FKDUW)LJXUH DQG LQ7DEOH LOOXVWUDWHWKH OHYHO RI DQQXDO
ELRJDVSURGXFWLRQLQFXELFPHWHUVSHUWRQRIVXEVWUDWHRUPL[WXUHSHU\HDU7KH)LJXUH
VKRZV FRQWHQWV RI PHWKDQH DQG ELRJDV SURGXFWLRQ SHU GD\ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH VHOHFWHG
YDULDQWV 7KH PRVW HIILFLHQW PL[WXUH RI VXEVWUDWH ZDV PDL]H VLODJH DQG VXJDU EHHW ,Q
FRQWUDVWWKHVPDOOHVWTXDQWLW\RIELRJDVSURGXFWLRQFKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHILUVWYDULDQWZLWKSLJ
PDQXUH7KHUHVXOWVRIDVLPLODUOHYHOFKDUDFWHUL]HDPL[WXUHRIFR-VXEVWUDWHVZKLFKDUH
WKHVHFRQGDQGWKHIRXUWKYDULDQW
:KLOH FKRRVLQJ WKH VXEVWUDWH WKH SURGXFWLRQ FDSDFLW\ DQG WKH DOWHUQDWLYH FRVW
PXVW EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW 7KH SURGXFWLRQ KDV WR RFFXS\ D FHUWDLQ DUHD IURP DQRWKHU
XVH2SWLPDOFXOWLYDWLRQXVHVDEHWWHUTXDOLW\VRLOIRUWKHVHSODQWVPDL]HDQGVXJDUEHHW
WKHUHIRUH RQH KDV WR YHU\ FDUHIXOO\ GHWHUPLQH LI FXOWLYDWLRQ IRU RWKHU SXUSRVHV LV PRUH
SURILWDEOH7KLVVHHPVWREHPRUHLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHH[SHULHQFHVKRZVWKDWDIDUPZLWK
ODUJHDUHDHQHUJHWLFSODQWVDUHFXOWLYDWHGLQPRQRFXOWXUHZKLFKLQDIHZ\HDUVPD\OHDGWR
GHJHQHUDWLRQRIVRLODQGGHFUHDVLQJ\LHOGV
&DOFXODWLRQV VKRZQ LQ WKLV SDSHU DUH RI WKHRUHWLFDO YDOXHV ,Q SUDFWLFH FRVXEVWUDWHV PD\ UHDFW ZLWK HDFK RWKHU ZKLFK FDQ UHGXFH RU LQFUHDVH WKH DPRXQW RI
SURGXFHGELRJDV
213
80000
70000
Pig manure
60000
50000
Pig manure + maize
silage
40000
30000
Maize silage + sugar
beet
20000
Pig manure + maize
silage + sugar beet
10000
0
m3/t·year
)LJXUH– 7KHDQQXDOSURGXFWLRQRIELRJDVIURPVHOHFWHGVXEVWUDWHV
Source: author’s design
%LRJDVLVRIWHQSURPRWHGE\FHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQWVDVD³JUHHQ´IXHO8VXDOO\WKHVH
DUHJUDQWVIRULQYHVWPHQWZKLFKDUHFRYHULQJSDUWRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWV%XWWKHUHDUH
VROXWLRQV WKDW SURPRWH WKH HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV E\ SURYLGLQJ
PLQLPXP SULFHV 6XFK VROXWLRQV LQ UHODWLRQ WR ELRJDV DUH LQWURGXFHG LQ *HUPDQ\ ,Q WKH
FDVHRIORFDOLQYHVWPHQWVDFHUWDLQLQFRPHOHYHOFDQEHDVVXPHG2SSRUWXQLWLHVWRWUDGH
HQHUJ\FHUWLILFDWHVDUHDOVRLPSRUWDQWLQLQFRPHSODQQLQJ
CONCLUSION
7KHKLJKHVWWKHRUHWLFDOHIILFLHQF\RIELRJDVSURGXFWLRQZDVDFKLHYHGLQWKHPL[WXUHRI
FR-VXEVWUDWHVPDL]HVLODJHDQGVXJDUEHHW
,Q WKH FDVH RI DQLPDO ZDVWH PL[LQJ WKHP ZLWK SODQW VXEVWUDWHV WR LQFUHDVH WKH
HIILFLHQF\LVMXVWLILHG
6XSSRUWRIWKHH[WHUQDOLQVWLWXWLRQZLWKVLJQLILFDQWFRVWRIWHFKQRORJ\DQGLWVPLQLPXP
SURILWDELOLW\ LQ PDUNHW FRQGLWLRQV VHHPV QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI ELRJDV
VHFWRU
1RQ-HFRQRPLFYDOXHVVXFKDVZDVWHXWLOL]DWLRQPD\DIIHFWWKHLQYHVWPHQWGHFLVLRQLQ
VSLWHRIWKHORZ-TXDOLW\RIPDUNHWLQYHVWPHQWV
5HIHUHQFHV
63<&+$--)$%,6,$. ( .2=(5$ : 0$-&+(5&=$. ( 5$/&(:,&= 0
.1$32:6., 7 2GG]LDá\ZDQLH RGSDGyZ RUJDQLF]Q\FK L RERUQLND QD Ī\]QRĞü
JOHE\OHNNLHM$FWD6FL3RO$JULFXOWXUDV-
*$1'(&., 5 :$&à$:2:,&= 5 2FHQD RGG]LDá\ZDQLD QDVWĊSF]HJR
QDZRĪHQLD RUJDQLF]QHJR L EH]SRĞUHGQLHJR PLQHUDOQHJR D]RWRZHJR QD SORQ MĊF]PLHQLD
R]LPHJR3DPLĊWQLN3XáDZVNL]HV]\WV-
,QWHUQHWKWWSZZZDJURSORQ\SOPDUFD
+DQGUHLFKXQJ %LRJDVJHZLQQXQJ XQG – QXW]XQJ )DFKDJHQWXU 1DFKZDFKVHQGH
5RKVWRIIH H9 ,QVW\WXW IU (QHUJHWLN XQG 8PZHOW %XQGHVIRUVFKXQJVDQVWDOW IU
/DQGZLUWVFKDIW.XUDWRULXPIU7HFKQLNXQG%DXZHVHQLQGHU/DQGZLUWVFKDIWH9*O]RZ
1LHPF\
*25/$&+(0$=857&KHPLDUROQD:\GDZQLFWZR3:1:DUV]DZDVV
520$1,8.: (NRORJLF]QH V\VWHPX JRVSRGDUNL RERUQLNLHP L JQRMRZLFą ,QVW\WXW
%XGRZQLFWZD0HFKDQL]DFMLL(OHNWU\ILNDFML5ROQLFWZD:DUV]DZDVV
=%<7(. = 7$/$5&=<. : *QRMRZLFD D RFKURQD ĞURGRZLVND QDWXUDOQHJR
7HFKQLND5ROQLF]D2JURGQLF]D/HĞQDV-
214
.RGHNV 'REUHM 3UDNW\NL 5ROQLF]HM 0LQLVWHUVWZR 5ROQLFWZD L 5R]ZRMX :VL
0LQLVWHUVWZRĝURGRZLVND:DUV]DZDVV
*à2'(. ( .$/,12:6., : -$1(&.$ / :(56=/(5 $ *$586 7
.2ĝ&,$12:6., - 3R]\VNLZDQLH L HQHUJHW\F]QH Z\NRU]\VWDQLH ELRJD]X
UROQLF]HJR &]ĊĞü , – SURFHV WHFKQRORJLF]Q\ 3UDFD Z\NRQDQD Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX QU
=,, 2SROVNLH &HQWUXP 7UDQVIHUX ,QQRZDFML Z ]DNUHVLH 0DWHULDáyZ
%XGRZODQ\FKL2GQDZLDOQ\FKħUyGHá(QHUJLL2SROH
'5(6=(5.0,&+$à(.5526=.2:6.,$(QHUJLDRGQDZLDOQD– PRĪOLZRĞFL
MHM SR]\VNLZDQLD L Z\NRU]\VWDQLD Z UROQLFWZLH 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR ,QĪ\QLHULL 5ROQLF]HM
.UDNyZ– /XEOLQ– :DUV]DZDVV
)8*2/06=/$&+7$-=DVDGQRĞüXĪ\ZDQLDNLV]RQNL]NXNXU\G]\LJQRMRZLF\
ĞZLĔVNLHMGRSURGXNFMLELRJD]X,QĪ\QLHULD5ROQLF]DV-
&8.52:6., $ 052&=.2:6., 3 2V]QLN-3RSáDZVND $ :LĞQLHZVNL * %LRJD] UROQLF]\ – SURGXNFMD L Z\NRU]\VWDQLH 0D]RZLHFND $JHQFMD (QHUJHW\F]QD
:DUV]DZDVV
0,&+$/6., 7 .XNXU\G]D ĨUyGáHP VXURZFD GOD UyĪQ\FK JDáĊ]L SU]HP\VáX :LHĞ
-XWUD1UV-
,QWHUQHWKWWSZZZSELRSROHSOLQGH[SKSHQVXEVWUDW\KWPO PDUFDU
'\UHNW\ZD3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJRL5DG\:( ]GQLDNZLHWQLDU
-$%à2ē6., : :18. - =DU]ąG]DQLH RGQDZLDOQ\PL ĨUyGáDPL HQHUJLL DVSHNW\
HNRQRPLF]QR-WHFKQLF]QH:\ĪV]D6]NRáD+XPDQLWDV6RVQRZLHFVV
&RQWDFWDGGUHVV
3URIGUKDELQĪ7RPDV].'REHNH-PDLOWRPDV]GREHN#]XWHGXSO
0JULQĪ3DWU\FMD6DáDJDQH-PDLOSDWU\FMDVDODJDQ#]XWHGXSO
.DWHGUD%XGRZ\L8Ī\WNRZDQLD8U]ąG]HĔ7HFKQLF]Q\FK
=DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNL8QLZHUV\WHW7HFKQRORJLF]Q\Z6]F]HFLQLH
XO3DSLHĪD3DZáD9,-6]F]HFLQ3ROVND
0JU3DZHá:LHOLF]NRH-PDLOSZLHOLF]NR#FHQWUXP-HQHUJLLSO
&HQWUXP(QHUJLL6S]RRVSNRPDQG\WRZD
XO.UDNRZVNLH3U]HGPLHĞFLHORN--:DUV]DZD
215
(&2120,&$1'(1(5*(7,&()),&,(1&<2)352'8&7,212)62<$%($1,1
POLISH CONDITIONS
720$6=.'2%(.3$75<&-$6$à$*$13(7(5 â$ě(&
:HVW3RPHUDQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\LQ6]F]HFLQ'HSDUWPHQW&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG
8VHRI7HFKQLFDO(TXLSPHQW
&]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHVLQ3UDJXH 'HSDUWPHQWRI0DFKLQHU\8WLOL]DWLRQ
$EVWUDFW
$QHFRQRPLFDQGHQHUJHWLFHYDOXDWLRQRIVR\DEHDQSURGXFWLRQWHFKQRORJ\DVZHOO
D FDOFXODWLRQ RI HFRQRPLF HIILFLHQF\ DQG HQHUJ\ LQGLFDWRUV RI LWV FXOWLYDWLRQ ZHUH PDGH
7KHFRVWRISURGXFWLRQDQGWKHLUVWUXFWXUHZHUHFDOFXODWHGDQGGLYLGHGLQWRPDWHULDOVDQG
UDZPDWHULDOVRSHUDWLRQRIWKHPDFKLQHU\DQGWRROVIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQODERXULQSXW7KH
DVVHVVPHQW RI FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW LQ IRXU VWUHDPV LQ
WUDFWRUV PDFKLQHU\ DQG VSDUH SDUWV LQ GLUHFW HQHUJ\ FDUULHU LQ PDWHULDOV DQG UDZ
PDWHULDOVDQGKXPDQODERXU7KHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\LQLQGLYLGXDOWUHDWPHQWZDVDQDO\VHG
7KHVWXG\VKRZVWKDWWKHSURGXFWLRQRIVR\DEHDQLQWKHDVVHVVHGDJULFXOWXUHSODQWVZHUH
SURILWDEOHLQWHUPVRIHFRQRP\DQGHQHUJ\
.H\ZRUGV HFRQRPLF HIILFLHQF\ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ SURGXFWLRQ FRVWV HQHUJ\ LQSXW VR\D
EHDQ
/LVWRILQGLFDWLRQV
Ktech - 7KHFRVWRIWKHWHFKQRORJ\WHVWHG>3/1āKD-@
Kmat - 7KHFRVWRIWKHPDWHULDOVXVHG>3/1āKD-@
Kagr - 7KHFRVWRIWKHPDFKLQHU\RSHUDWLRQDQGWRROV>3/1āKD-@
Kpal - 7KHFRVWRIWKHIXHOFRQVXPHG>3/1āKD-@
Kr
- 7KHFRVWRIKXPDQODERXU>3/1āKD-@
Eek
- (FRQRPLFHIILFLHQF\RIWKHWHFKQRORJ\
Kpr
- 7KHFRVWRIWKHSURGXFWLRQRIVR\DEHDQ>3/1āKD-@
Cbu - 7KHEX\LQJ-LQSULFHRIVR\DEHDQ>3/1āKD-@
pbu - 7KHUHVXOWLQJ\LHOGRIVR\DEHDQ>WāKD-@
Ps
- ,QFRPHIURPWKHVDOHRIVR\DEHDQ>3/1āKD-@
Etech - 7KHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\RIWKHWHFKQRORJ\WHVWHG>0-āKD-@
Emat - 7KHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\RIWKHPDWHULDOVDQGUDZPDWHULDOVDSSOLHG>0-āKD-@
Eagr - 7KHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\WKHPDFKLQHU\DQGWRROVXVHG>0-āKD-@
Epal - 7KHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\LQWKHIXHO>0-āKD-@
Er
- 7KHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\LQKXPDQODERXU>0-āKD-@
Eee
- (QHUJ\HIILFLHQF\RIWKHWHFKQRORJ\WHVWHG
Eprod - 7KHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\LQVR\DEHDQSURGXFWLRQ>0-āKD-@
Eprz - 7KHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\SURGXFHGLQVR\DEHDQVHHGV>0-āKD-@
INTRODUCTION
1RZDGD\VVR\DEHDQ LVDYHU\LPSRUWDQWFURSLQWKHZRUOG6R\SURWHLQLVRQHRI
WKHIHZIXOO-YDOXHSODQWSURWHLQVWKDWFDQEHFKHDSO\SURGXFHGDQGXVHGGLUHFWO\LQKXPDQ
DQG DQLPDO QXWULWLRQ 86 IDUPHUV EHJDQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI VR\D EHDQ LQ WKH V
1RZDGD\VVR\DEHDQRFFXSLHVWKHIRXUWKSODFHLQWKHZRUOGLQWHUPVRIWKHDFUHDJHLWLV
FXOWLYDWHG RQ ULJKW DIWHU WKH ZKHDW ULFH DQG PDL]H 7KH ODUJHVW VKDUH RI VR\D EHDQ
SURGXFWLRQDUHWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDSHUFHQW%UD]LOSHUFHQW$UJHQWLQD
SHU FHQW &KLQD SHU FHQW DQG RWKHU FRXQWULHV SHU FHQW ,W FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG
WKDWLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIRLOVHHGVVR\DEHDQLVWKHZRUOG¶VPRVWFRPPRQO\JURZQSODQW
DQG LQ WHUPV RI VXUIDFH DUHD LW LV SODQWHG RQ SHU FHQW RI WKH DUHD LQWHQGHG IRU WKH
FXOWLYDWLRQRIRLOVHHGV7KHDUHDIRUWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIVR\DEHDQLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQ
216
KHFWDUHV DQG LWV DYHUDJH \LHOG LV WāKD- 6R\ EHDQ LV D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW FURS IRU WKH
IDUPVZKLFKSURGXFHDQGXVHLWLQDQLPDOQXWULWLRQDQGDOVRIRUWKHIRRGLQGXVWU\FKHPLFDO
LQGXVWU\SKDUPDFHXWLFDOLQGXVWU\FRVPHWLFLQGXVWU\HWF,QSODQWSURGXFWLRQLWKDVDYHU\
LPSRUWDQWUROH LQ LQWHUUXSWLQJWKH SODQW FXOWLYDWLRQ RI FHUHDOV >âDĜHF2 âDĜHF 3 'REHN
@:LWK VXFK FURSURWDWLRQ LWPD\ LQFUHDVH WKH \LHOGV RI FHUHDO SODQWV ,Q RXU FOLPDWH
VR\D EHDQ LV D QHZ FXOWLYDWHG VSHFLHV ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW PDQ\ IDUPHUV DUH ZDU\ RI LWV
FXOWLYDWLRQ7KHDLPRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRHYDOXDWHWKHHFRQRPLFDQGHQHUJHWLFSURGXFWLRQ
RI VR\D EHDQ DQG FDOFXODWLRQ RI LQGLFDWRUV RI HFRQRPLF DQG HQHUJHWLF HIILFLHQF\ RI LWV
SURGXFWLRQ
0$7(5,$/DQG0(7+2'2/2*<
7KHVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGLQWKH \HDUV-DWIRXUIDUPVLQYROYHGLQSODQW
SURGXFWLRQ7KHDYHUDJHDUHDRIFXOWLYDWLRQRIVR\DEHDQYDULHGIURPKD)DUP*-WR
KD)DUP*-– ,,,DDQG,9DVRLOTXDOLW\FODVV7KHDYHUDJH\LHOGRIVR\DEHDQLQWKH
VXUYH\HG IDUPV UDQJHG IURP WāKD- DW )DUP *- WR WāKD- DW )DUP *- :LQWHU
SORXJKLQJDQGVSULQJVRLOSRVW-SURFHVVLQJZLWKFXOWLYDWHGDJJUHJDWHVZDV FXOWLYDWHGDWWKH
WHVWHG IDUPV 1H[WO\ PLQHUDO 13. IHUWLOL]DWLRQ VR\D EHDQ VRZLQJ FKHPLFDO WUHDWPHQWV
DQG RQH-VWHS FRPELQH KDUYHVWLQJ ZHUH GRQH ,Q 3ROLVK FRQGLWLRQV VR\D EHDQ ULSHQ IURP
ODWH $XJXVW WR HDUO\ 6HSWHPEHU 6R\D EHDQ ZHUH KDUYHVWHG DW IXOO ULSHQHVV 7KH SRGV
ZHUH VHW ORZ DERYH WKH JURXQG DW WKH KHLJKW RI FP WR FP 7KH LQWHU-URZ GLVWDQFH
YDULHGIURPFPDW)DUP*-WRFPDW)DUP*-0RLVWXUHFRQWHQWDWKDUYHVWYDULHG
IURP SHU FHQW WR SHU FHQW 7KH FROOHFWLRQ ZDV GRQH ZLWK KDUYHVWHUV DGMXVWHG IRU
KDUYHVWLQJVR\DEHDQ7KHEX\LQJ-LQSULFHUDQJHGIURP3/1W- WR3/1ÂW-
7KH FRVW RI PDFKLQHU\ RSHUDWLRQ DQG WRROV LV FDOFXODWHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH
PHWKRGGHYHORSHGE\,%0(5>0X]DOHZVNL@DQGWKHREWDLQHGYDOXHZDVFDOFXODWHG
SHU DUHD XQLW 7KH FRVW LQFXUUHG LQ WKH WHFKQRORJLHV WHVWHG FRQVLVWHG RI WKH FRVW RI
PDWHULDOV DQG UDZ PDWHULDOV WKH FRVW RI PDFKLQHU\ RSHUDWLRQ WRROV DQG WUDFWRUV DQG
ODERXU FRVWV 7KHUHIRUH WKH WRWDO FRVW RI VR\D EHDQ SURGXFWLRQ ZDV FDOFXODWHG IURP WKH
UHODWLRQ
K tech K mat K agr K pal K r >3/1āKD-@
(FRQRPLF HIILFLHQF\ UDWLR ZDV FDOFXODWHG DV WKH TXRWLHQW RI WKH YDOXHV REWDLQHG
IURPWKHVDOHRISURGXFHGVR\DEHDQWRWKHFRVWLQFXUUHGIRULWVSURGXFWLRQ7KLVYDOXHLV
H[SUHVVHGE\
E ek
Ps
K pr
pbu Cbu
K pr
7KHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\-LQWHQVLW\ZDVDQDO\VHGLQWKHOLJKWRIWKHSHUIRUPHGDFWLRQV
DQGDVVHVVHGLQIRXUVWUHDPVXVHGPDFKLQHU\WRROVDQGVSDUHSDUWVPDWHULDOVDQGUDZ
PDWHULDOVIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQDQGWKHKXPDQODERXU,QWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHFXPXODWLYH
HQHUJ\-LQWHQVLW\RIVR\DEHDQSURGXFWLRQDPHWKRGGHYHORSHGE\,%0(5ZDVXVHG
>$QXV]HZVNL3DZODN:yMFLFNL:yMFLFNL@&XPXODWLYHHQHUJ\-LQWHQVLW\IRUWKH
WHVWHGZDVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHUHODWLRQ
Etech
E mat E agr E pal E r
>0-āKD-@
7KHHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LQGH[RIVR\D EHDQ SURGXFWLRQZDVFDOFXODWHGIURPTXRWLHQW
RIFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\DFFXPXODWHGLQVR\DEHDQVHHGVWRWKHFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\QHHGHG
WRSURGXFHVR\DEHDQ7KHUDWLRH[SUHVVHVWKHUHODWLRQVKLS Eee
E prz
E prod
217
5(68/76DQG',6&866,21
7KH DQDO\VLV RI WKH WRWDO FRVW RI VR\D EHDQ SURGXFWLRQ VKRZHG WKDW RQ WKH
H[DPLQHGIDUPVWKHKLJKHVWDYHUDJHFRVWRFFXUUHGDW)DUP*-DQGDPRXQWHGWR
3/1āKD- DQG WKH ORZHVW RFFXUUHG DW )DUP *- – 3/1āKD- 7KH KLJKHVW DYHUDJH
\LHOGRIVR\DEHDQZDVDOVRREWDLQHGDW)DUP*-DQGDPRXQWHGWRC WāKD-DQGWKH
ORZHVW ZDV REWDLQHG DW )DUP *- WāKD- 7KH KLJKHVW DYHUDJH SURGXFWLRQ LQFRPH
ZDVUHFHLYHGDW)DUP*-LWDPRXQWHGWR3/1āKD-DQGWKHORZHVWDW)DUP*-
3/1āKD- 7DEOH7KHKLJKHVWLQFRPHSHUXQLWZHLJKWZDVREWDLQHGDW)DUP*-
3/1āWDQGWKHORZHVWDW)DUP*- 3/1āW-7KHDYHUDJHFRVWRIVR\DEHDQ
SURGXFWLRQ LQ WKH FRQYHUVLRQ RI WKH RQH WRQH RI VR\D EHDQ SURGXFHG UDQJHG IURP 3/1āW- DWWKH)DUP*-WR 3/1āW- DWWKH)DUP*-
7DEOH– 7KHHFRQRPLFHIILFLHQF\RIVR\DEHDQSURGXFWLRQDWWKHWHVWHGIDUPV
&RVWRI
SURGXFWLRQ
)DUP
-
3/1ÂKD
*-
*-
*-
*-
$YHUDJH
$YHUDJH
\LHOG
-
WKD
9DOXHRI
SURGXFWLRQ
-
3/1ÂKD
,QFRPHIURP
SURGXFWLRQ
,QGLFDWRURI
HFRQRPLF
HIILFLHQF\
-
3/1ÂKD
7KH DQDO\VLV RI WKH REWDLQHG UHVXOWV VKRZV WKDW LQ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH FRVW
SURGXFWLRQWKHKLJKHVWSURGXFWLRQFRVWVZHUHUHODWHGWRWKHRSHUDWLQJFRVWRIPDFKLQHU\
DQGWRROV7KHDYHUDJHFRVWIRUWKHWHVWHGIDUPVDPRXQWHGWR3/1āKD- SHU
FHQW DQG UDQJHG IURP 3/1āKD- SHU FHQW DW )DUP *- WR 3/1āKD-
SHUFHQWDW)DUP*-7DEOH
7DEOH– $PRXQWDQGVWUXFWXUHRISURGXFWLRQFRVWLQWHVWHGIDUPV
&RVWV
RSHUDWLRQRI
PDWHULDOVDQG
PDFKLQHU\DQG
IXHO
KXPDQODERXU
)DUP
UDZPDWHULDOV
WRROV
3/1ÂKD
3/1ÂKD
3/1ÂKD
-
%
%
3/1ÂKD
%
%
*-
*-
*-
*-
$YHUDJH
WRWDO
-
3/1ÂKD D
$W WKH VHFRQG SODFH WKHUH DUH WKH FRVWV RI PDWHULDOV DQG UDZ PDWHULDO ZKLFK
DYHUDJHYDOXHDWWKHWHVWHGIDUPVDPRXQWHGWR3/1āKD- SHUFHQWDQGYDULHG
IURP 3/1āKD- SHU FHQW DW )DUP *- WR 3/1āKD- SHU FHQW DW
)DUP*-7KHORZHVWYDOXHZDVWKHFRVWRIKXPDQODERXUZKLFKRQDYHUDJHDPRXQWHG
WR 3/1āKD- ZKLFK UHSUHVHQWV SHU FHQW RI WKH WRWDO SURGXFWLRQ FRVW 7KH ORZHVW
SURGXFWLRQFRVWRFFXUUHGDW\IDUP*-DQGDPRXQWHGWR3/1āKD- SHUFHQWDQG
WKH KLJKHVW DW )DUP *- 3/1āKD- SHU FHQW 7KH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH SURGXFWLRQ
FRVWRIVR\DEHDQDWWKHWHVWHGIDUPVLQWKH\HDUV-LVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
7KH KLJKHVW FRVW RI PDFKLQHU\ RSHUDWLRQ DQG WRROV RFFXUUHG LQ WKH FDVH RI VR\D EHDQ
KDUYHVW 7KH DYHUDJH YDOXH RI KDUYHVW FRVW DPRXQWHG WR 3/1āKD- SHU FHQW
218
DQGYDULHGIURP3/1āKD- SHUFHQWDWIDUP*-WR3/1āKD- SHU
FHQWDWIDUP*-
RSHUDWLRQRIPDFKLQHU\DQGWRROV
PDWHULDOVDQGUDZPDWHULDOV
IXHO
KXPDQODERXU
)DUP*
)DUP*
)DUP*
)DUP*
6WUXFWXUHRISURGXFWLRQFRVWV>@
)LJXUH – 7KHVWUXFWXUHRIVR\DEHDQSURGXFWLRQFRVWDWWKHIDUPVLQWKH \HDUV-
$W WKH VHFRQG SODFH WKHUH ZHUH FRVWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH WLOODJH – WKHLU DYHUDJH
YDOXHDWWKHWHVWHGIDUPVDQGLQWKHSHULRGDPRXQWHGWR3/1āKD- SHUFHQW
7KHKLJKHVWFRVWRIWLOODJHRFFXUUHGDWIDUP*-DQGDPRXQWHGWR3/1āKD-SHU
FHQWWKHORZHVWDWIDUP*- 3/1āKD- SHUFHQW:KLOHWKHORZHVWFRVWZDV
FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ VRZLQJ DQG FKHPLFDO SURWHFWLRQ RI VR\D EHDQ ZKLFK WKH DYHUDJH FRVW
UHVSHFWLYHO\DPRXQWHGWR3/1āKD- SHUFHQWDQG3/1āKD- SHUFHQWRI
WKHWRWDOFRVWRIRSHUDWLRQRIPDFKLQHU\DQGWRROV7KHVWUXFWXUHDQGWKHFRVWRIWUHDWPHQWV
XVHGLQWKHVR\DEHDQSURGXFWLRQDWWKHWHVWHGIDUPVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH
7DEOH– $PRXQWDQGVWUXFWXUHRIWKHRSHUDWLRQFRVWRIPDFKLQHU\DQGWRROVDWWKHWHVWHGIDUPV
7LOODJH
)HUWLOL]DWLRQ
6RZLQJ
3URWHFWLRQ
+DUYHVW
)DUP
-
-
-
-
-
3/1ÂKD
%
3/1ÂKD
% 3/1ÂKD
% 3/1ÂKD
% 3/1ÂKD
%
*-
*-
*-
*-
$YHUDJH
)RU WKH WHVWHG IDUPV WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI VR\D EHDQ SURYHG WR EH SURILWDEOH 7KH
DYHUDJHYDOXHRIWKHHFRQRPLFHIILFLHQF\LQGLFDWRUDWWHVWHGIDUPVDPRXQWHGWRDQG
YDULHGIURPDWIDUP*-WRDWIDUP*-DQG*-
,Q WKH FDVH RI FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ DQDO\VLV LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW LQ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI
FXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\PRVWRIWKHHQHUJ\ZDVFRQWDLQHGLQWKHPDWHULDOVDQGUDZPDWHULDOV
7KHLU DYHUDJH YDOXH LQ WKH WHVWHG IDUPV DPRXQWHG WR 0-āKD- SHU FHQW DQG
YDULHGIURP0-āKD- SHUFHQWDWIDUP*-WR0-āKD- SHUFHQWDW
IDUP*-7DEOH ,Q WKH VHFRQG SODFH ZDV FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ RI PDFKLQHU\ DQG WRROV
ZKLFK DQ DYHUDJH YDOXH DWWKHWHVWHGIDUPV DPRXQWHGWR 0-āKD- 7KDW FRQVWLWXWHV
219
SHUFHQWRIWKHWRWDOFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\DQGYDULHGIURP0-āKD- SHUFHQWDW
IDUP *- WR 0-āKD- SHU FHQW DW IDUP *- 7KH ORZHVW YDOXH RI FXPXODWLYH
HQHUJ\ ZDV DFFXPXODWHG LQ KXPDQ ODERXU DYHUDJH YDOXH DPRXQWHG WR 0-āKD-
SHUFHQWDQGYDULHGIURP0-āKD- SHUFHQWDWIDUP*-WR0-āKD- SHU
FHQW DWIDUP*-7KH VWUXFWXUH RI FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ LQ VR\D EHDQ SURGXFWLRQ DWWHVWHG
IDUPVLQWKH\HDUV-LVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
%\ DQDO\VLQJ WKH WUHDWPHQW LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH PRVW FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ ZDV
FRQWDLQHGLQWKHFRPELQHKDUYHVWLQJRIVR\DEHDQZKHUHWKHDYHUDJHYDOXHRIFXPXODWLYH
HQHUJ\DPRXQWHGWR0-āKD- SHUFHQWDQGYDULHGIURP0-āKD- SHU
FHQWDWIDUP*-WR 0-āKD- SHUFHQWDWIDUP*-$WWKHVHFRQGSODFH ZDV
WKH FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ RI WLOODJH – WKH DYHUDJH YDOXH LQ WKH WHVWHG IDUPV DQG SHULRG
DPRXQWHGWR0-āKD- SHUFHQW7KHKLJKHVWFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\RIWLOODJHZDV
FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ IDUP *- ZKHUH DPRXQWHG WR 0-āKD- SHU FHQW DQG WKH
ORZHVWDWIDUP*- 0-āKD- SHUFHQW
7DEOH– $PRXQWDQGVWUXFWXUHRISURGXFWLRQFRVWDWWHVWHGIDUPV
&RVWV
RSHUDWLRQRI
PDWHULDOVDQG
)DUPV
IXHO
PDFKLQHU\DQG
UDZPDWHULDO
WRROV
-
-
-
3/1ÂKD
%
3/1ÂKD
%
3/1ÂKD
%
*-
*-
*-
*-
$YHUDJH
RSHUDWLRQRIPDFKLQHU\DQGWRROV
KXPDQODERXU
IXHO
KXPDQODERXU
-
3/1ÂKD
%
WRWDO
-
3/1ÂKD
PDWHULDOVDQGUDZPDWHULDO
)DUP*
)DUP*
)DUP*
)DUP*
6WUXFWXUHRIFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\>@
)LJXUH6WUXFWXUHRIFXPXODWLYHHQHUJ\-LQWHQVLW\LQVR\DEHDQSURGXFWLRQDWWHVWHGIDUPVLQWKH
\HDUV-
220
7KH ORZHVW FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ ZDV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ VRZLQJ DQG FKHPLFDO
SURWHFWLRQRIVR\DEHDQZKLFKDYHUDJHYDOXHVZHUHUHVSHFWLYHO\0-āKD- SHUFHQW
DQG 0-āKD- SHU FHQW RI WRWDO FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ RI WLOODJH 7KH VWUXFWXUH RI
FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ LQ WUHDWPHQW XVHG RI VR\D EHDQ SURGXFWLRQ DW WKH WHVWHG IDUPV DUH
SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH
7KHDYHUDJHYDOXHRIWKHHIILFLHQWHQHUJ\LQGLFDWRUDWWHVWHGIDUPVDPRXQWHGWRDQG
YDULHGIURPDWWKHIDUP*-WRDWWKHIDUP*-7DEOH
7DEOH– $PRXQWDQGVWUXFWXUHRIRSHUDWLQJPDFKLQHU\DQGWRROVLQWHVWHGIDUPV
7LOODJH
)HUWLOL]DWLRQ
6RZLQJ
3URWHFWLRQ
+DUYHVW
)DUP
-
-
-
-
-
3/1ÂKD
%
3/1ÂKD
% 3/1ÂKD
% 3/1ÂKD
% 3/1ÂKD
%
*-
*-
*-
*-
$YHUDJH
Table 6 – Energy efficiency ratio in the tested farms
)DUP
(QHUJHWLFYDOXHLQVR\DEHDQ (QHUJ\-LQWHQVLYLW\RISURGXFWLRQ
-
(QHUJ\HIILFLHQF\UDWLR
-
0-āKD
*-
*-
*-
*-
$YHUDJH
0-āKD
CONCLUSION
7KHDYHUDJHYDOXHRIHFRQRPLFHIILFLHQF\UDWLRRIVR\DEHDQSURGXFWLRQDWWKHWHVWHG
IDUPVDPRXQWHGWRZKLFKVKRZVWKHSURILWDELOLW\RILWVSURGXFWLRQ
7KH UHVXOWLQJ DYHUDJH YDOXH RI HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ UDWLR RI WKH VR\D EHDQ SURGXFWLRQ
LQ WKH WHVWHG IDUPV VKRZ WKDW WKH HQHUJ\ FRQWDLQHG LQ VR\D EHDQ SURGXFWLRQ LV
ORZHUWKDQWKHHQHUJ\UHFRYHUHGLQWKHIRUPRIWKHUHVXOWLQJ\LHOG
,Q DOO WKH WHVWHG IDUPV SURGXFWLRQ RI VR\D EHDQ ZDV SURILWDEOH 7KH DYHUDJH LQFRPH
IURP VR\D EHDQ SURGXFWLRQ DPRXQWHG WR 3/1āKD- EDVHG RQ WKH VR\D EHDQ
ZHLJKW3/1āW-DQGYDULHGIURP3/1āKD- 3/1āW-DWWKHIDUP*-
WR3/1āKD- 3/1āW-DWWKHIDUP*-
,Q WKH VWUXFWXUH RI FXPXODWLYH HQHUJ\ WKH ODUJHVW VKDUH LQ WKH WHVWHG IDUPV ZDV
FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ PDWHULDOV DQG UDZ PDWHULDOV 7KH DYHUDJH VKDUH LQ WRWDO FXPXODWLYH
HQHUJ\ FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ DPRXQWHG WR 0-ÂKD- í SHU FHQW DQG LWV
YDOXH YDULHG IURP 0-ÂKD- í SHU FHQW DW WKH IDUP *- WR 0-ÂKD- í
SHUFHQW DWWKHIDUP*-
7KHVWXG\VKRZVWKDWLQWHUPVRIHFRQRPLFDQGHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\SURGXFWLRQRIVR\D
EHDQLQ3RODQGFDQEHSURILWDEOH
5HIHUHQFHV
$186=(:6.,53$:/$.-:Ï-&,&.,=(QHUJRFKáRQQRĞüSURGXNFMLUROQLF]HM
0HWRG\NDEDGDĔHQHUJRFKáRQQRĞFLSURGXNFMLVXURZFyZĪ\ZQRĞFLRZ\FK:\GDZ,%0(5
:DUV]DZDV-
08=$/(:6., $ .RV]W\ HNVSORDWDFML PDV]\Q :\GDZ ,%0(5 :DUV]DZD 1U V-
221
â$ě(& 2 â$ě(& 3 '2%(. 7 8SUDZD L ]ELyU VRL 0DWHULDá\ NRQIHUHQF\MQH 0LĊG]\QDURGRZHM.RQIHUHQFML1DXNRZHMSW7HRUHW\F]QHLDSOLNDF\MQHSUREOHP\LQĪ\QLHULL
UROQLF]HM:URFáDZ-3RODQLFD=GUyMWV-
7KLVZRUNZDVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHSURMHFW1$=94+
&RQWDFWDGGUHVV
3URIGUKDELQĪ7RPDV].'REHNH-PDLOWRPDV]GREHN#]XWHGXSO
'HSDUWPHQW&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG8VHRI7HFKQLFDO(TXLSPHQW
:HVW3RPHUDQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\LQ6]F]HFLQ3DSLHĪD3DZáD9,VWUHHW
-6]F]HFLQ3RODQG
222
:3à<:7(&+12/2*,,835$:<52/,1$32'$712ĝû32'251(-:$567:<
*/(%< */,1,$67(-1$=$*ĉ6=&=(1,(
THE INFLUENCE OF TIL/$*(7(&+12/2*<21686&(37,%,/,7<72
COMPACTION 2)/2$0<68%62,//$<ER
-$1-85*$
=DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNL8QLZHUV\WHW7HFKQRORJLF]Q\Z6]F]HFLQLH.DWHGUD%XGRZ\L
8Ī\WNRZDQLD8U]ąG]HĔTHFKQLF]Q\FK
$EVWUDFW
7KHUHVXOWV RIFRPSDUDWLYHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVRIVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRFRPSDFWLRQRIPHGLXP
ORDPVXEVRLOOD\HUDIWHUPDQ\\HDUV
RISORXJKDQGQRWLOODJHFXOWLYDWLRQDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ
WKHSDSHU7KHFKDQJHRIEXONGHQVLW\DQGDLUSHUPHDELOLW\FDXVHGE\XQLWSUHVVXUHIURP
WKHUDQJHRI·N3D ZDVVWXGLHG2QWKHEDVLVRIFRQGXFWHGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVLWZDV
VWDWHG WKDW WKH VRLO DIWHU QR WLOODJH ZDV PRUH VXVFHSWLEOH WR FRPSDFWLRQ ,Q FRPSDULVRQ
ZLWKSORXJKFXOWLYDWLRQWKHORDGH[HUWHGRQWRVRLODIWHUQRWLOODJHFXOWLYDWLRQFDXVHG ODUJHU
LQFUHDVHRIEXONGHQVLW\DQGODUJHUUHGXFWLRQRIDLUSHUPHDELOLW\
KeyZRUGV EXON GHQVLW\ VXVFHSWLELOLW\ WR FRPSDFWLRQ VKHDULQJ UHVLVWDQFH DLU
SHUPHDELOLW\ VRLOFXOWLYDWLRQVXEVRLOOD\HU
6áRZD NOXF]RZH JĊVWRĞü REMĊWRĞFLRZD SRGDWQRĞü QD ]DJĊV]F]HQLH RSyU ĞFLQDQLD
SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞüSRZLHWU]QDXSUDZDUROLZDUVWZDSRGRUQD
:67ĉ3
=DJĊV]F]HQLH JOHE\ XWUXGQLD UR]ZyM V\VWHPX NRU]HQLRZHJR XSUDZLDQ\FK URĞOLQ
'XPEHFNLRJUDQLF]DZ\NRU]\VWDQLHVNáDGQLNyZSRNDUPRZ\FK+DXQ]LLQ
0DáD SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞü ZDUVWZ\ ]DJĊV]F]RQHM SRZRGXMH WUXGQRĞFL ] RGSá\ZHP ZRG\ L
HUR]Mą $ODNXNNX D WDNĪH GHILF\W WOHQX +RGDUD L 'RPĪDá =DJĊV]F]HQLH
ZLHU]FKQLHMZDUVWZ\JOHE\MHVWOLNZLGRZDQHSRSU]H]V\VWHPDW\F]QHVWRVRZDQLH]DELHJyZ
XSUDZRZ\FK 7UXGQH GR XVXQLĊFLD ]DJĊV]F]HQLH ZDUVWZ\ SRGRUQHM Z\ZLHUD EH]VSRUQ\
ZSá\ZQDHIHNW\ZQRĞüJRVSRGDURZDQLDLĞURGRZLVNR/LSLHFLLQ
-HGQą]PHWRGSU]HFLZG]LDáDQLD]DJĊV]F]HQLXMHVWRJUDQLF]DQLHRUNLZ\NRQ\ZDQHM
SáXJLHP ]DJRQRZ\P SRGF]DV NWyUHM GXĪH QDFLVNL QD JOHEĊ ]QDMGXMąFą VLĊ Z ZDUVWZLH
SRGRUQHMSU]HND]\ZDQHVą]DUyZQRSU]H]HOHPHQW\URERF]HSáXJDMDNLSRUXV]DMąFHVLĊ
SR Z\RUDQHM EUXĨG]LH NRáD FLąJQLND =DJĊV]F]HQLH SRáąF]RQH ] UR]WDUFLHP DJUHJDWyZ
VWUXNWXUDOQ\FKSURZDG]LGR]QLV]F]HQLDFLąJá\FKPDNURSRUyZGHF\GXMąF\FKRSLRQRZHM
ZRGRSU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFL 0LDWNRZVNL =H Z]JOĊGX QD ZVSRPQLDQH ZDG\ GXĪą
HQHUJRFKáRQQRĞü L PDáą Z\GDMQRĞü XSUDZD SáXĪQD FRUD] F]ĊĞFLHM ]DVWĊSRZDQD MHVW
XSUDZą EH]RUNRZą SR NWyUHM SRPLPR VSXOFKQLHQLD JOHE\ QD QLHZLHONą JáĊERNRĞü SORQ\
URĞOLQ Vą SRUyZQ\ZDOQH ] SORQDPL X]\VNLZDQ\PL SR XSUDZLH WUDG\F\MQHM -XUJD L .XIHO
6WZLHUG]RQR ĪH VWRVRZDQLH XSUDZ\ EH]RUNRZHM Z\ZLHUD NRU]\VWQ\ ZSá\Z QD
]PLDQĊ IL]\F]Q\FK ZáDĞFLZRĞFL JOHE\ :LHUPDQQ L +RUQ 6WRVXQNRZR PQLHM XZDJL
SRĞZLĊFD VLĊ EDGDQLRP RGSRUQRĞFL ZDUVWZ\ SRGRUQHM QD ]DJĊV]F]HQLH Z\QLNDMąFH ]H
VWRVRZDQLD]DELHJyZSRGF]DVNWyU\FKZ\VWĊSXMHGXĪHREFLąĪHQLHJOHE\
&HOHP QLQLHMV]HM SUDF\ E\áR SRUyZQDQLH SRGDWQRĞFL QD ]DJĊV]F]HQLH SRGRUQHM
ZDUVWZ\ JOHE\ XSUDZLDQHM Z WHFKQRORJLL SáXĪQHM RUD] EH]RUNRZHM -DNR NU\WHULXP
SRGDWQRĞFL QD ]DJĊV]F]HQLH SU]\MĊWR RSyU ĞFLQDQLD RUD] Z\ZRáDQH QDFLVNLHP
MHGQRVWNRZ\P ]PLDQ\ ZDUWRĞFL JĊVWRĞFL REMĊWRĞFLRZHM RUD] SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFL
SRZLHWU]QHMSUyEHNJOHE\
223
0$7(5,$à< I 0(72'<
%DGDQLDSU]HSURZDG]RQRZ5='2VWRMDZZRMHZyG]WZLH]DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNLPQD
SROXJG]LHSU]H]VLHGHPNROHMQ\FKODWSURZDG]RQRGRĞZLDGF]HQLHĞFLVáHPDMąFHQDFHOX
SRUyZQDQLH GZyFK WHFKQRORJLL XSUDZ\ JOHE\ – EH]RUNRZHM L SáXĪQHM : F]WHURSRORZ\P
]PLDQRZDQLX MDNR SORQ JáyZQ\ XSUDZLDQR EXUDN FXNURZ\ SV]HQLFĊ R]LPą ERELN
MĊF]PLHĔ R]LP\ RUD] MDNR PLĊG]\SORQ ĞFLHUQLVNRZ\ – JRUF]\FĊ 8SUDZD SáXĪQD E\áD
Z\NRQ\ZDQDQDJáĊERNRĞüFP8SUDZĊEH]RUNRZąSU]HSURZDG]DQRQDJáĊERNRĞü
FPSU]\XĪ\FLX]HVWDZXXSUDZRZR-VLHZQHJRVNáDGDMąFHJRVLĊ]JOHERJU\]DUNLZDáXRUD]
VLHZQLND3R]DXSUDZąUROLLVLHZHPZREXWHFKQRORJLDFKXSUDZ\URĞOLQZV]\VWNLHSUDFH
SRORZH Z\NRQ\ZDQR MHGQDNRZ\PL DJUHJDWDPL PDV]\QRZ\PL ,GHQW\F]QH E\á\ WDNĪH
GDZNLZ\VLHZDQ\FKQDZR]yZRUD]XĪ\W\FKĞURGNyZRFKURQ\URĞOLQ
0DWHULDáJOHERZ\GREDGDĔSRFKRG]Lá]ZDUVWZ\SRGRUQHMRPLąĪV]RĞFL–FP
1LH]EĊGQHGRF]ĊĞFLR]QDF]HĔSUyENLRQLHQDUXV]RQHMVWUXNWXU]HSREUDQRGRF\OLQGHUNyZ
RREMĊWRĞFLZHZQĊWU]QHM FP6NáDGPHFKDQLF]Q\]DZDUWRĞüVXEVWDQFMLRUJDQLF]QHM
RGF]\Q JĊVWRĞü ZáDĞFLZą SRURZDWRĞü FDáNRZLWą L JĊVWRĞü REMĊWRĞFLRZą JOHE\ SU]HG
REFLąĪHQLHP Z HGRPHWU]H R]QDF]DQR ZHGáXJ W\SRZHM PHWRG\NL VWRVRZDQHM Z
JOHER]QDZVWZLH
3RPLDU Z\WU]\PDáRĞFL JOHE\ QD ĞFLQDQLH Z\NRQDQR ZHGáXJ W\SRZHM PHWRG\NL :
EDGDQLDFK Z\NRU]\VWDQR SUyENL JOHE\ R XVWDELOL]RZDQHM ZLOJRWQRĞFL RGSRZLDGDMąFHM VLOH
VVDFHMS)LS)2SyUĞFLQDQLDJOHE\R]QDF]DQRZZDUXQNDFKODERUDWRU\MQ\FKSU]\
QDFLVNDFKMHGQRVWNRZ\FKZ\QRV]ąF\FKRUD]N3D
3U]HSXV]F]DOQRĞü SRZLHWU]Qą JOHE\ N/ R]QDF]DQR GZXNURWQLH WM SU]HG
REFLąĪHQLHPJOHE\ZHGRPHWU]HRUD]SRSURFHVLHMHM]DJĊV]F]DQLD3U]HGSU]\VWąSLHQLHP
GR SRPLDUyZ SU]HSURZDG]DQR VWDELOL]DFMĊ ZLOJRWQRĞFL SUyEHN JOHE\ ZF]HĞQLHM
QDV\FRQ\FK ZRGą =DVWRVRZDQR VLáĊ VVąFą S) 3U]\U]ąG GR R]QDF]DQLD
SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFL SRZLHWU]QHM JOHE\ SU]HGVWDZLRQR QD U\V 3RPLDU SROHJDá QD
Z\]QDF]DQLX F]DVX SU]HSá\ZX SU]H] SUyENĊ JOHE\ ]QDQHM REMĊWRĞFL SRZLHWU]D :DUWRĞü
OLF]ERZą SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFL SRZLHWU]QHM JOHE\ REOLF]DQR NRU]\VWDMąF ] SRQLĪHM SRGDQHM
IRUPXá\
kP
V hL
S t p
JG]LH
V – REMĊWRĞüSRZLHWU]D>FP@
S – SROHSRZLHU]FKQLSU]HNURMXF\OLQGHUND]JOHEą>FP@
t – F]DVSU]HSá\ZXSRZLHWU]DSU]H]F\OLQGHUHNZ\SHáQLRQ\JOHEą>V@
K – Z\VRNRĞüF\OLQGHUNDZ\SHáQLRQHJRJOHEą>FP@
S – UyĪQLFDFLĞQLHĔ]PLHU]RQDSU]H]X-UXUNĊ>3D@
/ – OHSNRĞüSRZLHWU]D>3DÂV@
3R SRPLDU]H SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFL SRZLHWU]QHM JOHE\ R QLHQDUXV]RQHM VWUXNWXU]H
SUyENLREFLąĪDQRSU]\XĪ\FLXHGRPHWUXU\VVWRVXMąFQDFLVNLMHGQRVWNRZHRVNRNRZR
]PLHQLDQ\FK ZDUWRĞFLDFK ] ]DNUHVX · N3D 3U]\URVW JĊVWRĞFL REMĊWRĞFLRZHM JOHE\
REOLF]DQR MDNR UyĪQLFĊ ZDUWRĞFL SR L SU]HG SURFHVHP ]DJĊV]F]DQLD $E\ RV]DFRZDü
NRĔFRZą JĊVWRĞFL REMĊWRĞFLRZHM PLHU]RQR RVLDGDQLH SUyENL Z F\OLQGHUNX 1D SRGVWDZLH
X]\VNDQ\FKZDUWRĞFLRVLDGDQLDJOHE\JĊVWRĞüREMĊWRĞFLRZąSRSURFHVLHREFLąĪHQLD*2
REOLF]DQRQDSRGVWDZLHZ]RUX
GO2
GO1 h
ho
JG]LH
*2 – JĊVWRĞüREMĊWRĞFLRZDJOHE\SU]HGREFLąĪHQLHP>JÂFP-@
224
K– Z\VRNRĞüSUyENLJOHE\SU]HGREFLąĪHQLHP>PP@
R– RVLDGDQLHJOHE\SRGZSá\ZHPREFLąĪHQLD>PP@
5\V – 6FKHPDWSU]\U]ąGXGRR]QDF]DQLDSU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFLSRZLHWU]QHMJOHE\– VNDOD
SRPLDURZD– ZVND]yZND– V]DOND]REFLąĪQLNLHP– REURWRZDWDUF]D– NLHUXQHNUXFKX
Sá\ZDND– VWU]HPLĊGRFLVNDMąFHF\OLQGHUHNZ\SHáQLRQ\JOHEąGRSá\ZDND– EDGDQDSUyEND
JOHE\– F\OLQGHUHN– Sá\ZDN– SU]HZyG]DNRĔF]RQ\8-UXUNą– ]ELRUQLNQDSHáQLRQ\
ZRGą– NLHUXQHNSU]HSá\ZXSRZLHWU]D
)LJ – 6FKHPHRIDQLQVWUXPHQWWRPDUNLQJDLUSHQHWUDELOLW\RIVRLO– PHDVXULQJVFDOH– KDQG
– ZHLJKWSDQ– URWDWRU\GLVN– GLUHFWLRQRIWKHIORDW
VPRYHPHQW– WKHVKDFNOHSUHVVLQJWKH
VRLOF\OLQGHUDJDLQVWWKHIORDW– WHVWHGVRLOVDPSOH– DF\OLQGHU– DIORDW– DSLSHHQGHG
ZLWK8-WXEH– DUHVHUYRLUILOOHGZLWKZDWHU– GLUHFWLRQRIDLUIORZ
6
5\V – 6FKHPDWHGRPHWUX– F]XMQLNSU]HPLHV]F]HQLD– REFLąĪHQLH– Sá\WDQDFLVNRZD–
NDPLHĔILOWUDF\MQ\– F\OLQGHUHN– SRGVWDZD– SUyENDJOHE\
)LJ– 6FKHPHRIFRQVROLGRPHWHU– GLVORFDWLRQVHQVRU– ORDG– SUHVVXUHSODWH– ILOWHULQJ
VWRQH– F\OLQGHU– EDVLV– VRLOVDPSOH
:<1,., i '<6.86-$
: WDEHOL ]DPLHV]F]RQR Z\EUDQH GDQH GRW\F]ąFH ZáDĞFLZRĞFL EDGDQHM ZDUVWZ\
JOHE\ 1D SRGVWDZLH VNáDGX PHFKDQLF]QHJR JOHEĊ VNODV\ILNRZDQR MDNR JOLQĊ ĞUHGQLą
S\ODVWą *ĊVWRĞü REMĊWRĞFLRZD JOHE\ SREUDQHM ] ZDUVWZ\ SRGRUQHM SR XSUDZLH SáXĪQHM
225
Z\QRVLáD JÂFP- L E\áD LVWRWQLH ZLĊNV]D QLĪ SR XSUDZLH EH]RUNRZHM JÂFP-
3RURZDWRĞüFDáNRZLWDJOHE\Z\QRVLáDRGSRZLHGQLRRUD]
7DEHOD – :áDĞFLZRĞFLPDWHULDáXJOHERZHJR
Table 1 – Characteristic of soil material
=DZDUWRĞü
2GF]\Q
*ĊVWRĞüID]\VWDáHM
SUyFKQLF\
JOHE\
'HQVLW\RIVROLG
&RQWHQWRIKXPXV
6RLOS+
SKDVH
-
%
S+.&O
JÂFP
=DZDUWRĞüIUDNFMLJUDQXORPHWU\F]Q\FK
&RQWHQWRIJUDQXORPHWULFIUDFWLRQV
–PP –PP PP
%
%
%
1D SRGVWDZLH SRPLDUyZ RSRUX ĞFLQDQLD JOHE\ VWZLHUG]RQR ĪH GXĪ\ ZSá\Z QD
X]\VNDQH ZDUWRĞFL Z\ZLHUDáD ZLOJRWQRĞü JOHE\ U\V 3U]\ ZLOJRWQRĞFL RGSRZLDGDMąFHM
S) X]\VNDQH ZDUWRĞFL RSRUX ĞFLQDQLD E\á\ ]QDF]QLH ZLĊNV]H QLĪ SU]\ S) ]DĞ
WHFKQRORJLD XSUDZ\ QLH PLDáD ZLĊNV]HJR ZSá\ZX QD X]\VNDQH Z\QLNL :DUWRĞFL RSRUX
ĞFLQDQLDZ]DNUHVLHQDFLVNyZMHGQRVWNRZ\FK·N3D]ZLĊNV]Dá\VLĊQLHRPDOOLQLRZR
'DOV]\SU]\URVWQDFLVNXMHGQRVWNRZHJRQLHVSRZRGRZDá]ZLĊNV]HQLDRSRUXĞFLQDQLD3U]\
ZLĊNV]HM ZLOJRWQRĞFL RGSRZLDGDMąFHM S) RSyU ĞFLQDQLD JOHE\ SR XSUDZLH EH]RUNRZHM
E\á Z ]DNUHVLHSRPLDURZ\P·N3D]QDF]QLH ZLĊNV]\QLĪRSyUĞFLQDQLDSRXSUDZLH
SáXĪQHM3U]\SR]RVWDá\FKZ\ZLHUDQ\FKQDFLVNDFKMHGQRVWNRZ\FKQLHFRZLĊNV]HZDUWRĞFL
RSRUXĞFLQDQLDX]\VNDQRSRXSUDZLHSáXĪQHM
OS [kPa]
%S)8
%S)
3S)8
3S)
1->N3D@
5\V – =DOHĪQRĞüRSRUXĞFLQDQLDJOHE\26RGMHGQRVWNRZHJRREFLąĪHQLDQRUPDOQHJR1-3–
XSUDZDSáXĪQD%– XSUDZDEH]RUNRZD
)LJ – 7KHGHSHQGHQFHRIVKHDULQJUHVLVWDQFH26RIWKHVRLORQQRUPDOORDG1-P – SORXJK
FXOWLYDWLRQ%– QRWLOODJH
3R RGZRGQLHQLX SRUyZ R ĞUHGQLF\ ]DVWĊSF]HM ZLĊNV]HM RG ȝP S)
SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞü SRZLHWU]QD JOHE\ SR XSUDZLH EH]RUNRZHM Z\QRVLáD Â-FP L E\áD
ĞUHGQLRRRNRáRZLĊNV]DQLĪSRXSUDZLHSáXĪQHM8]\VNDQHZDUWRĞFLSR]ZDODMąRFHQLü
SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞü SRZLHWU]Qą JOHE\ SR ]DVWRVRZDQLX REX WHFKQRORJLL XSUDZ\ UROL MDNR
PDáą.PRFKL+DQXV
:\QLNL EDGDĔ SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFL SRZLHWU]QHM JOHE\ ]DJĊV]F]RQHM Z HGRPHWU]H
SU]HGVWDZLRQR QD U\V :V]\VWNLH X]\VNDQH ZDUWRĞFL SR]ZDODMą RFHQLü
SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞü SRZLHWU]Qą MDN EDUG]R PDáą -XĪ SU]\ QLHZLHONLFK QDFLVNDFK
226
MHGQRVWNRZ\FK VWZLHUG]RQR ]QDF]QH ]PQLHMV]HQLH SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFL SRZLHWU]QHM JOHE\
SRXSUDZLHEH]RUNRZHM:UD]]H]ZLĊNV]HQLHPREFLąĪHQLDSU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞüSRZLHWU]QD
WHMJOHE\VWDZDáDVLĊFRUD]PQLHMV]DRVLąJDMąFSU]\QDMZLĊNV]\PQDFLVNXMHGQRVWNRZ\P
N3DZDUWRĞüÂ-8 FPFRVWDQRZLMHG\QLHSU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFLSRZLHWU]QHM
JOHE\SU]HGMHMREFLąĪHQLHP3U]HSXV]F]DOQRĞüSRZLHWU]QDJOHE\SRXSUDZLHSáXĪQHME\áD
Z FDá\P ]DNUHVLH Z\ZLHUDQ\FK QDFLVNyZ MHGQRVWNRZ\FK ZLĊNV]D QLĪ SR XSUDZLH
EH]RUNRZHM 3U]\ QDFLVNX MHGQRVWNRZ\P Z\QRV]ąF\P N3D MHM ZDUWRĞü E\áD R SRQDG
ZLĊNV]D QLĪ SR LGHQW\F]Q\P REFLąĪHQLX JOHE\ SR XSUDZLH EH]RUNRZHM :UD] ]H
]ZLĊNV]HQLHP REFLąĪHQLD RELH DSURNV\PRZDQH NU]\ZH ]DOHĪQRĞFL SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFL
SRZLHWU]QHM JOHE\ RG QDFLVNX MHGQRVWNRZHJR FRUD] EDUG]LHM ]EOLĪDá\ VLĊ GR VLHELH 3U]\
QDFLVNX MHGQRVWNRZ\P Z\QRV]ąF\P N3D UyĪQLFD SRPLĊG]\ ZDUWRĞFLDPL
SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFL JOHE\ SR XSUDZLH SáXĪQHM L SR XSUDZLH PLQLPDOQHM Z\QRVLáD MHG\QLH
Â-8 FP
(
2
kP [cm ]
(
ŶP
Ƈ%
(
N/ (/Q1-(
R (
(
N/ (/Q1-(
(
R 1->N3D@
(
5\V – =DOHĪQRĞüSU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFLSRZLHWU]QHMNPRGQDFLVNXMHGQRVWNRZHJR1-
P – XSUDZDSáXĪQD%– XSUDZDEH]RUNRZD
)LJ – 'HSHQGHQFHRI DLU SHUPHDELOLW\NP RQXQLWSUHVVXUH1-3– SORXJKFXOWLYDWLRQ
%– QRWLOODJH
1D SRGVWDZLH Z\QLNyZ SRPLDUyZ SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK SU]\ XĪ\FLX HGRPHWUX
REOLF]RQRZDUWRĞFLSU]\URVWyZJĊVWRĞFLREMĊWRĞFLRZHMJOHE\Z]DOHĪQRĞFLRGZ\ZLHUDQHJR
REFLąĪHQLD:\QLNLSU]HGVWDZLRQRQDU\V-XĪSR]DVWRVRZDQLXQDMPQLHMV]\FKREFLąĪHĔ
N3D Z\UDĨQLH ZLĊNV]H SU]\URVW\ ZDUWRĞFL JĊVWRĞFL REMĊWRĞFLRZHM JOHE\ VWZLHUG]RQR
SR XSUDZLH EH]RUNRZHMQLĪ SR XSUDZLH SáXĪQHM:UD] ]H ]ZLĊNV]HQLHP REFLąĪHQLD JOHE\
Z]UDVWDá\ ]DUyZQR ZDUWRĞFL JĊVWRĞFL REMĊWRĞFLRZHM MDN L UyĪQLFH SRPLĊG]\ ZDUWRĞFLDPL
JĊVWRĞFLREMĊWRĞFLRZHMX]\VNDQ\PLGODREXRFHQLDQ\FKWHFKQRORJLLXSUDZ\JOHE\*ĊVWRĞü
REMĊWRĞFLRZDJOHE\SRXSUDZLHEH]RUNRZHME\áDPQLHMV]DDĪGRQDFLVNXMHGQRVWNRZHJRR
ZDUWRĞFL N3D 3RZRGHP E\áD R RNRáR JÂFP- PQLHMV]D ZDUWRĞü JĊVWRĞFL
REMĊWRĞFLRZHM JOHE\ SR XSUDZLH EH]RUNRZHM VWZLHUG]RQD SU]HG UR]SRF]ĊFLHP SURFHVX
]DJĊV]F]DQLD JOHE\ Z HGRPHWU]H : ]DNUHVLH GXĪ\FK REFLąĪHĔ SU]HNUDF]DMąF\FK
ZDUWRĞüN3DJĊVWRĞüREMĊWRĞFLRZDJOHE\SRXSUDZLHPLQLPDOQHME\áDZLĊNV]DQLĪSR
XSUDZLH SáXĪQHM – SR REFLąĪHQLX JOHE\ QDFLVNLHP MHGQRVWNRZ\P R ZDUWRĞFL N3D
UyĪQLFD Z\QRVLáD RNRáR JÂFP- 3U]\URVW\ ZDUWRĞFL JĊVWRĞFL REMĊWRĞFLRZHM JOHE\ SR
XSUDZLHEH]RUNRZHMZFDá\P]DNUHVLHZ\ZLHUDQ\FKQDFLVNyZMHGQRVWNRZ\FKE\á\ZLĊNV]H
QLĪ SR XSUDZLH SáXĪQHM 3U]\NáDGRZR REFLąĪHQLH R ZDUWRĞFL N3D VSRZRGRZDáR
227
SU]\URVW JĊVWRĞFL REMĊWRĞFLRZHM JOHE\ SR XSUDZLH SáXĪQHM R JÂFP- ]DĞ SR XSUDZLH
EH]SáXĪQHM– RJÂFP-2EFLąĪHQLHJOHE\QDFLVNLHPMHGQRVWNRZ\PN3DZ\ZRáDáR
]ZLĊNV]HQLHJĊVWRĞFLREMĊWRĞFLRZHMJOHE\SRXSUDZLHSáXĪQHMRJÂFP-DSRXSUDZLH
EH]RUNRZHM– RSRQDGJÂFP-
'GO JÂFP-3]
%
P
1->N3D@
5\V – =DOHĪQRĞüSU]\URVWXZDUWRĞFLJĊVWRĞFLREMĊWRĞFLRZHMJOHE\ǻ*2RGZ\ZLHUDQHJRQDFLVNX
MHGQRVWNRZHJR1-3– XSUDZDSáXĪQD%– XSUDZDEH]RUNRZD
)LJ – 'HSHQGHQFHRILQFUHDVHRIVRLOEXONGHQVLW\YDOXHǻ*2RQXQLWSUHVVXUH1-
P – SORXJKFXOWLYDWLRQ%– QRWLOODJH
WNIOSKI
1D SRGVWDZLH SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK EDGDĔ VIRUPXáRZDQR QDVWĊSXMąFH ZQLRVNL
GRW\F]ąFHSRGRUQHMZDUVWZ\JOHE\
3RGDWQRĞü QD ]DJĊV]F]HQLH JOHE\ SR XSUDZLH EH]RUNRZHM E\áD ZLĊNV]D QLĪ SR
XSUDZLHSáXĪQHM
3U]\ZLOJRWQRĞFLRGSRZLDGDMąFHMVLOHVVąFHMS)QLHVWZLHUG]RQRZSá\ZXWHFKQRORJLL
XSUDZ\ QD RSyU ĞFLQDQLD JOHE\ 3U]\ ZLOJRWQRĞFL RGSRZLDGDMąFHM S) SR XSUDZLH
EH]RUNRZHMVWZLHUG]RQRZLĊNV]\RSyUĞFLQDQLDJOHE\QLĪSRXSUDZLHSáXĪQHM
1D VNXWHN Z\ZDUWHJR REFLąĪHQLD SU]\URVW ZDUWRĞFL JĊVWRĞFL REMĊWRĞFLRZHM JOHE\ SR
XSUDZLHEH]RUNRZHME\áZLĊNV]\QLĪSRXSUDZLHSáXĪQHM
2EFLąĪHQLH EDUG]LHM ]PQLHMV]\áR SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞü SRZLHWU]Qą JOHE\ SR XSUDZLH
EH]RUNRZHM QLĪ JOHE\ SR XSUDZLH SáXĪQHM 3RPLPR ĪH JOHED R QLHQDUXV]RQHM
VWUXNWXU]HSRXSUDZLHEH]RUNRZHMFKDUDNWHU\]RZDáDVLĊ ZLĊNV]ąSU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞFLą
SRZLHWU]Qą SR REFLąĪHQLX Z HGRPHWU]H MHM SU]HSXV]F]DOQRĞü E\áD R RNRáR PQLHMV]DQLĪSRXSUDZLHSáXĪQHM
3LĞPLHQQLFWZR
$/$.8..8 /3HUVLVWHQFHRIVRLOFRPSDFWLRQGXHWRKLJKORDGDWUDIILF,,/RQJ-WHUP
HIIHFWRQWKHSURSHUWLHVRIILQH– WH[WXUHGDQGRUJDQLFVRLOV6RLO7LOODJH5HV–
'80%(&. * (LQIOX DXHUJHZ|KQOLFKHU 'UXFNEHODVWXQJ DXI GDV %RGHQJHIJH
XQGGLH'XUFKZXU]HOXQJ0LWWOJQ'WVFK%RGHQNXQGO*HVHOOVFK–
+$81= );0$,'/ );),6&+%(&. *$XVZLUNXQJHQYRQ%RGHQYHUGLFKWXQJHQ
DXIGLH'\QDPLNYRQ%RGHQ- XQG'QJHUVWLFNVWRIIXQWHU:LQWHUZHL]HQ=I3IODQ]HQHUQ
XQG%RGHQNXQGH–
228
+2'$5$ - '20ĩ$à + $ SUHOLPLQDU\ VWXG\ RQ WKH GXUDELOLW\ RI WKH HIIHFWV RI
FRPSDFWLRQRQDEURZQVRLOGHULYHGIURPORHVV6RLO7LOODJH5HV–
-85*$-.8)(/ .0LQLPDOQDXSUDZDJOHE\0DWHULDá\NRQIHUHQFMLÄ1RZHWHFKQLNL
LWHFKQRORJLHSURGXNFMLUROQLF]HM´.RV]DOLQ-6WU]HNĊFLQZU]HVLHĔ$56]F]HFLQ6,75
.RV]DOLQ–
.02&+ +* +$186 + 9HUHLQIDFKH 0HWKRGLN XQG $XVZHUWXQJ GHU
3HUPHDELOLWlWVPHVVXQJGHV%RGHQVIU/XIW=I3IODQ]HQHUQXQG%RGHQNV–
/,3,(&-3$%,1- 7$5.,(:,&= 66RLOFRPSDFWLRQLQ3RODQG$VVHVVPHQWDQG
HIIHFWV 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK ZRUNVKRS RI &RQFHUQHG $FWLRQ RQ 6XEVRLO &RPSDFWLRQ
:DJHQLQJHQ–0D\>EZ@–
0,$7.2:6., = =DJĊV]F]HQLH SRGJOHELD MDNR HOHPHQW SURFHVX IL]\F]QHM
GHJUDGDFMLJOHE=HV]3UREO3RVW1DXN5RO–
:,(50$11 & +251 5 hEHOHJXQJHQ ]XU UHGX]LHUWHQ %RGHQEHDUEHLWXQJ
/DQGSRVW-XQL–
$GUHVDXWRUD
'UKDELQĪ-DQ-XUJD
.DWHGUD%XGRZ\L8Ī\WNRZDQLD8U]ąG]HĔWHFKQLF]Q\FK
=DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNL8QLZHUV\WHW7HFKQRORJLF]Q\Z6]F]HFLQLH
XO3DSLHĪD3DZáD9,QU–6]F]HFLQ3RODQG
229
:<.25=<67$1,((1(5*,,=(ħ5Ï'(à2'1$:,$/1<&+:POLSCE
,::<%5$1<&+.5$-$&H UE W LATACH 2000-2008
USE OF RENEWABLE ENE5*<,132/$1'
AND IN SELECTED EU C28175,(6,17+(<($5S 2000-2008
0$5(.5<1.,(:,&=
=DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNL8QLZHUV\WHW7HFKQRORJLF]Q\Z6]F]HFLQLH.DWHGUD%XGRZ\L8Ī\WNRZDQLD
8U]ąG]HĔ7HFKQLF]Q\FK
6WUHV]F]HQLH
: DUW\NXOH SU]HGVWDZLRQR ZDUWRĞFL OLF]ERZH SR]\VNDQLD HQHUJLL ]H ĨUyGHá RGQDZLDOQ\FK
3ROVFH Z ODWDFK – ] NWyU\FK Z\QLND ĪH QDMZLĊFHM HQHUJLL RGQDZLDOQHM Z 3ROVFH
Z\WZDU]DQR Z U ] ELRPDV\ – 7- QDWRPLDVW QDMPQLHM SR]\VNDQR ] HQHUJLL
VáRQHF]QHM Z U – 7-:ODWDFK - 3ROVND QLH ]ZLĊNV]\áD SURGXNFML HQHUJLL ]
ZRG\:SU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\VPLHV]NDĔFyZZU3ROVND]XĪ\áDQDMPQLHMFDáNRZLWHMHQHUJLL
ERW\ONR 7-QDWRPLDVWQDMZLĊFHM1LHPF\– 7-
6áRZDNOXF]RZH HQHUJLDRGQDZLDOQDELRPDVD
:67ĉ3
(QHUJLDRGQDZLDOQDPRĪH E\üSR]\VNLZDQD ]ELRPDV\HOHNWURZQL ZRGQ\FKL ZLDWURZ\FK
]HĨUyGHáJHRWHUPDOQ\FKRUD]SURPLHQLRZDQLDVáRQHF]QHJR
:ĞUyG ]DOHW SR]\VNLZDQLD HQHUJLL ]H ĨUyGHá RGQDZLDOQ\FK PRĪQD ]DOLF]\ü )OHV]DU L 7RNDUF]\N
3LRWURZVNLLLQ
¾ WZRU]HQLHQRZ\FKPLHMVFSUDF\ZV]F]HJyOQRĞFLQDREV]DUDFKZLHMVNLFK
¾ ]PQLHMV]HQLHEH]URERFLD
¾ F]ĊĞFLRZHXQLH]DOHĪQLHQLHVLĊRGGRVWDZFyZSDOLZWUDG\F\MQ\FK
¾ RJUDQLF]HQLH]DQLHF]\V]F]HQLDĞURGRZLVND
¾ DNW\ZL]DFMDUROQLFWZDLZ\NRU]\VWDQLHWHUHQyZ]GHJUDGRZDQ\FK
¾ PRĪOLZRĞüGRILQDQVRZDQLDLQZHVW\FML
¾ SRSLyá]HVSDODQLDELRPDV\MHVWEDUG]RGREU\PQDZR]HPPLQHUDOQ\P
¾ SHZQHLVWDáHGRVWDZ\ZVWRVXQNXGRSDOLZNRSDOQ\FK
0$7(5,$à< I 0(72'<
: REHFQ\P F]DVLH QDVWąSLáR EDUG]R GXĪH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH PRĪOLZRĞFLą SR]\VNLZDQLD
HQHUJLL]HĨUyGHáLQQ\FKQLĪĨUyGáDWUDG\F\MQH=DLQWHUHVRZDQLHZNUDMDFK8QLL(XURSHMVNLHMZ\QLND
] '\UHNW\Z\ 3DUODPHQWX (XURSHMVNLHJR L 5DG\ :( ] GQLD U Z VSUDZLH
SURPRZDQLD VWRVRZDQLD HQHUJLL SRFKRG]ąFHM ]H ĨUyGHá RGQDZLDOQ\FK 5DGD (XURSHMVND SODQXMH
Z]URVWXG]LDáXWHMHQHUJLLZFDáNRZLW\P]XĪ\FLXHQHUJLLGRZRNUHVLHGRNRĔFDU
:<1,., I '<6.86-$
: 3ROVFH FHOHP VWUDWHJLF]Q\P SROLW\NL SDĔVWZD MHVW ]ZLĊNV]DQLH SURGXNFML HQHUJLL
] RGQDZLDOQ\FK ĨUyGHá :J GRNXPHQWX 5DG\ 0LQLVWUyZ QU Z VSUDZLH Ä3ROLW\ND
HQHUJHW\F]QD3ROVNLGRURNX´Z]URVWXG]LDáXRGQDZLDOQ\FKĨUyGHáHQHUJLLZILQDOQ\P]XĪ\FLX
HQHUJLLSRZLQLHQZURVLąJQąüSR]LRP:]URVWWHQSRZLQLHQXZ]JOĊGQLüRFKURQĊODVyZ
SU]HG QDGPLHUQ\P HNVSORDWRZDQLHP L QLH SRZRGRZDü NRQNXUHQFML SRPLĊG]\ HQHUJHW\Ną
RGQDZLDOQąDUROQLFWZHP
230
5\V – 3R]\VNDQLHHQHUJLL]ELRPDV\Z3ROVFHZODWDFK->7-@
2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHGDQ\FK(XURVWDW
1D U\V SU]HGVWDZLRQR SR]\VNDQLH HQHUJLL ] ELRPDV\ Z 3ROVFH Z ODWDFK Z7-:USURGXNFMDHQHUJLL]ELRPDV\ Z\QLRVáD 7-LE\áD Z\ĪV]D
R 7-ZSRUyZQDQLXGRURNX UWMR
5\V – 3R]\VNDQLHHQHUJLLJHRWHUPDOQHMZ3ROVFHZODWDFK->7-@
1DU\VSU]HGVWDZLRQRSR]\VNDQLHHQHUJLLJHRWHUPDOQHMZ3ROVFHZODWDFK : URNX L SURGXNFMD HQHUJLL ]H ĨUyGHá E\áD QD W\P VDP\P SR]LRPLH
7-1DWRPLDVWZSRUyZQDQLXUGRZ]URVWMHMZ\WZDU]DQLDZ\QLyVá
7-WMR :JGDQ\FKSRGDZDQ\FKSU]H](XURVWDWZ3ROVFHHQHUJLĊ]HVáRĔFD]DF]ĊWR
SR]\VNLZDüQDZLĊNV]ąVNDOĊGRSLHURRGURNXLZ\QLRVáRRQR7-
5\V – 3R]\VNDQLHHQHUJLL]ZLDWUXZ3ROVFHZODWDFK->7-@
: ODWDFK - SR]\VNDQLH HQHUJLL ] ZLDWUX Z\QRVLáR 7- QDWRPLDVW Z
UZ]URVáRRQRMXĪGR7-U\V
231
:URNXSR]\VNDQLHHQHUJLL]ZRG\Z\QRVLáR7-QDWRPLDVWZU
QDVWąSLáZ]URVWMHG\QLHRWM7-ĝZLDGF]\WREUDNXWHQGHQFMLZ]URVWRZHM
SR]\VNLZDQLDHQHUJLL]WHJRW\SXĨUyGáD
7DEHOD 3URGXNFMD L XG]LDá HQHUJLL ] SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK URG]DMyZ HQHUJLL RGQDZLDOQHM Z 3ROVFH Z
U
(QHUJLD
%LRPDVD
*HRWHUPLD
6áRĔFH
:LDWU
:RGD
UD]HP
RGQDZLDOQD
,ORĞü>7-@
8G]LDá>@
1DMZLĊNV]\XG]LDáHQHUJLLRGQDZLDOQHMPRĪQD]DXZDĪ\üZSU]\SDGNXSR]\VNDQLD
MHM]ELRPDV\WMSR]\VNXMHVLĊ]HQHUJLLZRG\QDWRPLDVWQDMPQLHMV]H
LORĞFLSR]\VNXMHVLĊ]SURPLHQLRZDQLDVáRQHF]QHJR'DQHWHGRW\F]ą
Z\NRU]\VWDQLD]DVREyZHQHUJLLRGQDZLDOQHMZ3ROVFHZUWDEHOD
3RQLĪHMSU]HGVWDZLRQRSR]\VNDQLHHQHUJLL]UyĪQ\FKĨUyGHáZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK8(
WM&]HFK\1LHPF\)UDQFMD$XVWULD3ROVND6áRZDFMDL:LHOND%U\WDQLDZSU]HOLF]HQLX
QDW\VPLHV]NDĔFyZZUU\V– 5\V – 3R]\VNDQLHHQHUJLL]ELRPDV\ZZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK8(ZSU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\V
PLHV]NDĔFyZZU>7-@2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHGDQ\FK(XURVWDW
1D U\V SU]HGVWDZLRQR SR]\VNDQLH HQHUJLL ] ELRPDV\ Z Z\EUDQ\FK NUDMDFK 8(
SU]HOLF]HQLX QD W\V PLHV]NDĔFyZ Z U 1DMZLĊNV]ą LORĞü HQHUJLL ] ELRPDV\
SR]\VNXMH VLĊ Z $XVWULL L Z\QRVL 7- 1D SRGREQ\P SR]LRPLH SR]\VNXMH VLĊ WHQ
URG]DMHQHUJLLZ3ROVFHLZ6áRZDFMLSRZ7-QDWRPLDVWQDMPQLHMZ:LHONLHM%U\WDQLL
7-
232
5\V– 3R]\VNDQLHHQHUJLLJHRWHUPDOQHMZZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK8(ZSU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\V
6SRĞUyGZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMyZ$XVWULDZ\WZDU]DWDNĪHQDMZLĊFHMHQHUJLLJHRWHUPDOQHM
– 7-1DMPQLHMV]HMHMLORĞFLX]\VNXMH3ROVND7-L:LHOND%U\WDQLD7-U\V
5\V– 3R]\VNDQLHHQHUJLL]SURPLHQLRZDQLDVáRQHF]QHJRZZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK8(
Z SU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\VPLHV]NDĔFyZZU>7-@2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLH GDQ\FK
(XURVWDW
1DMZLĊFHM HQHUJLL ] SURPLHQLRZDQLD VáRQHF]QHJR SR]\VNXMH $XVWULD L 1LHPF\
RGSRZLHGQLR7-L7-
5\V– 3R]\VNDQLHHQHUJLL]ZLDWUXZZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK8(ZSU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\V
233
:SU]\SDGNXHQHUJLLSR]\VNDQHM]ZLDWUXQDMZLĊNV]ąMHMSURGXNFMĊPDMą1LHPF\–
7-QDWRPLDVWQDMPQLHMV]ą6áRZDFMD7-U\V
5\V– 3R]\VNDQLHHQHUJLL]ZRG\ZZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK8(ZSU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\V
1DU\VSU]HGVWDZLRQRSR]\VNDQLHHQHUJLL]ZRG\ZSU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\VPLHV]NDĔFyZ$XVWULD
SR]\VNXMHMHMQDMZLĊFHMER7-QDWRPLDVWQDMPQLHM3ROVND– 7-
5\V– &DáNRZLWH]XĪ\FLHHQHUJLLZZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK8(ZSU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\VPLHV]NDĔFyZ
ZU>7-@2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHGDQ\FK(XURVWDW
1D U\VSU]HGVWDZLRQRFDáNRZLWH]XĪ\FLHHQHUJLLZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK8(Z
SU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\VPLHV]NDĔFyZZU =DXZDĪ\üPRĪQDĪHQDMZLĊNV]HFDáNRZLWH
]XĪ\FLHHQHUJLLZ\VWĊSXMHZ$XVWULL– 7-QDVWĊSQLH1LHPF]HFK– 7-
D Z &]HFKDFK)UDQFMLLZ:LHONLHM%U\WDQLLZ\QRVLRN 7-
234
WNIOSKI
3ROVNDGRURNX]DPLHU]DSR]\VNLZDüHQHUJLLSRFKRG]ąFHM]HĨUyGHá
RGQDZLDOQ\FK
1DMZLĊFHMHQHUJLL]HĨUyGHáRGQDZLDOQ\FKZ3ROVFHZ\WZDU]DQHMHVW]ELRPDV\
Z UE\áRWR 7-
:SU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\VPLHV]NDĔFyZQDMZLĊNV]ąSURGXNFMĊHQHUJLLZ\WZDU]D$XVWULD
]ELRPDV\7-]JHRWHUPLL7-SURPLHQLRZDQLDVáRQHF]QHJR7-LZRG\
7--HG\QLH]ZLDWUXQDMZLĊFHMHQHUJLLSR]\VNXMą1LHPF\7-
:SU]HOLF]HQLXQDW\VPLHV]NDĔFyZQDMPQLHMV]HFDáNRZLWH]XĪ\FLHHQHUJLLPDMą
3RODF\– 7-DQDMZLĊNV]H$XVWULDF\– 7%LEOLRJUDILD
'\UHNW\ZD3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJRL5DG\:(]GQUZVSUDZLH
SURPRZDQLD VWRVRZDQLD HQHUJLL ]H ĨUyGHá RGQDZLDOQ\FK ]PLHQLDMąFD L Z QDVWĊSVWZLH
XFK\ODMąFDG\UHNW\Z\:(RUD]:(
(XURVWDW'HPRJUDSKLFVEDODQFH--
(XURVWDW)LQDOHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ-U---
(XURVWDW 5HQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ SULPDU\ SURGXFWLRQ ELRPDVV K\GUR JHRWKHUPDO ZLQG DQG
VRODUHQHUJ\-U---
)/(6=$5 - 72.$5&=<. $ $QDOL]D NRV]WyZ Z\WZDU]DQLD HQHUJLL FLHSOQHM Z
JPLQQHM NRWáRZQL Z\NRU]\VWXMąFHM ELRPDVĊ ,QĪ\QLHULD 5ROQLF]D 1U V -
,661-
3,2752:6.,.:,/72:6.,7021'$/.%LRPDVD- NáRSRWOLZHSR]RVWDáRĞFL
F]\VWUDWHJLF]QHUH]HUZ\F]\VWHMHQHUJLL"&]\VWD(QHUJLDQUV-,661
8FKZDáD 5DG\ 0LQLVWUyZ QU ] GQ U Z VSUDZLH Ä3ROLW\ND
HQHUJHW\F]QD3ROVNLGRURNX´
$GUHVDXWRUD
0DUHN5\QNLHZLF]
.DWHGUD%XGRZ\L8Ī\WNRZDQLD8U]ąG]HĔ7HFKQLF]Q\FK
=DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNL8QLZHUV\WHW7HFKQRORJLF]Q\Z6]F]HFLQLHXO3DSLHĪD3DZáD9,
-6]F]HFLQPDUHNU\QNLHZLF]#]XWHGXSO
235
0ċě(1Ë(/(.75,&.e92',9267,/('.8$0211eHO
-26().583,ý.$/8.$â67$1ċ.%/$+26/$9+$1286(.
$EVWUDkW
ýOiQHN SRMHGQiYi R PČĜHQt HOHNWULFNp YRGLYRVWL Yê]QDPQêFK YHOLNRVWQtFK VNXSLQ
PLQHUiOQtKR KQRMLYD /HGHN DPRQQê UR]GČOHQêFK YH Y]GXFKRYpP SURXGX9]RUN\ ] WČFKWR
VNXSLQ E\O\ UR]SRXãWČQ\ Y GHVWLORYDQp YRGČ D ]MLãWČQp KRGQRW\ HOHNWULFNp YRGLYRVWL
]D]QDPHQiQ\ 0ČĜHQtEXGHSRXåLWRSURVOHGRYiQtHOHNWULFNpYRGLYRVWLGDOãtFKPLQHUiOQtFK
KQRMLYDY\WYRĜHQtHWDORQXSURNYDOLWDWLYQtSRVRX]HQtUR]WRNĤKQRMLY
.OtþRYiVORYD HOHNWULFNiYRGLYRVWY]GXFKRYêSURXGUR]WRNKQRMLYD
ÚVOD
.RQFHQWUDFH KQRMLY O]H XUþLW QD ]iNODGČ HOHNWULFNp YRGLVWL Y]UĤVWi V HOHNWULFNRX
YRGLYRVWt 7DWR KRGQRWD HOHNWULFNp YRGLYRVWL PXåH VORXåLW SUR SUHFL]Qt DSOLNDFL KQRMLY
v NDSDOQpIRUPČ
3RGOH HOHNWULFNp YRGLYRVWL O]H YHOPL SĜHVQČ SRVRXGLW NYDOLWX PČĜHQp WHNXWLQ\ D
VQDGQR ] Qt O]H RGYRGLW L MLQp ~GDMH MDNR VWXSHĖ ]QHþLãWČQt NRQFHQWUDFL UĤ]QêFK VORåHN
UR]WRNX DSRG .DEHã (OHNWULFNi YRGLYRVW MH SĜHYUiFHQi KRGQRWD HOHNWULFNpKR
RGSRUX=QDþtVHStVPHQHP*DMHMt]iNODGQtMHGQRWNDMH6LHPHQV6
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
3ĜtVWURMH SUR PČĜHQt HOHNWURO\WLFNp YRGLYRVWL SDWĜt PH]L ]iNODGQt SURVWĜHGN\ SUR
DQDO\]RYiQt SURYR]QtFK NDSDOLQ UR]WRNĤ D ILQiOQtFK SURGXNWĤ Y UĤ]QêFK REODVWHFK
SUĤP\VOX 3RGOH HOHNWULFNp YRGLYRVWL O]H YHOPL SĜHVQČ SRVRXGLW NYDOLWX PČĜHQp WHNXWLQ\ D
VQDGQR ] Qt O]H RGYRGLW L MLQp ~GDMH MDNR VWXSHĖ ]QHþLãWČQt NRQFHQWUDFL UĤ]QêFK VORåHN
UR]WRNX DSRG .DGOHF (OHNWULFNi YRGLYRVW VH PČĜLOD QD VWURML .RQGXNWRPHWU:7:
,QRODE:7:PRGHO&RQG
3ĜtVWURMH SUR PČĜHQt HOHNWURO\WLFNp YRGLYRVWL SĜHVQČML ĜHþHQR PČUQp HOHNWULFNp
YRGLYRVWL NDSDOLQ VH VNOiGDMt ] PČĜLFt VRQG\ QHEROL VQtPDþH YRGLYRVWL D ] PČĜLFtKR
SĜHYRGQtNX V Y\KRGQRFRYDFt MHGQRWNRX 9ČWãLQD SĜtVWURMĤ MH SĜL]SĤVREHQD L SUR PČĜHQt
PČUQpKR RGSRUX D YiKRYp NRQFHQWUDFH QČNWHUêFK VORåHNUR]WRNXNWHURX O]H ] HOHNWULFNp
YRGLYRVWL RGYRGLW -VRX YHOPL FLWOLYp D XPRåĖXMt PČĜLW REVDK UR]PDQLWêFK OiWHN RG YHOPL
PDOêFKDåSRY\VRNpNRQFHQWUDFHDþDVWRVHSRXåtYDMtLSURĜt]HQtFHOpĜDG\SUĤP\VORYêFK
SURFHVĤ.DEHã
0ČĜHQt E\OR SURYHGHQR SUR PLQHUiOQt KQRMLYR OHGHN DPRQQê V REVDKHP GXVtNXY\UREHQêPYHILUPČ/RYRFKHPLH/RYRVLFHDV
5R]GČOHQt YH Y]GXFKRYpP SURXGX E\OR SURYiGČQR Y ODERUDWRĜL .DWHGU\
]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤSRXåLWtPODERUDWRUQtY]GXFKRYpWĜtGLþN\.– YL]REU
236
2EU/DERUDWRUQtY]GXFKRYiWĜtGLþND.– SRSLVN\ – VWDYLWHOQp KUDGtWNR QiV\SN\ – YHUWLNiOQt DVSLUDþQt NDQiO – ]iVREQtN\ –
RYOiGDFtSDQHOV WODþtWN\– PDOêDYHONêRGPČUQêYiOHF– UHJXODþQtãURXE\YiOFĤ- YHQWLOiWRU
3RVWXSPČĜHQt
1HMGĜtYH VH QD ODERUDWRUQt WĜtGLþFH .- XUþt UR]VDK\ SRWĜHEQpKR PQRåVWYt
Y]GXFKX WM PLQLPiOQt PQRåVWYt Y]GXFKX SĜL NWHUpP MVRX XQiãHQ\ þiVWLFH KQRMLYD D
QDRSDN PD[LPiOQt PQRåVWYt Y]GXFKX SĜL NWHUpP MH Y]RUHN NRPSOHWQČ UR]WĜtGČQ =D
SRPRFLRGPČUQêFKYiOFĤVH]YROtLQWHUYDOSRVWXSQpKR]Y\ãRYiQtU\FKORVWLSURXGXY]GXFKX
WDN DE\ SRþHW WĜtG E\O Då -H QXWQR ]DMLVWLW VSUiYQRX SORFKX SUR YiK\ WDN DE\ E\OD
]DMLãWČQD SĜHVQRVW PČĜHQt 9iK\ EXGRX NDOLEURYiQ\ D QDVWDYHQ\ QD QXOX +QRMLYR VH
] GĤYRGX SĜHVQRVWL PČĜHQt SURPtVt D RGHEHUH VH Y]RUHN KQRMLYD R KPRWQRVWL J 1D
ODERUDWRUQtP SĜtVWURML VH ]D SRXåLWt RGPČUQêFK YiOFĤ D UHJXODþQtFK ãURXEĤ QDVWDYt
RGSRYtGDMtFt SĜHGHP VWDQRYHQi U\FKORVW Y]GXFKX 9]RUHN KQRMLYD VH QDV\SH GR
]iVREQtNXV SĜHGHPVHĜt]HQêPKUDGtWNHP=DSRPRFtYLEUiWRUXVHKQRMLYRGRVWiYiGR
Y]GXFKRYpKR SURXGX YH YHUWLNiOQtP NDQiOX =GH QDVWiYi VHSDUDFH *UDQXOH V YČWãt
NULWLFNRX U\FKORVWt QHå MH QDVWDYHQD SURSDGiYDMt NDQiOHP GR ]iVREQtNX *UDQXOH
V PHQãt NULWLFNRX U\FKORVWt MVRX YHUWLNiOQČ XQiãHQD Y]GXFKRYêP SURXGHP D Y UR]ãtĜHQp
þiVWLNDQiOXSDGDMtGR]iVREQtNX0QRåVWYtKQRMLYDXQHVHQpKRY]GXFKRYêPSURXGHP
GR ]iVREQtNX MH QiVOHGQČ XPtVWČQR GR SĜHGHP SĜLSUDYHQp D R]QDþHQp PLVN\ SUR
SR]GČMãtSRXåLWt9\SUi]GQČQê]iVREQtNMHXPtVWČQ]SČWGRSĜtVWURMHDMH]NRQWURORYiQD
U\FKORVW SURXGX 3RWp MH KQRMLYR ]H ]iVREQtNX QDV\SiQR GR ]iVREQtNX D QD
RGPČUQpP YiOFL MH QDVWDYHQD GDOãt KRGQRWD U\FKORVWL Y]GXFKRYpKR SURXGX 7tPWR
]SĤVREHP VH SRNUDþXMH GR Wp GRE\ QHå VH SRVWXSQČ GRVWDQH GR ]iVREQtNX FHOê
Y]RUHNKQRMLYD
&HOêSRVWXSRSDNXMHPHV RVPLUĤ]QêPL Y]RUN\KQRMLYDSUR ]DFKRYiQtSĜHVQRVWLD
SURVWDWLVWLFNRXYČURKRGQRVW~GDMĤPČĜHQt
237
2EU9HUWLNiOQtNDQiOGHWDLOQtSRKOHG
3RSLVN\– ]iVREQtN– YHUWLNiOQtNDQiO– ]iVREQtN– ]iVREQtNKQRMLYDVPHQãtNULWLFNRX
U\FKORVWtMVRXYHUWLNiOQČY\QiãHQDGRWRKRWR]iVREQtNX
0ČĜHQt YH Y]GXFKRYpP SURXGX SUREtKDOR ]D WHSORW\ & D YOKNRVWL SURVWĜHGt
(OHNWULFNi YRGLYRVW VH PČĜLOD QD VWURML .RQGXNWRPHWU :7: ,QRODE :7: PRGHO
&RQG
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
=HY]RUNXQDPČĜHQêFKYHY]GXFKRYpPSURXGXVHRGHEUDOLY]RUN\RKPRWQRVWLJ
] PČĜHQt Yê]QDPQpKR SRGtOX NWHUê E\O 9 >PK-@ ] WDEXON\
JUDQXORPHWULFNpKRVORåHQt 7DE
7DE1DPČĜHQpKPRWQRVWLJUDQXORPHWULFNpKRVORåHQtKQRMLYDOHGHNDPRQQê
-
9>P K @
6
8
[

Z WDEXON\ 1DPČĜHQêFK KPRWQRVWL E\OR RGYR]HQR åH QHMYČWãt KPRWQRVWní
]DVWRXSHQtJUDQXOtMHYHWĜtGiFK
3URWR E\Oy ] WČFKWR Y]RUNĤ Y\EUiQ\ Y]RUN\ R KPRWQRVWL J Y ãHVWL RSDNRYiQtFK
1iVOHGQČ E\Oy SURPtFKiQ\ D RGHEUiQ\ J Y]RUN\ NWHUp E\Oy UR]SXãWČQ\ Y GHVWLORYDQp
YRGČRREMHPXPO1DPČĜHQpKRGQRW\YL]WDE0ČĜHQtYRGLYRVWLE\ORSURYiGČQRSR
MHGQp KRGLQČ (OHNWULFNp YRGLYRVWL * MVRX XYHGHQ\ Y MHGQRWNiFK 6 6 6 RGSRYtGDMt
JUDQXOtP]HWĜtG
238
7DE1DPČĜHQpKRGQRW\HOHNWULFNpYRGLYRVWL*KQRMLYDOHGHNDPRQQê
-
þDVPČĜHQt
WHSORWD>&@
-
S P NJ
V $ WHSORWD>&@
.DSD9
-
>P K @
-
-
S P NJ
V $ WHSORWD>&@
.DSD9
-
>P K @
-
-
S P NJ
V $ .DSD9
-
>P K @
1HUR]SXãWČQp]E\WN\E\Oy ]MLãWČQ\SRPRFtILOWUDþQtKRSDStUX– UR]WRNE\O ILOWURYiQD
SHYQp þiVWLFH E\OL ]YiåHQ\ D Y\VRXãHQ\ Y VXãLþFH SĜL VWiOH WHSORWČ & GR VWiOH
KPRWQRVWL 7\WR KPRWQRVWL ]GH QHXYiGtPH SURWRåH ]GH QHPĤåHPH XUþLW PQRåVWYt
QHUR]SXãWČQpKRKQRMLYD
7RWR PČĜHQt E\OR SURYiGČQR MDNR RULHQWDþQt D QD MHKR ]iNODGČ E\OD SURYHGHQD
GDOãtPČĜHQtNG\Y]RUHNE\OUR]SRXãWČQGRWpGRE\QHåVHSĜHVWDODPČQLWMHKRHOHNWULFNi
YRGLYRVW W]Q E\OR XNRQþHQR MHKR UR]SRXãWČQt =E\WN\ QHUR]SXãWČQpKR KQRMLYD E\Oy
]YiåHQ\ =GHVHE\VHGDOR]MLVWLWUR]ERUHPåLYLQ]GDQHUR]SXãWČQêY]RUHNREVDKXåLYLQ\
DQHERVHMHGQiRQRVQRXEDODVWQtOiWNX
7DE=iYLVORVWHOHNWULFNpYRGLYRVWLUR]WRNXQDþDVH
ýDV
UR]S
(OHNWULFNiYRGLYRVW *
WK
6
6
6
*UDILFNp ]Qi]RUQČQt SUĤEČKX HOHNWULFNp YRGLYRVWL WĜt YHOLNRVWQtFK VNXSLQ JUDQXOt
KQRMLYD /HGHN DPRQQê QD þDVH UR]SRXãWČQt Y]RUNĤ JUDQXOt Y\WĜtGČQêFK Y]GXFKRYêP
SURXGHP v PQRåVWYt9SUR6669 PK- MHYREU
239
S
S
S
/RJ6
/RJ6
/RJ6
(OHNWULFNiYRGLYRVW6P-NJ-V$
S= /QK
R = S= /QK
R = S= /QK
R = 6
8
ýDVUR]SRXãWČQtWK
2EU *UDI=iYLVORVWHOHNWULFNpYRGLYRVWL UR]WRNXQDþDVH
=È9ċ5
1D ]iNODGČ HOHNWULFNp YRGLYRVWL O]H XUþLW NRQFHQWUDFL UR]SXãWČQpKR PLQHUiOQtKR
KQRMLYD 7\WR KRGQRW\ MVRX XUþXMtFt SUR YêUREX UR]WRNĤ NRQFHQWURYDQêFK PLQHUiOQtFK
KQRMLY NWHUi O]H DSOLNRYDW SRPRFt SRVWĜLNRYDþĤ 3URYHGHQp PČĜHQt NWHUp GiOH EXGH
GRSOQČQR PČĜHQtP GDOãtFK Y]RUNĤ KQRMLY NWHUi EXGRX UR]SRXãWČQD GR NRQHþQp KRGQRW\
HOHNWULFNpYRGLYRVWLE\PRKOREêWY\XåLWRSĜLSUHFL]QtDSOLNDFLKQRMLYDPRKORE\EêWSRXåLWR
MDNRHWDORQSURNYDOLWDWLYQtSRVRX]HQtUR]WRNĤKQRMLY
/LWHUDWXUD
%(51Èâ(. . %ě(ý.$ - 1HXEDXHU . 1iYRG\ N ODERUDWRUQtPX PČĜHQt9â=
3UDKD
.$%(â . 3ĜHKOHG WUKX – SĜtVWURMH SUR PČĜHQt HOHNWURO\WLFNp YRGLYRVWL
$XWRPDWL]DFHþV–
.$'/(&.6QtPDþHHOHNWURO\WLFNpYRGLYRVWLNDSDOLQ$XWRPDWL]DFHþ
V–
&RQWDFWDGGUHVV
,QJ-RVHI.UXSLþND&6F
&]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHVLQ3UDJXH7HFKQLFDO)DFXOW\3UDTXH&]HFK
RHSXEOLN3KRQH--(-PDLONUXS#WIF]XF]
240
HODNOCENÍ PRACOVNÍHO =$7Ëä(1Ë ě,',ýģ STROJNÍCH SOUPRAV 3ě,
9<8äË9È1Ë 1$9,*$ý1Ë&+ 6<67e0ģ 3ě, 35È&, NA 32/,
='(1ċ. .9Ë= MILAN .528/Ë. -,ěË0$â(.
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWDNDWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
Abstrakt:
3ĜHVQi QDYLJDFH VWURMQtFK VRXSUDY Y ]HPČGČOVWYt Pi PQRKR YêKRG 9\XåtYiQt
WČFKWR V\VWpPĤ E\ PČOR V VHERX WDNp SĜLQiãHW ~OHYX SV\FKLFNp ]iWČåH ĜLGLþĤ SĜL Ĝt]HQt
]HPČGČOVNêFK VWURMĤ +RGQRFHQt PtU\ SV\FKLFNp ]iWČåH VWUHVX D QiURþQRVWL Ĝt]HQt
VWURMQtFK VRXSUDY QD SROL E\OR SURYHGHQR SRPRFt VQtPiQt VUGHþQt WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH
Y\EUDQp VNXSLQ\ ĜLGLþĤ Y UĤ]QêFK ]HPČGČOVNêFK SRGQLFtFK 3ĜL PČĜHQt E\OD VQtPiQD
SĜHVQi SRORKD VWURMH SRPRFt *36 SĜLMtPDþH D WHSRYi IUHNYHQFH ĜLGLþH SRPRFt KUXGQtKR
SiVXY\EDYHQpKRWHSRYêPVHQ]RUHP'DWDE\ODVQtPiQDY SUĤEČKXSĜtSUDY\SĤG\DWDNp
SĜLVHWtQDSRG]LPURNX9\KRGQRFRYiQDE\ODWHSRYiIUHNYHQFHĜLGLþĤSĜLPDQXiOQtP
Ĝt]HQtVRXSUDY\EH]QDYLJDFHDSĜLDXWRPDWLFNpPĜt]HQt]DSRXåLWtQDYLJDþQtKRV\VWpPX
9êVOHGN\ SURNi]DO\ VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp VQtåHQt WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH D WHG\ L ]iWČåH ĜLGLþĤ
SĜLY\XåtYiQtSĜHVQpQDYLJDFHSURĜt]HQtVWURMĤ
.OtþRYiVORYDQDYLJDþQtV\VWpP\Y ]HPČGČOVWYt]iWČåVWUHVĜLGLþWHSRYiIUHNYHQFH
ÚVOD
1DYLJDþQtV\VWpP\DV\VWpP\SURSĜHVQpXUþRYiQtSRORK\QD=HPLVHY VRXþDVQp
GREČ VWDO\ QHRGP\VOLWHOQRX VRXþiVWt FLYLOQtKR åLYRWD -HMLFK SRXåtYiQt VH SĤYRGQČ
z YêKUDGQČ YRMHQVNpKRY\XåLWt YHOPLU\FKOHUR]ãtĜLORY WXULVWLFHY GRSUDYČY JHRGp]LLDOH
WDNpY ]HPČGČOVWYt1DYLJDFHVWURMQtFKVRXSUDYSRSR]HPFtFKDWXGtåSĜHVQpQDYD]RYiQt
VRXVHGQtFK ]iEČUĤ VWURMĤ EH] QXWQRVWL PDQXiOQtKR Ĝt]HQt ĜLGLþHP XPRåĖXMH YROEX
QHNRQYHQþQtRUJDQL]DFHMt]GVWURMĤQDSROLXPRåĖXMHY\XåLWtQRYêFKV\VWpPĤKRVSRGDĜHQt
– FRQWUROOHG WUDIILF IDUPLQJ &7) D Pi WDNp SĜLQpVW ~OHYX SV\FKLFNp ]iWČåH ĜLGLþĤ SĜL
Ĝt]HQt]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
2EHFQČ MH SV\FKLFNp VWUHVRYp ]DWtåHQt SR]RURYiQR X YãHFK ĜLGLþĤ QHER REVOXK\
VWURMQtKR ]DĜt]HQt 7HQWR MHY Y]QLNi VRXKURX UĤ]QêFK IDNWRUĤ NWHUp VH R]QDþXMt MDNR
VWUHVRU\7\PRKRXPtWSĤYRGI\]LFNêXYQLWĜNDELQ\VWURMHQHERYR]LGODWRPĤåHEêWKOXN
Y\VRNpWHSORW\QHSRKRGOtãSDWQpHUJRQRPLFNpSRGPtQN\DGDOãtGiOHVRFLiOQČ-SUDFRYQt
XSURIHVLRQiOQtFKĜLGLþĤQDSĜtNODGY\VRNpSRåDGDYN\]HVWUDQ\]DPČVWQDYDWHOHSUiFHQD
VPČQ\ SRFLW\ L]RODFH SĜHVþDV\ GRGUåRYiQt þDVRYêFK WHUPtQĤ ]RGSRYČGQRVW ]D
SĜHYiåHQpRVRE\D]ERåtDNRQHþQČSĤYRGYVDPRWQpRVREČĜLGLþHLPSXOVLYLWDRGROQRVW
YĤþL]iWČåLDGDSWDELOLWD7HQWRMHYE\O]NRXPiQ]HMPpQDXĜLGLþĤY VLOQLþQtDXWRPRELORYp
GRSUDYČY UHiOQpPSURYR]XNGHMHSRþHWVWUHVRUĤQHMYČWãtâYDQFDUD
3RGOH NODVLILNDFH VWUHVRUĤ UR]OLãXMHPHWĜL KODYQt IRUP\ SV\FKLFNp ]iWČåHMHGQi VH
R ]iWČå VHQ]RULFNRX NWHUi Y\SOêYi ] QiURNĤ QD þLQQRVW VP\VORYêFK RUJiQĤ D MLP
RGSRYtGDMtFtFK VWUXNWXU FHQWUiOQtKR QHUYRYpKR V\VWpPX GiOH ]iWČå PHQWiOQt Y\SOêYDMtFt
z SRåDGDYNĤ QD ]SUDFRYiQt LQIRUPDFt NODGRXFtFK QiURN\ QD SV\FKLFNp SURFHV\ MDNR
SR]RUQRVW SDPČĢ SĜHGVWDYLYRVW P\ãOHQt D UR]KRGRYiQt D NRQHþQČ ]iWČå HPRþQt 7D
Y\SOêYi ]H VLWXDFt D SRåDGDYNĤ Y\YROiYDMtFtFK DIHNWLYQt RGH]YX 3RVOHGQČ MPHQRYDQi
HPRþQt ]iWČå VH RSČW SURMHYXMH ]HMPpQD X ĜLGLþĤ SRK\EXMtFtFK VH Y VLOQLþQtP SURYR]X
-DPHVD1DKO
'H\ D 0DQQ SXEOLNRYDOL Yê]NXP WêNDMtFt VH VOHGRYiQt ]iWČåH ĜLGLþĤ
SRVWĜLNRYDþĤ NWHĜt Y\XåtYDOL QDYLJDþQt V\VWpP Ĝt]HQt SRPRFt VYČWHOQp /(' OLãW\ 3ĜL
PČĜHQtFK E\O\ VOHGRYiQ\ SRK\E\ Rþt D WHSRYi IUHNYHQFH ĜLGLþĤ 0ČĜHQt E\OD GRSOQČQD
GRWD]QtNHP NGH ĜLGLþL Y\SOĖRYDOL RWi]N\ WêNDMtFt IDNWRUĤ NWHUp PDMt YOLY QD PHQWiOQt
L I\]LFNRX]iWČåREVOXK\SRVWĜLNRYDþH%DWWHD(KVDQLKRGQRWLOLHNRQRPLFNêSĜtQRV
241
SRXåtYiQt QDYLJDþQtKR V\VWpPX X SRVWĜLNRYDþĤ D MDNR GRSOĖNRYi PČĜHQt SURYHGOL WDNp
KRGQRFHQt~QDY\REVOXK\SRVWĜLNRYDþĤSĜLY\XåtYiQtQDYLJDFH
&tOHP SUH]HQWRYDQpKR Yê]NXPX ]DPČĜHQpKR QD KRGQRFHQt SV\FKLFNp ]iWČåH
REVOXK\ ]HPČGČOVNêFK VWURMĤ E\OR Y\KRGQRWLW SĜtQRV\ QDYLJDþQtFK V\VWpPĤ SRXåtYDQêFK
Y ]HPČGČOVWYt NWHUp VH SURMHYt QD VQtåHQt VWUHVRYêFK VWDYĤ D VQtåHQt ~QDY\ ĜLGLþĤ
VWURMQtFKVRXSUDY
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
3UR PČĜHQt D QiVOHGQp Y\KRGQRFHQt SV\FKLFNp ]iWČåH REVOXK\ ]HPČGČOVNêFK
VWURMĤE\OD]YROHQDPHWRGDPRQLWRURYiQtVUGHþQtWHSRYpIUHNYHQFHĜLGLþĤY SUĤEČKXSUiFH
VWURMH QD SR]HPNX 0ČĜHQt E\OD SURYiGČQD Y ]HPČGČOVNp DNFLRYp VSROHþQRVWL 5RVWČQLFH
SĜL SRG]LPQt SĜtSUDYČ SĤG\ D VHWt Y URFH %\O\ ]YROHQ\ GYČ YDULDQW\ W\SX Ĝt]HQt
VWURMQtFK VRXSUDY NWHUp E\O\ PH]L VHERX SRURYQiYiQ\ 6UGHþQt WHSRYi IUHNYHQFH E\OD
PČĜHQDĜLGLþĤPSĜLSĜtSUDYČSĤG\SĜLVRXþDVQpP SRXåtYiQtQDYLJDþQtKRV\VWpPXWUDNWRUX
D X VWHMQpKRĜLGLþH SĜL SĜtSUDYČ SĤG\ QD VWHMQpPSR]HPNX EH] SRXåLWt QDYLJDFH WHG\ SĜL
Ĝt]HQtVWURMHPDQXiOQČ.DåGiYDULDQWDE\ODPČĜHQDDåPLQXW9 SUD[LMHGHQĜLGLþQD
VWHMQpP SR]HPNX SURYiGČO N\SĜHQt SĤG\ VH ]DSQXWêP V\VWpPHP QDYLJDFH
s DXWRPDWLFNêPQDYD]RYiQtVRXVHGQtFK]iEČUĤSRXUþHQRXGREXSRWpSRNUDþRYDOVWHMQê
þDVRYê ~VHN EH] QDYLJDFH V PDQXiOQtP Ĝt]HQtP D QDYD]RYiQtP ]iEČUĤ SRX]H YL]XiOQČ
GOHVYêFK]NXãHQRVWtDRGKDGX7HQWRSRVWXSVWĜtGiQtĜt]HQtV QDYLJDFtDEH]QDYLJDFHE\O
SURYHGHQFHONHPWĜLNUiW
3UR~þHO\PRQLWRURYiQtWHSRYpIUHNYHQFHĜLGLþĤE\O\SRĜt]HQ\GYČPČĜtFtVRXSUDY\
VSRUWWHVWHUX 3RODU 56;&; * 2EU 6RXþiVWt VRXSUDY\ MH *36 SĜLMtPDþ NWHUê
ORNDOL]XMH RNDPåLWRX SRORKX RVRE\ 'DWD R RNDPåLWp SROR]H D WHSRYi IUHNYHQFH MVRX
XNOiGiQ\ NDåGRX VHNXQGX GR SDPČWL SĜtVWURMH ]H NWHUp VH SDN SRPRFt LQIUDSRUWX
SĜHQHVRXGR3&
3UR YODVWQt PČĜHQt SV\FKLFNp ]iWČåH ĜLGLþĤ WUDNWRUĤ E\OL Y\EUiQL QiKRGQČ ĜLGLþL
UR]GtOQpKR YČNX NWHĜt PČOL ]NXãHQRVWL V Y\XåtYiQtP QDYLJDþQtP V\VWpPHP YH VYpP
WUDNWRUX7HQWRSĜHGSRNODGE\OGĤOHåLWêMHOLNRåSRXåtYiQtQDYLJDFHSURĜLGLþHQHQDY\NOpKR
QDQDYLJDþQtV\VWpPPĤåHSĤVRELWMDNRVWUHVRYêIDNWRU
2EUi]HN- 6SRUWWHVWHU3RODU56&;*
9é6/('.<$',6.86(
3R]HPN\QDNWHUêFKE\ORSURYHGHQRPČĜHQtSV\FKLFNp]iWČåHREVOXK\VWURMĤE\O\
Y\EtUiQ\ R YČWãt YHOLNRVWL KD D YtFH D SUDYLGHOQpKR WYDUX DE\ E\O\ ]DMLãWČQ\
GRVWDWHþQČ GORXKp SUĤMH]G\ VWURMĤ EH] QXWQRVWL VWiOpKR RWiþHQt QD VRXYUDWtFK ]DWiþHQt
D REMtåGČQtSĜHNiåHN9 URFHE\ORSURYHGHQRFHONHPPČĜHQtXĜLGLþĤWUDNWRUĤ
242
3ĜHGYODVWQtP]DSRþHWtPPČĜHQtE\OĜLGLþLSĜLSHYQČQSUVQtSiVVHVQtPDþHPVUGHþQt
WHSRYpIUHNYHQFHE\O\]DSQXW\VQtPDFtKRGLQN\ D*36PRGXO9åG\E\O SURYHGHQ]iSLV
s QiVOHGXMtFtPL~GDML
x
x
ĜLGLþ;MPpQRSR]HPNXGDWXPSUDFRYQtRSHUDFHMt]GD%(=QDYLJDFH
þDVSRþiWNXPČĜHQtGREDPČĜHQt– PLQ
ĜLGLþ;MPpQRSR]HPNXGDWXPSUDFRYQtRSHUDFHMt]GD6QDYLJDFt
þDVSRþiWNXPČĜHQtGREDPČĜHQt– PLQ
7HQWRSRVWXSE\ORSDNRYiQFHONHP[
=SUDFRYiQt QDPČĜHQêFK KRGQRW XPRåĖXMH NRPXQLNDþQt VRIWZDUH SĜtVWURMH 3RODU
NGHMHPRåQpSĜHKOHGQČDQi]RUQČJUDILFN\WĜtGLWDY\KRGQRFRYDWQDPČĜHQpKRGQRW\2EU
6RIWZDUH XPRåĖXMH OLVWRYiQt Y NDOHQGiĜL PČĜHQt ]H NWHUpKR O]H Y\YRODW MHGQRWOLYp
SUDFRYQt RSHUDFH ]D]QDPHQDQp FKURQRORJLFN\ -H ]GH YHOLFH MHGQRGXFKp LGHQWLILNRYDW
SUDFRYQt RSHUDFL D RVREX NWHUi RSHUDFL SURYiGČOD = NDåGpKR PČĜHQt MH XORåHQ NUiWNê
SURWRNRO SUR NDåGê ]SUDFRYDQê SR]HPHN = WRKRWR VRIWZDUH O]H YHOLFH MHGQRGXãH XORåLW
GDWDMDNRWH[WRYêVRXERUDWDNMHPRåQpGDWDRRNDPåLWpSROR]HVWURMHD]i]QDPWHSRYp
IUHNYHQFHGiOHGHWDLOQČMLDQDO\]RYDWDVWDWLVWLFN\]SUDFRYDW
3UR GDOãt KRGQRFHQt E\O SRXåLW SURJUDP $UF*,6 *36 VRXĜDGQLFH PtVW XORåHQt
WHSRYpIUHNYHQFHE\ORPRåQpUR]GČOLWWDNåHGRãORN UR]GČOHQtSUDFRYQtSORFK\SR]HPNX
QD VRXYUDWČ D SURGXNþQt SORFKX – E\OD ]YROHQD ãtĜND VRXYUDWČ P 2EU 1iVOHGQČ
E\O\ ]SUDFRYiQ\ QDPČĜHQp KRGQRW\ SUR ~VHN\ PČĜHQt Y SUĤEČKX Mt]G\ PH]L VRXYUDWČPL
EH] QDYLJDFH D V QDYLJDFt D GiOH SUR ~VHN\ PČĜHQt SĜL RWiþHQt QD VRXYUDWtFK RSČW SĜL
Mt]GiFKEH]QDYLJDFHD s QDYLJDFt
2EUi]HN- 1iKOHGKODYQtVWUiQN\NRPXQLNDþQtKRSURJUDPXYOHYRDSURWRNROX]i]QDPX
z MHGQRWOLYêFKSR]HPNĤYSUDYR
243
2EUi]HN- =REUD]HQtPČĜHQpKRSR]HPNXSRPRFtVRIWZDUH$UF*,6YþHWQČPtVW]i]QDPX
D WUDMHNWRULHSRK\EXVRXSUDY\
Z YêVOHGĤ PČĜHQt MVRX XYHGHQ\ GYD SĜtNODG\ Y\KRGQRFHQt 3UH]HQWRYiQ\ MVRX
YêVOHGN\ PČĜHQt ]tVNDQp SĜL ]iNODGQtP ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ 9 SUYQtP SĜtSDGČ E\O QDVD]HQ
NORXERYê WUDNWRU &DVH 9 GUXKpP SĜtSDGČ VH MHGQDOR R VRXSUDYX WDåHQRX SiVRYêP
WUDNWRUHP&DWWHUSLOODU.HVWDWLVWLFNpPX]SUDFRYiQtE\OSRXåLWSURJUDP6WDWLVWLFD
2EUi]HN XND]XMH JUDI NGH MVRX Y\QHVHQ\ KRGQRW\ WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH ĜLGLþH
NORXERYpKRWUDNWRUX-VRX]GHSDWUQpUR]GtO\PH]LKRGQRWDPLWHSRYpIUHNYHQFHSĜLSRXåLWt
QDYLJDFH D EH] SRXåLWt QDYLJDFH 1iUĤVW KRGQRW WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH MH WDNp SDWUQê QD
VRXYUDWtFKSĜLRWiþHQtVRXSUDY\
2EUi]HN- 3RURYQiQtSUĤPČUĤVUGHþQtWHSRYpIUHNYHQFHĜLGLþHSĜLSUiFLs NORXERYêPWUDNWRUHP
&$6(
244
3ĜL SRURYQiQt SUĤPČUQêFK KRGQRW GRãOR N SRNOHVX KRGQRW R SĜL SRXåLWt
QDYLJDFH Y SRURYQiQt V Ĝt]HQtP EH] QDYLJDFH 3ĜL SRURYQiQt KRGQRW WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH
]D]QDPHQDQpY SURGXNþQtSORãHDQDVRXYUDWLSĜLSRXåLWtQDYLJDFHRWiþHQtWUDNWRUXE\OR
]DMLãĢRYiQR YåG\ PDQXiOQtP Ĝt]HQt QDURVWO\ KRGQRW\ QD VRXYUDWtFK R 3ĜL
PDQXiOQtPĜt]HQtE\ORSR]RURYiQRQDYêãHQtKRGQRWSRX]HR,NG\åE\SR]RURYiQ
SRNOHV KRGQRW WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH SĜL SRXåLWt QDYLJDFH EČKHP SUiFH SĜL RWiþHQt E\OR
]DWtåHQtĜLGLþHY\ããt
-DN GRND]XMH WDEXOND E\O\ SURNi]iQ\ QD KODGLQČ Yê]QDPQRVWL Į VWDWLVWLFN\Yê]QDPQpUR]GtO\Y KRGQRWiFKWHSRYpIUHNYHQFH
9 GUXKpP SĜtSDGČ E\O VOHGRYiQ ĜLGLþ SĜL Ĝt]HQt D REVOX]H SiVRYpKR WUDNWRUX *UDI
QD REUi]NX URYQČå SRXND]XMH QD UR]GtO\ Y KRGQRWiFK WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH = JUDILFNpKR
]Qi]RUQČQt MH PRåQR R]QDþLW GYČ VNXSLQ\ KRGQRW -t]GD EH] QDYLJDFH D V SRXåLWtP
QDYLJDFH 3ĜL SRXåLWt QDYLJDFH E\O\ KRGQRW\ QDPČĜHQp Y SURGXNþQt SORãH R QLåãt
RSURWLPDQXiOQtPXĜt]HQt-DNGRND]XMHWDEXONDUR]GtO\E\O\RSČWVWDWLVWLFN\Yê]QDPQp
3ĜL RWiþHQt QD VRXYUDWtFK QHY\ND]RYDO\ KRGQRW\ WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH SĜL MHGQRWOLYêFK
]SĤVREHFKĜt]HQtYê]QDPQpUR]GtO\
2EUi]HN- 3RURYQiQtSUĤPČUĤVUGHþQtWHSRYpIUHNYHQFHĜLGLþHSĜLSUiFLV SiVRYêPWUDNWRUHP
&KDOOHQJHU
7DEXOND- 9êVOHGN\DQDOê]\UR]SW\OX– WHVWVWDWLVWLFNpYê]QDPQRVWLUR]GtOĤY UiPFL
MHGQRWOLYêFKW\SĤWUDNWRUĤ
7HSRYiIUHNYHQFHSUĤPČUQiKRGQRWD
9DULDQW\VOHGRYiQt
3URGXNþQtSORFKDEH]SRXåtYiQtQDYLJDFH
6RXYUDĢEH]SRXåtYiQtQDYLJDFH
3URGXNþQtSORFKDVSRXåLWtPQDYLJDFH
6RXYUDĢSĜLSRXåtYiQtQDYLJDFH
NRORYêWUDNWRU
&$6(
D
E
c
G
SiVRYêWUDNWRU
&KDOOHQJHU
D
D
E
E
5R]GtOQpLQGH[\Y\PH]XMtVWDWLVWLFN\Yê]QDPQpUR]GtO\QDKODGLQČYê]QDPQRVWLĮ 245
3RXåLWt QDYLJDFH SĜLVSČOR NH VQtåHQt ]iWČåH ĜLGLþĤ EČKHP SUDFRYQt Mt]G\ 1D
VRXYUDWtFK WHSRYi IUHNYHQFH QDUĤVWi -DN XND]XMt YêVOHGN\ Yê]QDPQp QDYêãHQt WHSRYp
IUHNYHQFH QD VRXYUDWtFK E\OR SR]RURYiQR SRX]H SĜL Ĝt]HQt NORXERYpKR WUDNWRUX ět]HQt
SiVRYpKRWUDNWRUXSĜHGVWDYXMHRGOLãQêFKDUDNWHURWiþHQtYRODQWXNG\VHYRODQWHPQHRWiþt
GRNRODDOHSRX]HVHQDWiþtRXUþLWê~KHOPHQãtQHå
6QtåHQt ]DWtåHQt ĜLGLþH QD VRXYUDWtFK E\ PRKO\ GiOH QDSRPRFL QRYp V\VWpP\
QDYLJDFHNWHUpVRXSUDYXQDVRXYUDWtFKVDPLDXWRPDWLFN\RWiþtD RYOiGDMt
=È9ċ5
6WDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp UR]GtO\ Y KRGQRWiFK VUGHþQt WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH E\O\
Y\SRþtWiQ\ X YãHFK ĜLGLþĤ PH]L YDULDQWDPL Mt]G EH] QDYLJDFH D V QDYLJDFt 3ĜL Mt]GiFK VH
]DSQXWêP QDYLJDþQtP V\VWpPHP E\OD VUGHþQt WHSRYi IUHNYHQFH X VWHMQpKR ĜLGLþH
Y SUĤPČUX R YtFH MDN Y\ããt QHå SĜL Mt]GČ EH] QDYLJDFH 9êVOHGN\ WHG\ XND]XMt åH
SRXåtYiQt QDYLJDþQtFK V\VWpPĤ Y ]HPČGČOVWYt SĜL SUiFL VWURMĤ QD SROL VQLåXMt SV\FKLFNp
]DWtåHQtREVOXK\
Literatura:
%$77( 07 (+6$1, 05 3UHFLVLRQ 3URILWV 7KH (FRQRPLFV RI D 3UHFLVLRQ
$JULFXOWXUDO 6SUD\HU 6\VWHP $JULFXOWXUDO (QYLURQPHQWDO DQG 'HYHORSPHQW (FRQRPLFV
7KH2KLR6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\$('(-53--
'(< $. 0$11 '' $ FRPSOHWH WDVN DQDO\VLV WR PHDVXUH WKH ZRUNORDG
DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK RSHUDWLQJ DQ DJULFXOWXUDO VSUD\HU HTXLSSHG ZLWK D QDYLJDWLRQ GHYLFH
$SSOLHG(UJRQRPLFV9ROS-
-$0(6/1$+/' 'HDOLQJZLWKVWUHVVDQGSUHVVXUHLQWKHYHKLFOH7D[RQRP\
RI'ULYLQJ%HKDYLRXU$IIHFWLYH&RJQLWLYH6HQVRULPRWRU8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLL
â9$1&$5$- 6WUDWHJLH]YOiGiQtVWUHVX7HVWFHQWUXP3UDKD
7HQWRSĜtVSČYHNY]QLNO]DSRGSRU\Yê]NXPQpKR]iPČUX060DSURMHNWĤJUDQWX,*$
7) ý=8þD,*$7)ý=8
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ=GHQČN.Yt]3K'
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD
.DPêFNi3UDKD– 6XFKGRO
246
0ċě(1Ë(1(5*(7,&.e1È52ý1267,'(=,17(*5$&('ě(9,186752-ģ1,äâË
9é.2129e6.83,1<32+È1ċ1é0,9é92'29é0+ěË'(/(075$.7258
67$1,6/$93(75È6(.3(75129È.
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWD7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
Abstrakt:
ýOiQHNVH]DEêYiSRURYQiQtPNYDOLW\SUiFHDHQHUJHWLFNêFKQiURNĤWĜtY\EUDQêFK
]iVWXSFĤ VWURMĤ SRXåtYDQêFK QD GH]LQWHJUDFL GĜHYLQ 0ČĜHQt SUREČKOR QD GYRX W\SHFK
GĜHYQtFK GUWLþĤ DNRORYpP ãWČSNRYDþL 3H]]RODWR 3UR ~þHO\ QDãHKR PČĜHQt E\O\ GUWLþH D
ãWČSNRYDþ Y\EDYHQ\ WRU]QtP NDUGDQRYêP G\QDPRPHWUHP XPtVWČQêP QD KĜtGHOL SRKRQX
VWURMH NWHUê VQtPDO WRþLYê PRPHQW NDUGDQRYpKR KĜtGHOH D MHKR RWiþN\ 6WURMH E\O\
GRY\EDYHQ\VEČUQêPYDNHPXPtVWČQêPQDYêVWXSXPDWHULiOX]HVWURMH%\O]SUDFRYiYiQ
RGSDG] SUREtUN\VPUNRYpKRSRURVWXRQHMVLOQČMãtPSUĤPČUXNPHQH FP
.OtþRYiVORYD ãWČSNRYiQtGH]LQWHJUDFHGUWLþHYHOLNRVWãWČSN\
ÚVOD
%ČKHP SRVOHGQtFK GHVHWL OHW MH SDWUQê QiUĤVW SRSWiYN\ SR WHFKQRORJLL Y\XåtYDMtFt
REQRYLWHOQp ]GURMH HQHUJLH Y REODVWL PpQČ YêNRQQêFK VWURMĤ 3REtGHN Y WRP WR RGYČWYt MH
FHOiĜDGD$ĢVHMLåMHGQiRDOWHUQDWLYQtSDOLYRGRPDOêFKNRWOĤ] KOHGLVNDURVWRXFtFKFHQ
HQHUJLH SĜHV UĤ]Qp PRWLYDþQt GRWDFH Då SR Y\XåLWt RGSDGX -GH SĜHGHYãtP R RGSDG
z SURĜH]iYHN]SUDFRYiQtQiOHWRYêFKGĜHYLQDRGSDGX] GĜHYRYêURE\
'H]LQWHJUDFHPDWHULiOXMHSURFHVSĜLNWHUpPGRFKi]tUR]SRMRYiQtPYHONêFKFHONĤ
NH Y]QLNX QRYêFK PHQãtFK FHONĤ>@ 9 QDãHP SĜtSDGČ MGH R UR]SRMRYiQt FHONĤ GĜHYQt
KPRW\ NPHQ\ YČWYH SDĜH]\ SUNQD DWG QD FHON\ PHQãt ãWČSND GUĢ PXOþ %ČKHP
SURFHVX]SUDFRYiYiQtGĜHYQtKPRW\GRFKi]tSRVWXSQČQHERLVRXþDVQČNSĤVREHQt YtFH
GH]LQWHJUDþQtFKþLQLWHOĤ1DYVWXSXMtFtPDWHULiOSĤVREtMDNYODVWQtSUDFRYQtPHFKDQL]PXV
VWURMHWDNLSRGiYDFtDYêPHWQp~VWURMtSRSĜGDOãtDNWLYQtQHERSDVLYQtþiVWLVWURMHNGHMH
GDOãt GH]LQWHJUDFH ]SĤVREHQD ]FHOD ~P\VOQČ QHER PĤåH Y]QLNDW MDNR YHGOHMãt VORåND
SURFHVX
9WRPWR SĜtVSČYNXMVRX] KOHGLVNDHQHUJHWLFNpQiURþQRVWLKRGQRFHQ\W\WRVWURMH
.RORYêãWČSNRYDþ
âQHNRYêGUWLþ
6HNDFtQRåRYpGUWLþ
.2/29éâ7ċ3.29$ý
âWČSNRYDþH Y\XåtYDMtFt N GH]LQWHJUDFL NRORYê V\VWpP MVRX QHMUR]ãtĜHQČMãtPL VWURML
SRXåtYDQêPLSURYêUREXãWČSN\.RORYpãWČSNRYDþHMVRX]DORåHQ\QDSULQFLSXRGĜH]iYiQt
þHOQtKRSURILOXSĜLYiGČQpKRPDWHULiOXQRåLSĜLSHYQČQêPLQDURWXMtFtPGLVNX2EU
2EU3ULQFLSIXQNFHNRORYpKRãWČSNRYDþH >@
247
0DWHULiOMHSĜLYiGČQQHMþDVWČMLSRG~KOHPDOHYêMLPNRXQHMVRXDQLSURYHGHQtV
GLDJRQiOQtP~KOHPSĜLYiGČQt– D
â1(.29é'57,ý
'UWLþH VH ãQHNRYêP V\VWpPHP ãWČSNRYiQt MVRX NRQVWUXNþQČ MHGQRGXFKp VWURMH
3ULQFLSHP IXQNFH MH SRKiQČQê NRPROê ãQHN QD MHKRå ]iYLWX R GDQpP VWRXSiQt MH
Y\WYRĜHQR RVWĜt )XQNFH ãQHNX MH MHGQDN SRGiYDFt WDN GH]LQWHJUDþQt 1D ãQHN SĜtPR
QDYD]XMt ORSDWN\ PHWDþH NWHUp ãWČSNX XU\FKOXMt GR Y\VNODGĖRYDFtKR NRPtQX 3ĜLWRP
GRFKi]tN VHNXQGiUQtGH]LQWHJUDFLWĜHQtPDãWtSiQtP
2EU3ULQFLSIXQNFHãQHNRYpKRãWČSNRYDþH>@
7\WR GUWLþH MH VORXåt SĜHGHYãtP NH ]SUDFRYiYiQt YČWYt VODEãtFK NPHQĤ DOH L
GĜHYQtFK RGSDGĤ MDNR MVRX RGĜH]N\ VODEi SUNQD DSRG 9êKRGRX WČFKWR VWURMĤ MH YH
VURYQiQtV RVWDWQtPLSĜHGHYãtPMHGQRGXFKRVWNRQVWUXNFH0H]LQHYêKRG\SDNSDWĜtYHOPL
PDOi PRåQRVW RYOLYQČQt YHOLNRVWL YêVWXSQt ãWČSN\ D DEVHQFH SRMLVWQpKR ~VWURMt NWHUp E\
VWURMRGSRMLORRGSRKRQXSĜLSĜHWtåHQtSUDFRYQtKRPHFKDQL]PX
3. SEKACÍ 12ä29é'57,ý
3RVOHGQtP]GHXYiGČQêPGUXKHPVWURMHSURGH]LQWHJUDFLURVWOLQMHVHNDFtQRåRYê
GUWLþ3UDFRYQtPHFKDQL]PXVVWURMH2EUMH]DORåHQQDGYRXKĜtGHOtFKRVD]HQêFKWĜHPL
QRåLUR]PtVWČQêPLSRSRREYRGČNWHUpVHSURWLVREČSĜHVQČRWiþHMtWDNDE\VHQRåH
URYQREČåQČPtMHO\RVWĜtPQDY]GiOHQRVWPPSRFHOpGpOFHRVWĜt
2EU3ULQFLSIXQNFHVHNDFtKRQRåRYpKRGUWLþH>@
9êKRGRX WDNRYpKRWR ĜHãHQt ]SĤVREX GH]LQWHJUDFH MH GRVWDWHþQČ URYQRPČUQi
YHOLNRVWYêVWXSQtFKþiVWLFDDEVHQFHþiVWLFSUDFKRYêFK1HYêKRGRXVWURMHMHYHONpUi]RYp
]DWtåHQtHQHUJHWLFNpKR]GURMH
3UR ~þHO\ WRKRWR PČĜHQt E\O\ SRXåLW\ GUWLþH 3LUED Y SURYHGHQt V SUDYR~KORX
SĜHYRGRYNRXRGþHVNpKRYêUREFH%\VWURĖDQRåRYêGUWLþ'+73WDNpRGWX]HPVNpKR
248
YêUREFH ]Q 52-(. D NRORYê ãWČSNRYDþ 3H]]RODWR 3= 9ãHFKQ\ VWURMH E\O\
Y SURYHGHQtXSHYQČQtGRWĜtERGRYpKR]iYČVXWUDNWRUXDSRKiQČQpYêYRGRYêPKĜtGHOHP
'UWLþHLãWČSNRYDþE\O\Y\EDYHQ\QiPLY\YLQXWRXPČĜLFtDSDUDWXURX1DKĜtGHO
YêYRGRYpKRKĜtGHOHWUDNWRUXE\OXPtVWČQWRU]QtNDUGDQRYêG\QDPRPHWUGRY\EDYHQê
RSWLFNêPþLGOHPRWiþHNNWHUpPČĜLORU\FKORVWRWiþHQtKĜtGHOHþHFKUDþH.URPČ
G\QDPRPHWUXE\OVWURMGiOHY\EDYHQVEČUQêPYDNHPXPtVWČQêPQDYêVWXSXPDWHULiOX]H
VWURMH
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
1DSČĢRYpVLJQiO\]WHQ]RPHWUĤXPtVWČQêFKYWRU]QtPNDUGDQRYpPG\QDPRPHWUXD
]WHQ]RPHWUĤQDþW\ĜHFKWHQ]RPHWULFNêFKPĤVWFtFKQiUD]RYpGHVN\E\O\SRPRFt
]HVLORYDFtKR]DĜt]HQt]HVtOHQ\DQiVOHGQČSĜHPČQČQ\QDIUHNYHQFL9êVWXSQtIUHNYHQFH
E\ODSĜtPR~PČUQiQDSČWtPČĜHQpPXQDWHQ]RPHWUHFK9ãHFKQ\VLJQiO\E\O\QiVOHGQČ
]SUDFRYiQ\MHGQRþLSRYêPPLNURSRþtWDþHPD]tVNDQiGDWDE\ODH[SRUWRYiQDGR3&NGH
E\ODXNOiGiQDGRGDWRYpKRVRXERUX%ORNRYpVFKpPD]DSRMHQtHOHNWURQLFNpPČĜLFt
DSDUDWXU\MHQD2EU
2EU3ULQFLSIXQNFHVHNDFtKRQRåRYpKRGUWLþH%ORNRYpVFKpPD
3ĜHG]DSRþHWtPPČĜHQtE\ORQHMSUYHQXWQpþLGORQDNDOLEURYDW3URPČĜHQtWRþLYpKR
PRPHQWX QD KĜtGHOL þHFKUDþH E\O SRXåLW WRU]Qt NDUGDQRYê G\QDPRPHWU 3ULQFLS SUiFH
G\QDPRPHWUX MH ]DORåHQ QD IXQNFL WHQ]RPHWULFNêFK PĤVWNĤ =PtQČQê G\QDPRPHWU E\O
QDNDOLEURYiQ QD N WRPX XUþHQp NDOLEUDþQt VWROLFL Y UR]PH]t Då 1P D WR MDN SĜL
]DWČåRYiQt WDN SĜL RGOHKþRYiQt =iYLVORVW YêVOHGQp QDPČĜHQp YêVWXSQt IUHNYHQFH QD
PČĜHQpP PRPHQWX E\OD OLQHiUQt V SĜHVQRVWt GR Y FHOpP UR]VDKX NDOLEUDþQtKR
UR]PH]t 7DNWR ]tVNDQi NDOLEUDþQt NĜLYND E\OD QiVOHGQČ SRXåLWD SUR YêSRþHW WRþLYpKR
PRPHQWX ] QDPČĜHQp YêVWXSQt IUHNYHQFH 6LJQiO\ ] RSWLFNpKR þLGOD SUR PČĜHQt RWiþHN
YêYRGRYpKRKĜtGHOHE\O\WDNp]SUDFRYiYiQ\YPČĜtFtPPLNURSRþtWDþL
VÝSLEDKY A ',6.8=(
3URPČĜHQtE\O\SRXåLW\Y]RUN\WYRĜHQpFHOêPLVWURP\þHUVWYpKRVPUNX]tVNDQêPL
SĜL SUREtUFH OHVQtKR SRURVWX 0DWHULiO E\O GR VWURMH YNOiGiQ SRVWXSQČ SR MHGQRWOLYêFK
NXVHFK6LJQiO\]WRU]QtKRG\QDPRPHWUXE\O\RGHþtWiQ\Y LQWHUYDOHFKRYHOLNRVWLV=
NDåGpKRPČĜHQtWDNE\O\]tVNiQ\KRGQRW\YêVWXSQtIUHNYHQFHSURWRþLYêPRPHQWRWiþN\
YêYRGRYpKR KĜtGHOH WUDNWRUX .DåGp PČĜHQt V GDQêP SĜHGHP GHILQRYDQêP PQRåVWYtP
PDWHULiOXE\ORRSDNRYiQRQHMPpQČWĜLNUiW7DNWR]tVNDQiGDWDE\OD QiVOHGQČSRXåLWDSUR
249
GDOãtSRþHWQtDJUDILFNp]SUDFRYiQt2EUD7DE
2EU3ĜtNODGJUDILFNpKRYêVWXSX]PČĜHQt
7DE3ĜHKOHGQDPČĜHQêFKDY\SRþWHQêFKKRGQRW
9]RUHN
+PRWQRVW
Y]RUNX
>NJ@
3UĤPČUQ
á
KRGQRWD
Mk >1P@
Mk
QDSUi]GQR
>1P@
2WiþN\
YêYRGRYpKR
KĜtGHOH
>PLQ-@
52-(.
52-(.
52-(.
%\VWURĖ
%\VWURĖ
%\VWURĖ
3H]]RODWR
3H]]RODWR
3H]]RODWR
0ČUQi
VSRWĜHERYDQi
HQHUJLH
GH]LQWHJUDFH
>0-NJ@
=È9ċ5
3RORSURYR]QtP PČĜHQtP E\OD ]MLãWČQD L YtFH QHå GYRMQiVREQi UR]GtOQRVW PH]L
MHGQRWOLYêPL NRQVWUXNFHPL VWURMĤ XUþHQêFK SUR GH]LQWHJUDFL GĜHYLQ 5R]GtO\ PH]L
MHGQRWOLYêPLYêVOHGN\MVRXGiQ\
'RFHONRYpVSRWĜHE\HQHUJLHQDY\WiSČQtUHVSGDOãtY\XåLWtãWČSN\E\E\ORSRWĜHED
]DKUQRXWLHQHUJLLDQiNODG\VSRMHQpV YODVWQtSĜtSUDYRXSDOLYD7RMVRXQiNODG\NWHUpVH
]DWtP SĜtOLã QH]RKOHGĖXMt QHO]H WDN X WČFKWR PDOêFK VWURMĤ SĜHVQČ ĜtFL NWHUê SULQFLS
GH]LQWHJUDFH MH ] KOHGLVND ~URYQČ GH]LQWHJUDFH ]E\WHþQČ HQHUJHWLFN\ QiURþQČMãt QHå
Y\åDGXMtSRGPtQN\VSDORYiQt
250
7UDGLFHSRXåtYiQtDYêURE\ãWČSNRYDþĤDGUWLþĤMHMLåSRPČUQČGORXKiDY]KOHGHP
NSURJUHVLYQtPXYêYRMLSUREOHPDWLN\]SUDFRYiQtRGSDGĤDVWiOHURVWRXFtPSRåDGDYNĤPQD
YêVOHGQê SURGXNW GH]LQWHJUDFH D YDULDELOLWX SRXåLWt VWURMĤ O]H L Y SĜtãWtFK OHWHFK RþHNiYDW
GDOãt UR]ãLĜRYiQt VRUWLPHQWX D GDOãtKR QRYpKR SĜtVOXãHQVWYt 9]KOHGHP N YêYRML
SUREOHPDWLN\ åLYRWQtKR SURVWĜHGt O]H RþHNiYDW ]YêãHQRX SRSWiYNX SĜHGHYãtP SR VWURMtFK
NWHUp XPRåĖXMt YČWãt PRåQRVWL QDVWDYHQt YHOLNRVWL ãWČSN\ D VSDORYiQt Y NRWOtFK YH
YêNRQRYpWĜtGČRGSRYtGDMtFtSRWĜHEiPURGLQQêFKGRPĤDPHQãtFKNRWHOHQ
3RåDGDYN\QDYVWXSQtPDWHULiOWDNpSĜtPRVRXYLVtVSRXåLWtPYêVOHGQpKRSURGXNWX
3UR NRPSRVWRYiQt QHER ]D ~þHOHP Y\WYRĜHQt SĤGRWYRUQpKR VXEVWUiWX MH YKRGQê YOKNê
PDWHULiOVYČWãtPSRGtOHP]HOHQêFKþiVWtýHUVWYiELRPDVD má YHONêREVDKYRG\ D WDPi
YHONpYêSDUQpWHSOR2EVDK YRG\SURWRYêUD]QČVQLåXMH YêKĜHYQRVW'iOHEêYiãWČSNDV
Y\VRNêPREVDKHPYRG\VNODGRYDQiQDKURPDGiFKQiFK\OQiNWYRĜHQtSOtVQtD]DKQtYiQt
Z WČFKWRYãHFKGĤYRGĤQHQtYKRGQiSURSĜtPpVSDORYiQt3URWRMHYKRGQpSRNXGWRMGH
SRQHFKDWPDWHULiOSUR~þHO\VSDORYiQtQDSĤYRGQtPPtVWČGRNXGQHRSDGiOLVWtDMHKOLþtD
QHVQtåtVHREVDKYRG\YHGĜHYLQČ
Z SUDNWLFNpKRGĤYRGXEXGHWĜHEDY\KRGQRWLWLGĜHYLQ\V UĤ]QêPVWXSQČPYOKNRVWLD
PQRåVWYtPYČWYt
Literatura
628ý(. - 'UWLþH ãWČSNRYDþH D ĜH]DþN\ SUR ~SUDYX URVWOLQQp ELRPDV\ 3UDKD
9ê]NXPQê~VWDY]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\-,6%1----
65'(ý1é . .$â3$529È 0 0857,1*(5 . 6 HQHUJLt HIHNWLYQČ 3UDKD
(NR:$77-
3$6725(. = .È5$ - -(9,ý 3 %LRPDVD – REQRYLWHOQê ]GURM HQHUJLH 3UDKD )&&
38%/,&,6%1---
3(75È6(. 6 5R]ERU VWURMĤ SUR ãWČSNRYiQt GĜHYQt KPRW\ 3UDKD 'LSORPRYi SUiFH QD
7HFKQLFNpIDNXOWČýHVNp]HPČGČOVNpXQLYHU]LW\Y3UD]HQD.DWHGĜH]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
.80+È/$ ) .528/Ë. 0 352â(. 9 /DERUDWRUQt PČĜHQt SUĤFKRGQRVWL PDWHULiOX
URWDþQtPåDFtPVWURMHP-HPQiPHFKDQLNDD RSWLND2ORPRXF6SROHþQiODERUDWRĜ
RSWLN\-,661-
7ģ0$-=DKUDGQtWHFKQLNDY\GiQt%UQR(5$V,6%1---
=HPČGČOVNi WHFKQLND D ELRPDVD - 6ERUQtN SĜHGQiãHN 3UDKD 9ê]NXPQê ~VWDY
]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\,6%1---
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ6WDQLVODY3HWUiVHN
ý=8Y3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD.DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
.DPêFNi3UDKD6XFKGROý5
0DLOSHWUDVHN#WIF]XF]7HO 251
(9$/8$7,212)3266,%,/,7<352&(66,1*2)%,2/2*,&$/:$67(%<
%2.$6+,0(7+2'
0,/$10,&+È/(.
0HQGHO8QLYHUVLW\LQ %UQR)DFXOW\RI+RUWLFXOWXUH'HSWRI+RUWLFXOWXUDOPDFKLQHU\
Abstract:
7KLV H[SHULPHQW ZDV FRQGXFWHG IURP 6HSWHPEHU WR 1RYHPEHU DW
($57+8QLYHUVLW\&RVWD5LFD7KHDLPRIWKHH[SHULPHQWZDVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLPSDFWRI
VHOHFWHGSURGXFWV(06LJPD*ROGDQGZD\VRISURFHVVFODVVLFFRPSRVWDQG%RNDVKL
LQDFRQWUROOHGPLFURELDOFRPSRVWLQJRIELRGHJUDGDEOHZDVWH7KHILOO RIFRPSRVW SLOHV ZDV
WKH VDPH UHFLSH GLIIHUHQFHV ZHUH RQO\ LQ XVHG LQRFXODQWV DQG PHWKRG RI SURFHVVLQJ
'XULQJ WKH H[SHULPHQW ZHUH REVHUYHG PRLVWXUH RI PDWHULDO WHPSHUDWXUH S+ DQG
GLIIHUHQFHVLQSURSHUWLHVFRQWHQWRIQXWULHQWVLQILQDOSURGXFW– PDWXUHFRPSRVW
.H\ZRUGVELRORJLFDOZDVWHFRPSRVWERNDVKLHIIHFWLYHPLFURRUJDQLVP
,1752'8&7,21
&RPSRVWLQJ LV WKH DHURELF GHFRPSRVLWLRQ DQG VWDELOL]DWLRQ RI VROLG RUJDQLF
PDWHULDOV E\ DHURELF RUJDQLVPV 7KLV SURFHVV FDQ EH GRQH XQGHU FRQWUROOHG FRQGLWLRQV
RSWLPDOFRQGLWLRQVDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOO\VDIHEXWDOVRRFFXUVLQDOPRVWHYHU\HQYLURQPHQW
ZKHUH VROLG RUJDQLF PDWHULDOV DUH VXSSOLHG ZLWK R[\JHQ PRLVWXUH DQG WKH ULJKW
WHPSHUDWXUH 7KH FUHDWHG FRPSRVW VKRXOG EH D VWDEOH DQG K\JLHQLF VXEVWDQFH ZKLFK LV
ULFK LQ KXPXV DQG QXWULHQWV 7KH ZRUG FRPSRVWLQJ RULJLQDWHV IURP WKH /DWLQ ZRUG
FRPSRQHUHZKLFKPHDQVEOHQGPHUJH&RPSRVWLQJLVWKHROGHVWIRUPVRIUHF\FOLQJRI
ZDVWH
%RNDVKLPHDQVIHUPHQWHGRUJDQLFPDWWHULQ-DSDQHVH%RNDVKLFRPSRVWLQJXVHVD
VHOHFWHG JURXS RI PLFURRUJDQLVPV WR DQDHURELFDOO\ IHUPHQW RUJDQLF ZDVWH 7KH
IHUPHQWDWLRQ SURFHVV GHFRPSRVLV WKH RUJDQLF PDWWHU LQ D SURFHVV WKDW LV RGRU IUHH 7KH
SURFHVVLVYHU\IDVWDQGXVXDOO\WDNHVOHVVWKDQWKUHHZHHNV2QFHWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQKDV
FRPSOHWHG\RXFDQDGGWKHVFUDSVWRDZRUPELQRUEXU\WKHPGLUHFWO\LQWKHVRLO6LQFH
WKHSURFHVVLVGRQHLQDFORVHGV\VWHP\RXGRQ
WKDYHWRZRUU\DERXWLQVHFWVDQGVPHOOV
PDNLQJ LW LGHDO IRU XUEDQ RU EXVLQHVV VHWWLQJV 8QOLNH PRUH FRQYHQWLRQDO FRPSRVWLQJ
V\VWHPVERNDVKLV\VWHPVFDQEUHDNGRZQKHDYLHULWHPVOLNHPHDWILVKDQGFKHHVH
:DVWHVDVDVHFRQGDU\UHVXOWRIKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVRFFXUULQJVLQFHWKHEHJLQQLQJRI
RXU FLYLOL]DWLRQ 7KH ZDVWH LV FDXVHG E\ WKH SULPDU\ QHHGV RI KXPDQV WR HDW ZRUN
RSHUDWH SURGXFH 'HYHORSPHQW DQG LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ RI VRFLHW\
V FKDQJLQJ WKH TXDQWLW\
FRPSRVLWLRQDQGSURSHUWLHVRIWKHZDVWH6LQFHWKHFRH[LVWHQFHRIPDQDQGQDWXUHRQWKH
EHJLQQLQJ ZKHUH ZH FDQ WDON DERXW DOPRVW ZDVWH-IUHH OLIH DWWKLV WLPH FLYLOL]DWLRQ KHDGV
IRURSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ,WLVQHFHVVDU\WRVWDUWWKLQNLQJDERXWTXHVWLRQVRIZDVWHSUHYHQWLRQ
DQG PLQLPL]DWLRQ RI LWV - UHXVLQJ WKLQJV - VRUWLQJ DQG UHF\FOLQJ - ILQG RXW DSSURSULDWH
PHWKRGV WHFKQRORJLHV IRU WKH WUHDWPHQW RI UHVLGXDO XUEDQ ZDVWH 0XQLFLSDO JDUEDJH
FRQWDLQV D ORW RI GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI ZDVWH LQGXVWULDO PXQLFLSDO ZDVWH JDUGHQ ZDVWH DQG
RWKHUV 7KH ODUJHVW SRUWLRQ RI WKHP DUH ELRGHJUDGDEOH ZDVWHV )RU HDFK WRQQH RI
PXQLFLSDO ZDVWH LV IRXQG RQ DYHUDJH NJ RI ELRGHJUDGDEOH VXEVWDQFHV RI ZKLFK
NJ RI ELRORJLFDO ZDVWH NJ RI SDSHU DQG NJ RI ZDVWH IURP WKH JDUGHQV
&RPSRVWLQJLVRQHRI WKHPHWKRGVIRUVXLWDEOHZDVWHPDQDJHPHQW&RPSRVWLVFRPSRVHG
RI RUJDQLF PDWHULDOV GHULYHG IURP SODQW DQG DQLPDO PDWWHU WKDW KDV EHHQ GHFRPSRVHG
ODUJHO\ WKURXJK DHURELF GHFRPSRVLWLRQ &RPSRVW FDQ EH ULFK LQ QXWULHQWV ,W LV XVHG LQ
JDUGHQVODQGVFDSLQJKRUWLFXOWXUHDQGDJULFXOWXUH7KHFRPSRVWLWVHOILVEHQHILFLDOIRUWKH
ODQG LQ PDQ\ ZD\V LQFOXGLQJ DV DVRLO FRQGLWLRQHU DIHUWLOL]HU DGGLWLRQ RI YLWDO KXPXV RU
KXPLF DFLGV DQG DV D QDWXUDO SHVWLFLGH IRU VRLO ,Q HFRV\VWHPV FRPSRVW LV XVHIXO IRU
252
HURVLRQFRQWUROODQGDQGVWUHDPUHFODPDWLRQZHWODQGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGDVODQGILOOFRYHU
&RPSRVWLVJHQHUDOO\UHFRPPHQGHGDVDQDGGLWLYHWRVRLORURWKHUPDWULFHVVXFKDVFRLU
DQG SHDW DV D WLOWK LPSURYHU VXSSO\LQJ KXPXV DQG QXWULHQWV ,W SURYLGHV D ULFK JURZLQJ
PHGLXPRUDSRURXVDEVRUEHQW
0$7(5,$/6
'XULQJH[SHULPHQWZHUHREVHUYHGYDULDQWVRISURFHVV
x $HURELFFRPSRVWZLWKFFPRI(IHFWLYHPLFURRUJDQLVP
x $HURELFFRPSRVWZLWKFFPRI6LJPDJROG
x $QDHURELFFRPSRVW- %RNDVKLZLWKFFPRI(IHFWLYHPLFURRUJDQLVP
x $QDHURELFFRPSRVW- %RNDVKLZLWKFFPRI6LJPDJROG
)RU HYHU\ FRPSRVW SLOH ZDV XVHG VDPH UHFLSH NJ RI IRRG ZDVWH VHSDUDWHG
IURPPXQLFLSDOJDUEDJHNJRIZRRGZDVWHVDZGXVWFFPRI(0RU6LJPD*ROG
DFWLYDWRUPL[HGZLWKORIZDWHUILUVWDSOLFDWLRQGXULQJIRUPDWLRQVHFRQG DSSOLFDWLRQ LQWKH
WKLUG ZHHNIRUFRPSRVW
(0LVDQDFURQ\PIRU(IIHFWLYH0LFURRUJDQLVPV,WLVDEUDQGQDPHUHIHUULQJWRD
OLQHRIPLFURELDO-EDVHGSURGXFWVXVLQJDWHFKQRORJ\GHYHORSHGE\-DSDQHVHVFLHQWLVW'U
7HUXR+LJD(0LVDOLTXLGEDFWHULDOSURGXFWPDGHRIWKUHHJURXSVRIEDFWHULD
x /DFWLFDFLGEDFWHULD/DFWREDFLOOXVSODQWDUXP/FDVHL; 6WUHSWRFRFFXV/DFWLV
x 3KRWRV\QWKHWLFEDFWHULD5KRGRSVHXGRPRQDVSDOXVWULV; 5KRGREDFWHUVSKDHURLGHV
x <HDVW6DFFKDURP\FHVFHUHYLVLDH; &DQGLGDXWLOLV QRORQJHUXVHGXVXDOO\NQRZQ
DV7RUXOD3LFKLD-DGLQLL
(0 ZRUNV WRJHWKHU ZLWK EHQHILFLDO PLFUREHV LQ WKH DUHD WR ZKLFK LW LV DGGHG FUHDWLQJ D
V\QHUJ\DPRQJPLFURRUJDQLVPVDQGODUJHUIRUPVRIOLIH
6LJPD JROG LV QHZ SURGXFW SURWHFWHG E\ D XWLOLW\ PRGHO VR FRPSRVLWLRQ LV
XQNQRZQ
0(7+2'2/2*<
&RPSRVW ILOO ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHG E\PL[LQJIRRG ZDVWH DQG VDZGXVWWKHQ LUULJDWHG E\
O RIZDWHUPL[HGZLWK ccm RI(0YDU DQG 6LJPD *ROG YDU
(YHU\GD\ZHUHWKHFRPSRVWSLOHVPRQLWRUHGIRUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGKXPLGLW\RQFHDZHHN
ZHUH WDNHQ VDPSOHV WR GHWHUPLQH S+ IQ WKH WKLUG ZHHN LQ ERWK SLOHV ZDV DSSOLHG D
VHFRQGGRVHRI ccm RILQRFXODQWVDQG WLPHVDZHHNZHUH FRPSRVWV ZDV ZDWHUHG E\
OLWHUVRIZDWHU WRUHDFK WKHLGHDO PRLVWXUH&RPSRVWLQJSURFHVVWRRNVZHHNV$IWHUWKH
H[SHULPHQWZHUHWDNHQDVDPSOHVRIWKHILQLVKHGPDWHULDOIRUFRPSOH[DQDO\VLV
7R SLOHV RQ WKH %RNDVKL PHWKRG ZHUHFUHDWHG FRUHVRI IRRGZDVWHZKLFK ZHUH WR
SUHYHQW WKHIORZRIDLU FRYHUHGZLWK DOD\HURI VDZGXVW'XULQJWKH HVWDEOLVKPHQWRI WKHILOO
ZHUHWKHSLOHV VSLOOE\ ORI ZDWHU ZLWK FFPRI (0YDUDQG6LJPD*ROGYDU
(YHU\ GD\ ZHUH PHDVXUHG WHPSHUDWXUH DQG KXPLGLW\ LQVLGH RI WKH SLOHV RQFH D ZHHNO\
ZHUHWDNHQVDPSOHVIRUS+DQDO\VLV%RNDVKLPHWKRGWRRNVZHHNV$IWHUWKHH[SHULPHQW
ZHUHWDNHQDVDPSOHVRIWKHILQLVKHGPDWHULDOIRUFRPSOH[DQDO\VLV
253
Results
*UDSK– &XUYHRIWHPSHUDWXUHVGXULQJH[SHULPHQW
*UDSK– &XUYHRIPRLVWXUHGXULQJH[SHULPHQW
254
*UDSK– &XUYHRIFRPSRVWS+GXULQJH[SHULPHQW
*UDSK– &XUYHRIERNDVKLS+GXULQJH[SHULPHQW
7DEOH - 5HVXOWVRI WKHDQDO\VLVRI FRPSRVW
&
N
P
.
&D
0J
)H
&X
=Q
0Q
.
&D
0J
)H
&X
=Q
0Q
6LJPD*ROG
EM
SSP
7DEOH - 5HVXOWVRIWKHDQDO\VLVRIERNDVKL
&
N
P
6LJPD*ROG
EM
SSP
',6&866,21
2QH RI DGYDQWDJHV RI ERNDVKL PHWKRG LV UHGXFH VPHOO\ RGRXUV VLQFH WKH ZKROH
SURFHVVLV FDUULHGRXW DQDHURELFDOO\;8HWDO
255
$QRWKHU DGYDQWDJH LV UHGXFWLRQ RI WLPH UHTXLUHG IRU VWDELOL]DWLRQ *2/' VXEPLWV WKDW WKH PLQLPXP WLPH RI WKH FRPSRVWLQJ SURFHVV UHTXLUHG IRU VWDELOL]DWLRQ LV ZHHNV$FFRUGLQJWR=(0È1(. LVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHFRPSRVWLQJF\FOHXVXDOO\ ZHHNV 7KH VDPH SHULRG LQGLFDWHV DOVR 6$/$ý LQ DUWLFOH &RPSRVWLQJ LQ WKH
EDJ%RNDVKLLVPDGHLQDVKRUWSHULRG – GD\VLQDWURSLFDOFOLPDWHDQG - ZHHNVLQ
PRUHWHPSHUDWHFOLPDWH,WFDQEHDSSOLHGWRWKHVRLOGLUHFWO\DIWHUSUHSDUDWLRQDOWKRXJKLV
DSSURSULDWHWRZDLWGD\VEHIRUHSODQWLQJRUVRZLQJ,1&.(/HWDO
*5((1 FODLPV WKDW XQGHU LGHDO FRQGLWLRQV FDQ %RNDVKL VWDEOH DIWHU
- GD\V 8VLQJ WKH %RNDVKL PHWKRG OHDGV WKHUHIRUH WR UHGXFH WKH WLPH QHHGHG IRU
VWDELOL]DWLRQRISURGXFWRIWKHKDOIWRRQHWKLUG
%RNDVKLFRQWDLQVDYDLODEOH12-1WKDWLVLPPHGLDWHO\DYDLODEOHWRSODQWVDIWHUVRLO
DSSOLFDWLRQ ,Q PRVW FDVHV KRZHYHU QLWULILFDWLRQ FDQ RFFXU UDSLGO\ DIWHU DSSOLFDWLRQ RI
ERNDVKLDQGVKRXOGSURYLGHDGHTXDWHDYDLODEOH1IRUSODQWV ,1&.(/HWDO
7KHUHVXOWLQJ S+ RIFODVVLFDO PHWKRGVRI FRPSRVWLQJUHDFKHG YDOXHV DQG ZKLFK LV LQ WKH UDQJH RI LGHDO YDOXHV IRU WKH PDWXUH FRPSRVW – $FFRUGLQJ WR
UHVHDUFK DERXW ERNDVKL RI ALLEN S+ DIWHU IHUPHQWDWLRQ UDQJLQJ IURP WR $IWHUDSSOLFDWLRQWKHS+VWDELOL]HV$QRWKHURSWLRQLVWRPL[WKH%RNDVKLZLWKFRPSRVWRU
VRLODQGWKHQDSSO\
&21&/86,21
7KH SDSHU GHDOV ZLWK H[DPLQLQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI WKH XVH RI %RNDVKL FRPSRVWLQJ
PHWKRGVIRUFRPSRVWLQJJDUGHQDQGNLWFKHQZDVWHDQGLWVFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHWUDGLWLRQDO
PHWKRGRIFRPSRVWLQJSULPDULO\WRWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHFRPSRVWLQJF\FOHDQGSURSHUWLHVRI
ILQDOSURGXFW7KHUHVXOWV LQGLFDWH DVLJQLILFDQW VKRUWHQLQJRI %RNDVKL FRPSRVWLQJ V\VWHP
,Q FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH VWDQGDUG ULSHQLQJ FRPSRVW ZKLFK ZDV ZHHNV ZDV DFKLHYHG LQ
WKLV V\VWHP DQDHURELF GLJHVWLRQ SHULRG DERXW ZHHNV 7KH PHWKRG RI DQDHURELF
FRPSRVWLQJ KDV PDQ\ RWKHU DGYDQWDJHV VXFK DV UHGXFLQJ RGRUV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
GHFRPSRVLWLRQ PDWHULDOV
7KHFRQWULEXWLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHSURMHFWRI,QWHUQDOJUDQWDJHQF\RIWKH0HQGHO8QLYHUVLW\LQ
%UQRFDOOHG(YDOXDWLRQRISRVVLELOLW\WRSURFHVVELRORJLFDOZDVWHE\WKHERNDVKLPHWKRG´
References:
$//(1 3 6XVWDLQDEOH DJULFXOWXUH $VVHVVPHQW RI FRPPXQLW\ LQLWLDWLYHV RQ
DOWHUQDWLYHDJULFXOWXUHV\VWHPV0LFKLJDQ0LFKLJDQXQLYHUVLW\V,6%1--
*2/'0&RPSRVWRQ)DUP6\VWHP0DU\ODQG$OWHUQDWLYHIDUPLQJV\VWHPV V
*5((1 / %RNDVKLF\FOHFRP >RQOLQH@ >FLW --@ ZZZERNDVKLF\FOHFRP
'RVWXSQp]:::KWWSZZZERNDVKLF\FOHFRPFRPPHUFLDOLQGH[KWPO!
,1&.(/0HWDO7KHSUHSDUDWLRQDQGXVHRIFRPSRVWWKHGLWLRQ:DJHQLQJHQ
$JURPLVDIRXQGDWLRQV,6%1---
6$/$ý - +WWSRGSDG\LKQHGF] .RPSRVWRYiQt YH YDNX >RQOLQH@ >FLW -@ZZZLKQHGF]KWWSRGSDG\LKQHGF]LQGH[SKS"S (BGHWDLODUWLFOH>LG@ DUWLFOH>DUHDBLG@ !
;8 + 3$55 - 80(085$ + 1DWXUH IDUPLQJ DQG PLFURELDO DSSOLFDWLRQV
%LQJKDPWRQ )RRGSURGXFWSUHVVV,6%1---
=(0È1(. 3 HW DO %LRORJLFN\ UR]ORåLWHOHQp RGSDG\ D NRPSRVWRYiQt Y\GiQt
3UDKD 9Ò=7 V 'RVWXSQp ] ::: KWWSYX]WSRUDGHQSULUXFN\SGI"PHQXLG !,6%1----
&RQWDFW DGGUHVV %F ,QJ 0LODQ 0LFKiOHN 'HSW RI +RUWLFXOWXUDO PDFKLQHU\ 0HQGHO XQLYHUVLW\ LQ
%UQR)DFXOW\RI+RUWLFXOWXUH9DOWLFND/HGQLFH&]HFK5HSXEOLF
256
+2'12&(1Ë529120ċ51267,=$35$9(1Ë.203267893ģ'1Ë0+25,=217U
3$75,.%85*3$9(/=(0È1(.
0(1'(/8Y %UQČÒVWDY]DKUDGQLFNpWHFKQLN\
Abstract:
7KLVSDSHUFRPSDUHVWKUHHGLIIHUHQWYDULDQWVGHIUD\RIFRPSRVWDWGRVHWKD-
)URPWKHFRPSDULVRQRIVROXWLRQVVKRZVWKDWWKHGHSWKRIPHWHUVLVWKHXQLIRUPLW\RI
WKHURWDU\DQGSORXJK-VKDUHFXOWLYDWRUFRPSDUDEOH$FKLHYLQJJUHDWHUGHSWKRIRSHUDWLQJRI
WKHURWDU\FXOWLYDWRULVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKFRQVLGHUDEOHWHFKQLFDOGLIILFXOWLHVDQGKLJKHUHQHUJ\
GHPDQG 8VLQJ SORXJK-VKDUH FXOWLYDWRUIRUWKH GHSWKIURP WR P LV TXLWH UHDOLVWLF
DQGDOVRKHOSVWRGLVFRPSRVHWKHGHHSHUOD\HUVRIWKHVRLOSURILOH'HIUD\RIKLJKHUGRVHV
RIFRPSRVWE\SORZVDQGSORXJK-VKDUHFXOWLYDWRUVZLWKFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIORZHUHTXDEOHZLOO
EHVXIILFLHQWIRUSURGXFWLRQWHFKQRORJ\ZKLFK ZLOODSSO\RWKHURSHUDWLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
WLOODJH
.H\ZRUGV VRLOFRPSRVWPDFKLQHV
ÚVOD
2UJDQLFNi KPRWD Y SĤGČ ]iVDGQtP ]SĤVREHP RYOLYĖXMH I\]LNiOQt YODVWQRVWL SĤG\
PLNURSyU\YRGQtDY]GXãQêUHåLPDPLNURELiOQtåLYRWY SĤGČUR]YRMHGDIRQX
6SUiYQiDJURWHFKQLNDREY\NOHVPČĜXMHN ]DFKRYiQtþLGRNRQFHN XUþLWpPX]YêãHQt
REVDKX RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ Y SĤGČ â,0(. 8UþLWê REVDK RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ MH SUR
GREURXIXQNFLSĤG\QDSĜY]KOHGHPN SČVWRYDQêPSORGLQiPQH]E\WQêYåG\YãDN]iOHåt
QD VSUiYQpP VORåHQt RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ D QD ]SĤVREX MHMtKR ]DSUDYHQt GR SĤG\ = WRKRWR
KOHGLVNDMHVQDGQČMãtDSOLNDFHD]DSUDYHQtNRPSRVWĤ8Y\ããtFKGiYHNNRPSRVWĤY]QLNi
SĜL MHMLFK DSOLNDFL YOLYHP UĤ]QêFK ]SĤVREĤ ]DSUDYHQt ]QDþQê UR]GtO Y URYQRPČUQRVWL
UR]SW\OX þiVWLF Y SĤGČ 6QDKRX MH GRViKQRXW SĜL ]DSUDYHQt GREUp KRPRJHQLW\ Y SĤGQtP
SURILOX
-DNRKODYQtIDNWRU\RYOLYĖXMtFtKRPRJHQLWXVPČVLXYiGt/$3â,1I\]LNiOQČPHFKDQLFNp YODVWQRVWL þiVWLF WHFKQRORJLFNp YODVWQRVWL WM SRPČU PtFKDQêFK VORåHN D
WHFKQLFNpSDUDPHWU\KRPRJHQL]XMtFtKR~VWURMt
5RYQRPČUQRVW ]DSUDYHQt RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ Y SĤGQtP KRUL]RQWX RYOLYĖXMH UHWHQþQt
VFKRSQRVW SĤGQt YUVWY\ 3ĜL ]DSUDYHQt RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ UĤ]QêPL GUXK\ PHFKDQL]DþQtFK
SURVWĜHGNĤ MVRX þiVWLFH UR]PtVWČQ\ Y UĤ]Qp KORXEFH V UĤ]QRX URYQRPČUQRVWt
%$'$/Ë.29È+58%é
ěDGD DXWRUĤ VH URYQČå ]DEêYDOD Y\SUDFRYiQtP PHWRG URYQRPČUQRVWL ]DSUDYHQt
SRVNOL]ĖRYêFK ]E\WNĤ GR SĤG\ 0$â(. +RGQRFHQtP URYQRPČUQRVWL ]DSUDYHQt
RUJDQLFNpKPRW\GRSĤGQtKRSURILOXVHMLåGĜtYH ]DEêYDOQDSĜ),$/$3URGHWHNFL
MHGQRWOLYêFK þiVWLF SR ]DSUDYHQt Y\XåtYDO NRPELQDFL LRQL]DþQtFK OiWHN D LQIUD]iĜHQt
9 VRXþDVQpGREČVHKOHGDMtUĤ]QpPRåQRVWLKRGQRFHQtURYQRPČUQRVWLUR]SW\OXV Y\XåLWtP
RSWRHOHNWURQLFNêFKVRIWZDURYêFKV\VWpPĤ
&tOHP SROQČ ODERUDWRUQtFK H[SHULPHQWĤ E\OR SRVRXGLW PRåQRVWL ]DSUDYHQt
NRPSRVWX GR UĤ]Qp KORXEN\ D Y\KRGQRWLW URYQRPČUQRVW UR]PtVWČQt þiVWLF SĜL UĤ]QêFK
]SĤVREHFK]DSUDYHQt
257
0$7(5,È/$METODY
7HUPtQDPtVWRPČĜHQt
3ROQČ ODERUDWRUQt H[SHULPHQW ]D ~þHOHP SRVRX]HQt URYQRPČUQRVWL ]DSUDYHQt
RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ GR SĤGQtKR KRUL]RQWX E\O UHDOL]RYiQ Y SUYQt SRORYLQČ ĜtMQD 6 RKOHGHP QD GRVWXSQRX PHFKDQL]DFL E\OD VOHGRYiQt SURYHGHQD QD SROQtFK SR]HPFtFK
Y N~9HONp%tORYLFHDýHMNRYLFHRSORãHP XNDåGpYDULDQW\
6WDQRYLãWQtSRGPtQN\
3ĤGQtW\SQDSRNXVQpPVWDQRYLãWLMHSRGOHERQLWDþQČSĤGQČHNRORJLFNêFKMHGQRWHN
%3(- R]QDþHQ MDNR FRå SĜHGVWDYXMH W\SLFNRX NDUERQiWRYRX þHUQR]HP QD
VOtQLWêFK D MtORYLWêFK VXEVWUiWHFK -HGQi VH WHG\ R WČåNRX SĤGX V OHKþt RUQLFt D WČåNRX
VSRGLQRXREþDVQČSĜHYOKþHQRX3ĤGDE\ODV QHSDWUQRXSĜtPČVtVNHOHWX9OKNRVWSĤG\VH
Y GREČ PČĜHQt SRK\ERYDOD QD ~URYQL KP 6WDQRYLãWČ VH QDFKi]t Y QDGPRĜVNp
YêãFHPQPVGORXKRGREêPSUĤPČUHPVUiåHNPPDGORXKRGRERXSUĤPČUQRX
WHSORWRX&
9ODVWQRVWLNRPSRVWX
3ĜHG YODVWQtP PČĜHQtP E\O QD SRNXVQpP SR]HPNX UR]YUVWYHQ NRPSRVW Y GiYFH
WKD- NJP- .RPSRVW E\O Y\UREHQ QD =) Y LHGQLFL WHFKQRORJLt NRPSRVWRYiQt
Y XQLILNRYDQêFK SODVWRYêFK NRPSRVWpUHFK R REMHPX O +ODYQtPL VXURYLQDPL SUR
YêUREX NRPSRVWX E\O\ ]E\WN\ ]H ]HOHQLQ\ PDWROLQD GĜHYQt ãWČSND D FKOpYVNê KQĤM
2EMHPRYi KPRWQRVW NRPSRVWX þLQLOD WP- 6 RKOHGHP QD SRåDGDYHN VQDGQp
LGHQWLILNDFH þiVWLF NRPSRVWX SĜL H[SHULPHQWX SR MHMLFK ]DSUDYHQt Y SĤGQtP KRUL]RQWX E\O
NRPSRVWREDUYHQYiSHQQêPK\GUiWHP9OKNRVWNRPSRVWXE\ODKP
0HFKDQL]DþQtSURVWĜHGN\SUR]DSUDYHQtNRPSRVWX
=DSUDYHQt NRPSRVWX GR SĤGQtKR KRUL]RQWX E\OR SURYHGHQR YH WĜHFK YDULDQWiFK
UĤ]QêPLPHFKDQL]DþQtPLSURVWĜHGN\
- YDUVRXSUDYDWUDNWRU'HXW]-)DKU$*52UDGOLFRYêN\SĜLþ2675$7,&.é
- YDUVRXSUDYDWUDNWRU'HXW]-)DKU$*52URWDþQtN\SĜLþ.8+1(/–
- YDUVRXSUDYDWUDNWRU 'HXW]-)DKU$*52GYRXUDGOLþQêSOXK%–P
3UR]DSUDYHQtNRPSRVWXE\ODQDVWDYHQDSUDFRYQtKORXENDXUDGOLFRYpKRN\SĜLþHPX
URWDþQtKRN\SĜLþHPDXUDGOLþQpKRSOXKXP
+RGQRFHQtURYQRPČUQRVWL]DSUDYHQt
3UR Y\KRGQRFHQt URYQRPČUQRVWL ]DSUDYHQt NRPSRVWX Y SĤGQtP KRUL]RQWX E\OD
Y\XåLWDPHWRGDDQDOê]\REUD]X7DWRPHWRGDMH]DORåHQDQDDQDOê]HVYČWOêFKDWPDYêFK
ERGĤ VQtPNX NRQNUpWQtKR ĜH]X SĤGQtKR KRUL]RQWX QD IRWRJUDILL Y\PH]HQp þiVWL SĤGQtKR
KRUL]RQWX 9ODVWQt VQtPHN MH SURYiGČQ WDN åH SR DSOLNDFL RUJDQLFNpKR KQRMLYD D MHKR
]DSUDYHQtSUĤMH]GHPVRXSUDY\VHGRSĤGQtKRKRUL]RQWX]DKORXEtSUĤKOHGQiSĜHSiåNDD
z MHGQpMHMtVWUDQ\VHSĤGDRGVWUDQt
6QtPHNMHQiVOHGQČDQDO\]RYiQSRPRFtSRþtWDþRYpKRVRIWZDUX3KRWRVKRSGtN\
QČPXåO]HXUþLW UR]PtVWČQtNRQWUDVWQtFKþiVWLFNRPSRVWXY MHGQRWOLYêFKYUVWYiFK SURILOXSĜL
UĤ]QêFK]SĤVREHFKMHKR]DSUDYHQt8UþXMHVHSURFHQWLFNêSRGtOVYČWOêFKERGĤQDVQtPNX
Y SĜtVOXãQp YUVWYČ D YL]XiOQČ VH SRVX]XMH URYQRPČUQRVW MHMLFK UR]PtVWČQt 6QtPNRYiQt
SĤGQtKRSURILOXE\ORSURYHGHQRY SČWLRSDNRYiQtFKVRQGiFKXNDåGp]HWĜtKRGQRFHQêFK
YDULDQW=tVNDQpKRGQRW\E\O\VWDWLVWLFN\Y\KRGQRFHQ\DSURFHQWLFN\Y\MiGĜHQ\
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
9 7DE–7DE MVRX XYHGHQ\ ]MLãWČQp KRGQRW\ SRGtOX þiVWLF NRPSRVWX
Y MHGQRWOLYêFKYUVWYiFKSĤGQtKRKRUL]RQWX
258
7DE9DU– ]DSUDYHQtUDGOLFRYêPN\SĜLþHP
+ORXEND
2SDNRYiQt
SURILOX
PP
–
–
–
–
6XPD
7DE9DU– ]DSUDYHQtURWDþQtPN\SĜLþHP
+ORXEND
2SDNRYiQt
SURILOX
PP
–
–
–
–
6XPD
7DE9DU– ]DSUDYHQtUDGOLþQtPSOXKHP
+ORXEND
2SDNRYiQt
SURILOX
PP
–
–
–
–
6XPD
3UĤPČU
6PČURGDWQi
RGFK\OND
3UĤPČU
6PČURGDWQi
RGFK\OND
3UĤPČU
6PČURGDWQi
RGFK\OND
3RGtO
þiVWLF
3RGtO
þiVWLF
3RGtO
þiVWLF
1D 2EU–2EU MVRX ]Qi]RUQČQ\ XNi]N\ VQtPNĤ ]DFK\FXMtFtFK SĤGQt SURILO\ SĜL
MHGQRWOLYêFK]SĤVREHFK]DSUDYHQtNRPSRVWX
2EU5R]PtVWČQtþiVWLFNRPSRVWXSR]DSUDYHQtUDGOLFRYêPN\SĜLþHP
259
3ĜLSRXåLWtUDGOLFRYpKRN\SĜLþHMHYFHONXGREĜHYLGČWURYQRPČUQpSURPtVHQtþiVWLF
NRPSRVWX Y KRUL]RQWX – PP NWHUê REVDKXMH YãHFK þiVWLF ]EêYDMtFt þiVWLFH
MVRX]DSUDYHQ\Y KORXEFH–PPV SRQČNXGPHQãtURYQRPČUQRVWt
2EU5R]PtVWČQtþiVWLFNRPSRVWXSR]DSUDYHQtURWDþQtPN\SĜLþHP
8URWDþQtKRN\SĜLþHMHKORXEND]DSUDYHQtGDOHNRYtFHGiQDMHKRSUDFRYQtKORXENRX
P DUR]PtVWČQt þiVWLF Y KRUL]RQWHFK – PP D – PP MH
URYQRPČUQČMãt 7R RGSRYtGi LQWHQ]LYQČMãtPX SURPtVHQt þiVWLF SĜL ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\
URWDþQtPN\SĜLþHP
2EU5R]PtVWČQtþiVWLFNRPSRVWXSR]DSUDYHQtUDGOLþQêPSOXKHP
3ĜL Y\XåLWt UDGOLþQpKR SOXKX MH VLFH GRVDåHQR YČWãt KORXEN\ ]DSUDYHQt NG\
Y KRUL]RQWX – PP MH XPtVWČQR WpPČĜ YãHFK þiVWLF DOH ]H VQtPNĤ MH SDWUQi
]QDþQiQHURYQRPČUQRVWUR]PtVWČQtY RVWDWQtFKYUVWYiFK
â,0(. XYiGt åH ]YROHQê ]SĤVRE NXOWLYDFH SĤG\ PĤåH YêUD]QČ RYOLYQLW
REVDK RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ Y SĤGQtP SURILOX 6 RKOHGHP QD FKDUDNWHU ]iVDKX D KORXENX
]SUDFRYiQt SĤGQtKR SURILOX MVRX RYOLYQČQ\ WDNp MHMt I\]LNiOQČ-FKHPLFNp D ELRORJLFNp
YODVWQRVWL
=H Y]iMHPQpKR VURYQiQt KRGQRFHQêFK YDULDQW ]DSUDYHQt Y\SOêYi åH GR KORXEN\
P MH URYQRPČUQRVW X UDGOLFRYpKR L URWDþQtKR N\SĜLþH VURYQDWHOQi 'RVDåHQt YČWãt
SUDFRYQt KORXEN\ X URWDþQtKR N\SĜLþH MH VSRMHQR VH ]QDþQêPL WHFKQLFNêPL REWtåHPL D
s Y\ããt HQHUJHWLFNRX QiURþQRVWt 3/$67(5 1DSURWL WRPX SRXåLWt UDGOLFRYpKR
N\SĜLþH SUR KORXEN\ – P MH ]FHOD UHiOQp D QDYtF SĜLVStYi N UR]UXãHQt KOXEãtFK
260
YUVWHY SĤGQtKR SURILOX %2(/6 '$9,(6 -2+16721 :+,7( =DSUDYHQt
Y\ããtFK GiYHN NRPSRVWX UDGOLþQêPL SOXK\ D UDGOLFRYêPL N\SĜLþL EXGH GRVWDWHþQp
Y SĜtSDGHFK SČVWLWHOVNêFK WHFKQRORJLt X NWHUêFK VH EXGRX MHãWČ XSODWĖRYDW GDOãt RSHUDFH
VSRMHQpVH]SUDFRYiQtPSĤG\
=È9ċ5
=tVNDQp YêVOHGN\ QDSRYtGDMt åH SĜL SUDNWLFNêFK ~YDKiFK MH QXWQp YROEX ]SĤVREX
]DSUDYHQtNRPSRVWXSRGĜL]RYDWPRåQRVWHPGDOãtFKRSHUDFtY WHFKQRORJLFNpPSRVWXSX8
WHFKQRORJLt NGH SR ]DSUDYHQt QiVOHGXMt RSHUDFH VSRMHQp V SĜHGVHĢRYRX SĜtSUDYRX SĤG\
N\SĜHQtDNXOWLYDþQt]iVDK\EXGHGRVWDWHþQp]DSUDYHQtSRPRFtUDGOLþQêFKSOXKĤ
8WHFKQRORJLtNGHSĤGQtKRUL]RQWQHQtGiOHLQWHQ]LYQČRãHWĜRYiQ]DORåHQtWUDYQtFK
SRURVWĤ YêVDGED GĜHYLQ DSRG MH QXWQp ]RKOHGQLW SRåDGDYHN URYQRPČUQpKR ]DSUDYHQt
RUJDQLFNpKPRW\YKRGQČMãtPLPHFKDQL]DþQtPLSURVWĜHGN\
3ĜtVSČYHN Y\FKi]t ] ĜHãHQt Yê]NXPQpKR SURMHNWX 1$=9 þ 4+ "2SWLPDOL]DFH YRGQtKR
UHåLPX Y NUDMLQČ D ]YêãHQt UHWHQþQt VFKRSQRVWL NUDMLQ\ XSODWQČQtP NRPSRVWĤ ] ELRORJLFN\
UR]ORåLWHOQêFKRGSDGĤQDRUQpSĤGČLWUYDOêFKWUDYQtFKSRURVWHFK
Literatura:
%$'$/Ë.29È % +58%é - =KRGQRFHQt SURWLHUR]Qt RFKUDQ\ SĤG\ X UĤ]QêFK
YDULDQW ]DNOiGiQt SRURVWX NXNXĜLFH V Y\XåLWtP PH]LSORGLQ 7KH HYDOXDWLRQ RI VRLO
HURVLRQSURWHFWLRQLQPDL]HDWGLIIHUHQWYDULDQWVZLWKFDWFKFURSV,Q6E$NWXiOQtSR]QDWN\
YSČVWRYiQtãOHFKWČQtRFKUDQČURVWOLQD]SUDFRYiQtSURGXNWĤ%UQRV-
%2(/6''$9,(6'%-2+16721$(6RLO'HJUDGDWLRQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
/DQG8VH6HPLQDURQ6RLO'HJUDGDWLRQ:DJHQLQJHQ-2FWREHU
),$/$-=iYČUHþQi]SUiYDYê]NXPQpKR~NROX9Ò=73UDKD- ěHS\
/$3â,1 / 0 LQ .(-Ë. & *52'$ % 7HFKQLND D PHFKDQL]DFH åLYRþLãQp
YêURE\,,%UQR9â=Y\GV
0$â(. - +RVSRGDĜHQt V URVWOLQQêPL ]E\WN\ )DUPiĜ 3URIL 3UHVV VUR – 3UDKD
þURþV-,661-
3/$67(5-(6RLO6FLHQFH$QG0DQDJHPHQW&HQJDJH/HDUQLQJ,QFS
WKHGLW,6%1-
â,0(. 0 =iNODG\ QDXN\ R SĤGČ – ELRORJLFNp SURFHV\ D F\NO\ SUYNĤ ýHVNp
%XGČMRYLFH-ý8%LRORJLFNiIDNXOWDY\GV,6%1---
â,0(. 0 =iNODG\ QDXN\ R SĤGČ – GHJUDGDFH SĤG\ ýHVNp %XGČMRYLFH -ý8
%LRORJLFNiIDNXOWDY\GV,6%1---
:+,7( 5( 3ULQFLSOHV DQG SUDFWLFH RI VRLO VFLHQFH 2[IRUG %ODFNZHOO 6FLHQFH
S
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
GRF ,QJ 3DWULN %XUJ 3K' GRF ,QJ 3DYHO =HPiQHN 3K' 0(1'(/8 Y %UQČ =DKUDGQLFNi
IDNXOWDÒVWDY]DKUDGQLFNpWHFKQLN\9DOWLFNi/HGQLFHýHVNiUHSXEOLND
261
9/,91261267,52=0(7$'(/'È9.<$9é0ċ5<32=(0.81$1È./$'2VOST
$3/,.$&(.203267ģ
3$9(/=(0È1(.
0(1'(/8Y %UQČÒVWDY]DKUDGQLFNpWHFKQLN\
Abstract:
(IIHFW RI VSUHDGHUV ORDG GRVHV DQG DFUHDJH RI ODQG IRU FRVWV RI DSSOLFDWLRQ RI
FRPSRVW 7KLV SDSHU GHDOV ZLWK GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH FRVW RI DSSOLFDWLRQ WRROV IRU
VSUHDGLQJ FRPSRVW DW KLJK GRVHV – WKD- )URP WKH SURYHQ GDWD RI SHUIRUPDQFH
DFTXLVLWLRQFRVWVRIPDFKLQHU\DQGIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQZHUHGHWHUPLQHGKHFWDUHFRVWVIRU
WKHVSUHDGHURIORDGDWDQG WUDQVSRUW GLVWDQFHV FRUUHVSRQGLQJWR DQDUHDRI KHFWDUHV RIIHUWLOL]HGODQG
KH\ZRUGVFRPSRVWVSUHDGHUFRVWVRIDSOLFDWLRQFRPSRVWIHUWLOL]LQJ
ÚVOD
3ĜL SRXåtYiQt RUJDQLFNêFK KQRMLY GRFKi]t NH ]OHSãHQt I\]LNiOQtFK D FKHPLFNêFK
YODVWQRVWtSĤG\0LPRYOLYQDYêåLYXURVWOLQVHRUJDQLFNiKQRMLYDYê]QDPQČSRGtOHMtWDNp
QD ]OHSãHQt VRUSþQt NYDOLW\ SĤG\ 6 REVDKHP RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ Y SĤGČ SR]LWLYQČ NRUHOXMH
UHWHQþQt VFKRSQRVW SĤG\ 0(,(5 3/2(*(5 92*70$11 XYiGČMt åH ]YêãHQt
REVDKXKXPXVXR]SĤVREXMHYSUĤPČUX]YêãHQtY\XåLWHOQpYRGQtNDSDFLW\R
DREMHPSyUĤR
.H ]OHSãRYiQt YODVWQRVWt SĤG\ VPČĜXMt WHFKQRORJLH YêURE\ D DSOLNDFH NRPSRVWĤ
SURWRåH Y\]UiOp NRPSRVW\ PDMt VWDELOQt Y\VRNê SRGtO RUJDQLFNp KPRW\ NWHUi VSROHKOLYČ
SĜLVStYiN WYRUEČSĤGQtKRKXPXVX%$'$/Ë.29È.$63(529È-$1'29ÈHWDO
XYiGČMtåH]DQHMHIHNWLYQČMãtMVRXSRYDåRYiQ\] WRKRWRKOHGLVNDDSOLNDFHY\ããtFK
GiYHNNRPSRVWXWMGiYHNQDGWKD-5HWHQþQtVFKRSQRVWSĤG\]HYêUD]QČ]Y\ãXMHSR
GiYNiFKWKD-VOHGXMtVHLYOLY\GiYHN– WKD-0$5(â29È
$SOLNDFH Y\ããtFK GiYHN RUJDQLFNêFK KQRMLY YãDN Y VRXþDVQp GREČ Y\ND]XMH SR
WHFKQLFNp VWUiQFH QČNROLN SUREOpPĤ 2UJDQLFNi KQRMLYD – KQĤM D NRPSRVW DSOLNRYDQi YH
YČWãtFK GiYNiFK Y\åDGXMt SRPČUQČ Y\VRNRX VSRWĜHEX SUDFRYQtKR þDVX QDVD]RYDQêFK
VRXSUDY 7D MH RYOLYQČQD SĜHGHYãtP QRVQRVWt UR]PHWDGHO 6WDQGDUGQČ VH Y\XåtYDMt
UR]PHWDGODV QRVQRVWt–WSURY\ããtQRVQRVWLMHWĜHEDVOHGRYDWYOLYSRGYR]NĤQDY\ããt
SĤGQt]KXWQČQt]HMPpQDY NROHMRYêFKVWRSiFK+ģ/$9OLYQDYêNRQQRVWDVSRWĜHEX
SUDFRYQtKR þDVX Pi L GRSUDYQt Y]GiOHQRVW NWHUi SĜL GČOHQp DSOLNDFL NG\ VH KQRMLYR
GRSUDYXMH] RNUDMHSR]HPNXURVWHV MHKR YêPČURX
'DOãt RNUXK SUREOpPĤ SĜHGVWDYXMH YROED YKRGQpKR ]SĤVREX ]DSUDYHQt ] WRKRWR
KOHGLVND MH YêKRGQČMãt DSOLNDFH NRPSRVWX 9êEČU YKRGQpKR WHUPtQX DSOLNDFH MH RYOLYQČQ
SČVWLWHOVNêPSRVWXSHPDSODWtåHKQRMHQtVHSURYiGtPLPRYHJHWDþQtF\NOXV9]QLNi]GH
YêUD]QêSRåDGDYHNQDYêNRQQRVW]DSUDYRYDFtFKVRXSUDYSURNUiWNpþDVRYp~VHN\QDYtF
s RPH]HQpYOLYHPKRUãtKRSRþDVt
Z GRVWXSQêFK SUDFt VH WRXWR SUREOHPDWLNRX ]DEêYDOL $%5+$0 .29$ěËý(..DONXODFHPXVtEêWFRQHMSĜHVQČMãtY\SRYtGDMtFtDVRXþDVQČVQDGQR
]SUDFRYDWHOQp = SUDNWLFN\ Y\XåLWHOQêFK PHWRG VH SUR U\FKOp D GRVWXSQp VWDQRYHQt
QiNODGĤ RVYČGþXMH V\VWpP QRUPDWLYĤ GRVWXSQp MVRX QDSĜ ~GDMH NWHUp ]SUDFRYDO QDSĜ
.$9.$6<529éY\SUDFRYDOQRUPDWLY\Y]WDåHQpQDWKQRMLYDSURGiYN\
– WKD- $SOLNDFH Y\VRNêFK GiYHN NRPSRVWX QHQt X QiV SR WHFKQLFNp DQL WHFKQRORJLFNp
VWUiQFHĜHãHQD3RVWXS\SURDSOLNDFLY\ããtFKGiYHNNRPSRVWĤMVRXHNRQRPLFN\QiNODGQp
XåLYDWHOpSRåDGXMtQDW\WRSUDFRYQtRSHUDFH]SUDFRYiQtSĜHGEČåQpNDONXODFHQiNODGĤ7\
MLPXPRåQtUR]KRGQRXWRYROEČSRXåLWpWHFKQLN\QHERRY\XåLWtQDEtGN\VOXåHE
262
&tOHP SĜtVSČYNX MH ]SUDFRYDW QiNODGRYp KRGQRFHQt DSOLNDþQtFK VRXSUDY SUR
DSOLNDFL NRPSRVWX Y GiYNiFK D WKD- SRGOH SRåtYDQêFK UR]PHWDGHO D YêPČU\
SR]HPNX
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
9ROEDWHFKQLFNpKR]DMLãWČQt
9êEČU UR]PHWDGOD NRPSRVWX Y\FKi]t X SORãQêFK DSOLNDFt ] QRVQRVWL * NWHUi MH
GiQD ]HMPpQD W\SHP SRGYR]NX D YHOLNRVWt ORåQpKR REMHPX 8 ĜiGNRYêFK NXOWXU SRGOpKi
YROED SRåDGDYNX SUĤMH]GQRVWL 3RGOH ãtĜN\ PH]LĜDGt NWHUi MH X YLQLF PD[ P X
RYRFQêFK VDGĤ – P VH YROt W\S UR]PHWDGOD âtĜND VWURMH ]GH Y ]iVDGČ XUþXMH MHKR
QRVQRVW
3ĜLSRåDGDYNXQDDJUHJDFLUR]KRGXMHQRVQRVWUR]PHWDGODDWHUpQQtSRGPtQN\KQRMHQêFK
SR]HPNĤURYLQD[VYDKSRGOHNWHUêFKVHYROtWUDNWRURSRåDGRYDQpPYêNRQXDMt]GQtFK
YODVWQRVWHFK[– [
9VWXSQtSRGPtQN\SURVWDQRYHQtQiNODGĤ
3UR SRWĜHE\ HNRQRPLFNpKR KRGQRFHQt MH GĤOHåLWêP ~GDMHP SRĜL]RYDFt FHQD
UR]PHWDGODLWUDNWRUXP]GDĜLGLþHUR]VDKURþQtKRQDVD]HQtWUDNWRUXLUR]PHWDGODDGDOãt
Z WHFKQLFNêFK SDUDPHWUĤ MH QHMGĤOHåLWČMãt GRVDKRYDQi YêNRQQRVW NWHUi MH X VRXSUDY SUR
DSOLNDFL NRPSRVWĤ RYOLYĖRYDQi QRVQRVWt D YHOLNRVWt DSOLNRYDQp GiYN\ 8 ĜiGNRYêFK
DSOLNDFtVHGRYêNRQQRVWLSURPtWiWDNpUHOLpIWHUpQXDGpONDĜDG9êNRQQRVWUR]PHWDGHOMH
Yê]QDPQČ RYOLYĖRYiQD GRMH]GRYRX Y]GiOHQRVWt 7DWR GRSUDYQt Y]GiOHQRVW GRVWDWHþQČ
YêVWLåQČUHVSHNWXMHYHOLNRVWDWYDUSR]HPNX– QDSĜþWYHUFRYiSORFKDRYHOLNRVWLKDPi
SĜLEOLåQRX GRSUDYQt Y]GiOHQRVW QD VWĜHG SR]HPNX P X WYDUĤ REGpOQtNRYêFK WXWR
Y]GiOHQRVWXåLYDWHOVQDGQR VWDQRYt
(NRQRPLFNp KRGQRFHQt Y\FKi]t ] SRĜL]RYDFt FHQ\ WUDNWRUX D UR]PHWDGOD . WČPWR
~þHOĤPE\ORY\XåLWRVWiYDMtFtGDWDEi]HVWURMĤDMHMLFKWHFKQLFNR-HNRQRPLFNêFKSDUDPHWUĤ
REVDåHQRXY SURJUDPX$*527(.,6~GDMĤYêUREFĤDGDOãtFKGRVWXSQêFK~GDMĤSĜtPêFK
PČĜHQtLVRXYLVHMtFtFKSUDFt
=MLãWČQt7-(SDUDPHWUĤVOHGRYDQêFKVWURMĤ
3RVWXS DSOLNDFH VHVWiYi ]H WĜt ]iNODGQtFK SUDFRYQtFK ~VHNĤ WM QDNOiGiQt
NRPSRVWX GRSUDY\ D UR]PHWiQt $SOLNRYDQê NRPSRVW Y\ND]RYDO REMHPRYRX KPRWQRVW
–WP-
3UR VWDQRYHQt QiNODGĤ E\OR Y\XåLWR þDVRYêFK VQtPNĤ QČNROLND UĤ]QêFK SUDFRYQtFK
VRXSUDY V UĤ]QRX QRVQRVWt SURYHGHQêFK Y OHWHFK D %\O\ VOHGRYiQ\ ]HMPpQD
YêNRQQRVWL VWURMĤ D VWURMQtFK VRXSUDY VSRWĜHED SRKRQQêFK KPRW 3+ GiOH SRĜL]RYDFt
FHQ\VWURMĤD FHQ\PHFKDQL]RYDQêFKSUDFt
3RPRFtþDVRYêFKVQtPNĤE\ODVOHGRYiQDWDWRUR]PHWDGOD
- 6,325,21– +352– QRVQRVWW
- 3g– QRVQRVWW
- 5$$*63HOKĜLPRY– QRVQRVWW
- 0&='71RYp9HVHOt– W
- 67520H[SRUW76– QRVQRVW W
- 67520H[SRUW76:26– QRVQRVWW
6WDQRYHQtQiNODGĤQDDSOLNDFLNRPSRVWĤ
3URQDYUåHQpVWURMHE\O\SURYHGHQ\NDONXODFHKRGLQRYêFKQiNODGĤNWHUpE\O\SĜHSRþtWiQ\
SRPRFt YêNRQQRVWt QD KHNWDURYp QiNODG\ .DONXODFH E\O\ SURYHGHQ\ SUR GiYN\ D WKD-3URPČQQêPLSDUDPHWU\E\ODGiOHY]GiOHQRVWSĜHSUDY\Y]WDåHQiQDVWĜHGSR]HPNX
3UR SRWĜHE\ RSHUDWLYQtKR VWDQRYHQt QiNODGĤ QD DSOLNDFL NRPSRVWX Y UĤ]QêFK GiYNiFK D
Y UĤ]QêFK SRGPtQNiFK E\O\ ]SUDFRYiQ\ ~GDMH GR WDEXON\ SUR YêVOHGQp KRGQRW\ QiNODGĤ
Y .þKD- DSURGiYN\DWKD-
263
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
9êVOHGQpKRGQRW\QiNODGĤY .þKD- SURUR]PHWDGODV QRVQRVWtWWWDW
SĜLGRSUDYQtY]GiOHQRVWL– PYêPČUDDVL– KDXYiGt7DE
7DE 1iNODG\ Y .þKD- SUR GRSUDYX D DSOLNDFL NRPSRVWX SRGOH GiYN\QRVQRVWL D
Y]GiOHQRVWL
'RSUDYQtY]GiOHQRVWQDVWĜHGSR]HPNXP
1RVQRVW
'iYND
UR]PHWDGOD
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
t.ha-1
(t)
1iNODG\.þKD-1
60
90
8åLYDWHO ]Qi YêPČUX SR]HPNX 6 SRåDGRYDQRX GiYNX NRPSRVWX 4 GRSUDYQt
Y]GiOHQRVW RG PtVWD QDNOiGN\ GR VWĜHGX SR]HPNX / 3UR Y\EUDQp UR]PHWDGOR GiOH ]Qi
QRVQRVW*DSRGOHWYDUXDYêPČU\SR]HPNXXUþtGRSUDYQtY]GiOHQRVWQDVWĜHGSR]HPNX
3RGOHFHONRYpSORFK\6 SDNXåLYDWHOVQDGQRVWDQRYtFHONRYpQiNODG\QDDSOLNDFL
Z ~GDMĤ NWHUp XYiGt $%5+$0 Y\SOêYi åH MtP VWDQRYHQp QiNODG\ EH]
XSĜHVQČQt Y]GiOHQRVWL GRViKO\ SUR GiYNX WKD- SUR UR]PHWDGOR R QRVQRVWL W þiVWN\
.þKD- DSURUR]PHWDGORRQRVQRVWLWþiVWN\.þKD-%85*SURYHGO
NDONXODFL QiNODGĤ NG\ VH PČQLO\ ]HMPpQD SUDFQRVWL DSOLNDFH SUR UĤ]Qp GiYN\
D YêNRQQRVWL VRXSUDY\ SĜL ]DSUDYHQt NRPSRVWX WDOtĜRYêP N\SĜLþHP 1iNODG\ QD DSOLNDFL
SURGRSUDYQtY]GiOHQRVWNPDSORFKXKDGRVDKRYDO\SURGiYNXWKD- .þKD-
DSURGiYNXWKD- .þKD-
3UR LOXVWUDFL MVRX MHãWČ Y *UDIX SRURYQiQ\ KHNWDURYp QiNODG\ KRGQRFHQêFK
UR]PHWDGHO SĜL GiYFH D WKD- SUR GRSUDYQt Y]GiOHQRVW P 3UĤEČK QiNODGĤ
XND]XMH åH ]YêãHQt QRVQRVWL UR]PHWDGOD ] QD W QHSRNUêYi ]YêãHQtP YêNRQQRVWL
QiUĤVW QiNODGĤ QD RGSLV\ Y\ããt LQYHVWLFH D UR]PHWDGOR V QRVQRVWt W GRVDKXMH
KHNWDURYêFKQiNODGĤVURYQDWHOQêFKV UR]PHWDGO\QRVQRVWLW
1iNODG\.þKD
'iYNDWKD
'iYNDWKD
1RVQRVWUR]PHWDGODW
-
*UDI+HNWDURYpQiNODG\KRGQRFHQêFKUR]PHWDGHOSĜLGiYFHDWKD SURGRSUDYQt
Y]GiOHQRVW m
264
*UDI XYiGt W\WR QiNODG\ SUR GRSUDYQt Y]GiOHQRVW P = JUDIX MH SDWUQp åH Y\ããt
QRVQRVWUR]PHWDGODWVHMLåYêUD]QČMLSURMHYXMHQDVQtåHQtKHNWDURYêFKQiNODGĤ
1iNODG\.þKD
'iYNDWKD
'iYNDWKD
1RVQRVWUR]PHWDGODW
-
*UDI+HNWDURYpQiNODG\KRGQRFHQêFKUR]PHWDGHOSĜLGiYFHDWKD SURGRSUDYQt
Y]GiOHQRVW m
=È9ċ5
9 SUiFL E\OR SURYHGHQR HNRQRPLFNp KRGQRFHQt VWURMQtFK VRXSUDY SUR DSOLNDFL
NRPSRVWX Y GiYNiFK D WKD- 9êVOHGN\ V Y\XåLWtP SĜtPêFK PČĜHQt WHFKQLFNRHNRQRPLFNêFK ~GDMĤ YêUREFĤ D QRUPDWLYĤ XPRåQLO\ ]SUDFRYDW SĜHKOHG KHNWDURYêFK
QiNODGĤSURUĤ]QRXQRVQRVWUR]PHWDGHO – WDSURUĤ]QRXYêPČUXSR]HPNXGDQRX
GRSUDYQt Y]GiOHQRVWt 9êVOHGN\ MVRX Y\XåLWHOQp SUR U\FKORX D VQDGQRX NDONXODFL QiNODGĤ
SĜLKQRMHQtSR]HPNXY\ããtPLGiYNDPLNRPSRVWX
3ĜtVSČYHN Y\FKi]t ] ĜHãHQt Yê]NXPQpKR SURMHNWX 1$=9 þ 4+ "2SWLPDOL]DFH
YRGQtKRUHåLPXYNUDMLQČD ]YêãHQtUHWHQþQtVFKRSQRVWLNUDMLQ\XSODWQČQtPNRPSRVWĤ ] ELRORJLFN\
UR]ORåLWHOQêFKRGSDGĤQDRUQpSĤGČLWUYDOêFKWUDYQtFKSRURVWHFK
Literatura:
$%5+$0 = HW DO 3URYR]Qt QiNODG\ VWURMQtFK VRXSUDY 9ê]NXPQê ~VWDY ]HPČGČOVNp
WHFKQLN\>FLW--@
%$'$/Ë.29È % +58%é - ,QILOWUDFH YRG\ GR SĤG\ Y\SRYtGi R VWDYX SĤGQtKR
SURVWĜHGt :DWHU LQILOWUDWLRQ WR WKH VRLO SUHGLFDWH DERXW VRLO HQYLURQPHQW ,Q &' 9\XåLWt
]HPČGČOVNpWHFKQLN\SURWUYDOHXGUåLWHOQêUR]YRM0=/8=)/HGQLFH9Ò=7YYL3UDKD
V-,6%1 ----7
+ģ/$ - $%5+$0 = %$88(5 ) ZSUDFRYiQt SĤG\ 3UDKD 1DNODGDWHOVWYt %Ui]GD
V,6%1---
.$63(529È9-$1'29È/72//5,$129È=â(9ýË.29È,.219,ý.29È9
9\XåLWtNRPSRVWĤDMLQêFKRUJDQLFNêFKSĜtSUDYNĤY]HPČGČOVWYt%LRPF]>RQOLQH@- >FLW --@ 'RVWXSQp ] ::: KWWSELRPF]LQGH[VKWPO"[ ! ,661
-
.$9.$ 0 D NRO 1RUPDWLY\ SUR ]HPČGČOVNRX D SRWUDYLQiĜVNRX YêUREX 8=3, 0]H
3UDKD,6%1- - - .29$ěËý(.3DNRO6WURMQtOLQN\SURKQRMHQt3UDKD9Ò=7V,6%1--
0$5(â29È . .2//È529È 0 =OHSãHQt I\]LNiOQtFK YODVWQRVWt SĤG SURVWĜHGQLFWYtP
NRPSRVWX >,PSURYHPHQW RI SK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI VRLOV WKRXJKW FRPSRVW@ ,Q
0H]LQiURGQtYLQRKUDGQLFNiNRQIHUHQFHDYLQRKUDGQLFNêGHQ620(/HGQLFH
620(0=/8%UQR=DKUDGQLFNiIDNXOWDV-
265
0(,(5 – 3/2(*(5 $ 92*70$11 + 4XDOLWDWVDVSHNWH GHU 'XQJXQJ PLW
%LRDEIDOONRPSRVW ,Q ,QIRUPDWLRQVJHVSUDFK GHV $16 H 9 'LH =XNXQIW GHU
*HWUHQQVDPPOXQJ YRQ %LRDEIDOOHQ -DKUHQ %LRWRQQH :LW]HQKDXVHQOLQH
6WDQGRUWEHVWLPPXQJS– 6<529éDNRO'RSUDYDY ]HPČGČOVWYt3UDKD3URIL3UHVV
=(0È1(. 3 %85* 3 1iNODGRYRVW DSOLNDFH NRPSRVWĤ GR SĤG\ 6ERUQtN
z 9NRQIHUHQFH ELRORJLFN\ UR]ORåLWHOQp RGSDG\ – 7UYDOH XGUåLWHOQê V\VWpP QDNOiGiQt
s ELRRGSDG\ NYDOLWD YVWXSX D YêVWXSX - 1iPČãĢ QDG 2VODYRX =HUD
RVV– FHONHPV,6%1----
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
GRF,QJ3DYHO=HPiQHN3K'0(1'(/8Y %UQČ=DKUDGQLFNiIDNXOWDÒVWDY]DKUDGQLFNp
WHFKQLN\9DOWLFNi/HGQLFHýHVNiUHSXEOLND
266
9<8ä,7Ë0(72'<)(00.33ě,1È95+80(&+$1,&.e+22ě(=È9$ý(&+0ELE
PRO NÍZKOU KONSTRUKC,
'$9,'+2))0$11$'2/)5<%.$3(75+(ě0È1(.,92+21=Ë.
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY3UD]H7).DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
Abstrakt:
0HFKDQLFNê RĜH]iYDþ VH SRXåtYi N MDUQtPX ĜH]X QRYêFK YêKRQNĤ FKPHORYp UpY\
ěH] FKPHOH MH KODYQt MDUQt DJURWHFKQLFNRX RSHUDFt 3URWR MH NODGHQ YHONê GĤUD] QD MHMt
SĜHVQpQDþDVRYiQtDQDSRXåLWtYKRGQpPHFKDQL]DFH9H FKPHOQLFLY\VRNpNRQVWUXNFHVH
SRXåtYi GYRXNRWRXþRYê PHFKDQLFNê RĜH]iYDþ NWHUê MH Y WHFKQRORJLL Qt]Np NRQVWUXNFH
QHSRXåLWHOQê= WRKRWRGĤYRGXVHSĜLVWRXSLORN QiYUKXPHFKDQLFNpKRRĜH]iYDþHVSHFLiOQČ
XUþHQpKRSURSUiFLY Qt]NpNRQVWUXNFL9 SĜtVSČYNXMHXNi]iQDPRåQRVWSRXåLWtSHYQRVWQt
DQDOê]\ )(00.3 SĜL QiYUKX PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH D WR NRQNUpWQČ QD PRGiOQt
DQDOê]HRĜH]iYDFtKRNRWRXþH)(0DQDOê]DREVDKXMHLJUDILFNRXLQWHUSUHWDFLYêVOHGNĤQD
NWHUêFK MH Qi]RUQČ YLGČW GHIRUPDFH ]SĤVREHQi NULWLFNRX IUHNYHQFt RWiþHQt RĜH]iYDFtKR
NRWRXþH 1iYUK VHVWDY\ PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH REVDKXMH L ]iNODGQt YL]XDOL]DFL FHOpKR
]DĜt]HQt V UR]YRG\ K\GUDXOLFNêFK KDGLF SUR YHGHQt WODNRYpKR ROHMH 1D ]iYČU MH XYHGHQD
GLVNX]HDGRSRUXþHQtQDQDYD]XMtFtYê]NXP
.OtþRYiVORYD: FKPHOPHFKDQLFNêRĜH]iYDþQt]NiNRQVWUXNFH )(00.3
ÚVOD
3UR Qt]Np NRQVWUXNFH VH XND]XMH MDNR QHMYêKRGQČMãt SRXåLWt MHGQRNRWRXþRYpKR
RĜH]iYDþH FKPHOH V KODGNêP RĜH]iYDFtP NRWRXþHP R SUĤPČUX PP >@ .RWRXþ MH
Y\UREHQ] RWČUXY]GRUQpRFHOLV RVWĜtPSRNU\WêPZROIUDP-NDUELGRYêPSRYODNHPRWORXãĢFH
PP D ãtĜFH PP 9 SĜtSDGČ SRNU\Wt NRWRXþH SRYODNHP SRX]H ] MHGQp VWUDQ\ GRMGH
k VDPRRVWĜtFtPXHIHNWXNG\MHNRWRXþY SĤGČYOLYHPUR]GtOQpRWČUXY]GRUQRVWLKRUQtDGROQt
þiVWLVDPRYROQČEURXãHQ>@+ODGNêNRWRXþPĤåHEêWEURXãHQLEČKHPRĜH]iYiQtEUXVHP
NWHUê MH PHFKDQLFN\ SĜLWODþRYiQ N EĜLWX RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH 'RSRUXþHQi IUHNYHQFH
RWiþHQtNRWRXþHMHDåPLQ-
3ĜLQiYUKXNRQVWUXNFHPHFKDQLFNpKRRĜH]iYDþHVHSRVWXSXMHQiVOHGRYQČ=DþtQi
VH VDPRWQêP QiYUKHP D Y\WYiĜHQtP WURMUR]PČUQpKR YLUWXiOQtKR SDUDPHWULFNpKR PRGHOX
NWHUê REVDKXMH YãHFKQ\ QH]E\WQp GHWDLO\ L V SĜLĜD]HQêPL PDWHULiORYêPL YODVWQRVWPL
'DOãtPNURNHPMHSHYQRVWQtDQDOê]DPHWRGRXNRQHþQêFKSUYNĤ1iVOHGXMHWYRUEDYêNUHVĤ
D NRQVWUXNFH VNXWHþQpKR H[SHULPHQWiOQtKR PRGHOX 3RVOHGQtP NURNHP MVRX WHVW\ SĜtPR
Y SROQtFKSRGPtQNiFK
6DPRWQi WYRUED PRGHOX PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH D MHMt QiVOHGQi SHYQRVWQt
DQDOê]D VH SURYiGt YH VSHFLDOL]RYDQpP 6: $XWRGHVN ,QYHQWRUX 7HQWR SURJUDP
REVDKXMH SUDFRYQt PRGXO SUR WHFKQLFNp YêSRþW\ &$( PHWRGRX NRQHþQêFK SUYNĤ QD
VRXþiVWHFKNWHUêE\OQDYUåHQMHGQRX] QHMYê]QDPQČMãtFK6:VSROHþQRVWtY REODVWL)(0–
VSROHþQRVWt$16<6,QF>@
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
2ĜH]iYDþPXVtVSOQLWQiVOHGXMtFtSRGPtQN\
6HĜH]iYDW YêKRQN\ FKPHOH W]Y QRYp GĜHYR Då GR KORXEN\ PP D ]iURYHĖ
RGĜH]iYDWVWDUpFKPHORYpUpY\RGNRĜHQRYpþiVWLEDEN\2ĜH]iYDFtPHFKDQL]PXVPXVt
SUDFRYDWY SURVWRUXSRGVSRGQtPNRWYtFtPODQHPQt]NpNRQVWUXNFHNWHUpMHQDSQXWRFFD
PPQDGWHUpQHP1DWRPWRRFHORYpPODQNXRSUĤPČUXPPEêYi]DYČãHQDNDSNRYi
]iYODKD NWHUi QHVPt EêW SRãNR]HQD SUĤMH]GHP PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH %URXãHQt
RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH ]D FKRGX VWURMH ]NYDOLWQt SURYiGČQê ĜH] D KODYQČ PLQLPDOL]XMH
SURVWRMH ]SĤVREHQp GHPRQWRYiQtP EURXãHQtP D RSČWRYQRX PRQWiåt RĜH]iYDFtKR
267
NRWRXþH$XWRPDWL]RYDQêSRK\EUDPHQHPHFKDQLFNpKRRĜH]iYDþHXVQDGQtREVOX]HSUiFL
D KODYQČ Y\ORXþt MHMt FK\EX NWHUi E\ PČOD ]D QiVOHGHN SRãNR]HQt Y\EDYHQt FKPHOQLFH
QHER SRXåtYDQp PHFKDQL]DFH 7HQWR SRK\E MH MHGQtP ] NOtþRYêFK þiVWt QiYUKX
PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH &KPHORYp EDEN\ MVRX Y\Vi]HQ\ Y RVH FKPHORYp ĜDG\ SRG
NDSNRYRX]iYODKRX3RK\ENRWRXþHRGNORQRĜH]iYDFtKRNRWRXþH] SUDFRYQtSRORK\DMHKR
QiYUDW MH QXWQê DE\ VH RVWĜt RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH QHVHWNDOR V QRVQêP VORXSHP Qt]Np
NRQVWUXNFH D WtP QHGRãOR N MHKR SRãNR]HQt 2GGiOHQt PXVt EêW GRVWDWHþQČ GDOHNp DE\
QHGRFKi]HOR N SRãNR]HQt NRQVWUXNFH YOLYHP QHSĜHVQp Mt]G\ WUDNWRULVW\ 'iOH MH YKRGQp
DE\VHRĜH]iYDFtNRWRXþEČKHPWRKRWRSRK\EXWDNpRGGiOLORGSRYUFKXFKPHOQLFH'RMGH
WtP NH VQtåHQt UL]LND SRãNR]HQt RĜH]iYDFtKR PHFKDQL]PX D QHEXGH GRFKi]HW NH
]E\WHþQpPXRWXSHQtRVWĜtRĜH]iYDFtKRNRWRXþH>@
0HWRGDNRQHþQêFKSUYNĤ
9 VRXþDVQp GREČ GRPLQXMH PH]L PRGHUQtPL PHWRGDPL QDSČĢRYČ-GHIRUPDþQt
DQDOê]\ PHWRGD NRQHþQêFK SUYNĤ GiOH MHQ 0.3 7DWR PHWRGD VH SRXåtYi L Y MLQêFK
REODVWHFKLQåHQêUVNêFKYêSRþWĤSURXGČQtNDSDOLQYHGHQtWHSODPDJQHWLVPXVDHOHNWĜLQD
>@
0.3XPRåĖXMHY REODVWLPHFKDQLN\WČOHVĜHãLWQiVOHGXMtFt]iNODGQtW\S\~ORK
x
'HIRUPDþQČ – QDSČĢRYi DQDOê]D SĜL VWDWLFNpP F\NOLFNpP L G\QDPLFNpP
]DWČåRYiQtYþHWQČQHOLQHiUQtFK~ORK
x
9ODVWQtLY\QXFHQpNPLWiQtVRXVWDYV WOXPHQtPLEH]WOXPHQt
x
.RQWDNWQt~ORKDSUXåQRVWLUR]ORåHQtVW\NRYpKRWODNX
x
6WDELOLWQtSUREOpP\]WUiWDWYDURYpVWDELOLW\NRQVWUXNFt
x
$QDOê]D VWDFLRQiUQtKR L QHVWDFLRQiUQtKR YHGHQt WHSOD D XUþHQt WHSORWQt QDSMDWRVWL
YþHWQČ]E\WNRYp
Z PDWHPDWLFNpKRKOHGLVNDMH0.3SRXåtYiQDSURQDOH]HQtDSUR[LPRYDQpKRĜHãHQt
SDUFLiOQtFK GLIHUHQFLiOQtFK URYQLF GiOH MHQ 3'5 L LQWHJUiOQtFK URYQLF 3RVWXS ĜHãHQt MH
]DORåHQ MHGQDN QD ~SOQp HOLPLQDFL GLIHUHQFLiOQt URYQLFH VWDFLRQiUQt ~ORK\ QHER QD
SĜHYHGHQt3'5QDHNYLYDOHQWQtRE\þHMQRXGLIHUHQFLiOQtURYQLFLNWHUiMHQiVOHGQČĜHãHQD
VWDQGDUGQtPSRVWXSHP
3ĜL ĜHãHQt SDUFLiOQtFK GLIHUHQFLiOQtFK URYQLF MH ]iNODGQtP NURNHP VHVWDYHQt
URYQLFH 0.3 MH UR]XPQRX YROERX SUR ĜHãHQt SDUFLiOQtFK GLIHUHQFLiOQtFK URYQLF QD
VORåLWêFKREODVWHFKMDNêPLMVRXQDSĜDXWRPRELO\þLSRWUXEQtUR]YRG\QHERY SĜtSDGČNG\
MH SRåDGRYDQi SĜHVQRVW YêSRþWX 1DSĜtNODG SĜL VLPXODFL PtVWQtKR SRþDVt QD =HPL MH
PQRKHP GĤOHåLWČMãt GRViKQRXW SĜHVQp SUHGLNFH QDG ]HPt QHå QDG RFHiQHP WR MH
SRåDGDYHNNWHUêMHSUiYČGRVDåLWHOQê0.3 >@
0.3REHFQČXPRåĖXMHSĜLEOLåQpQXPHULFNpĜHãHQt~ORKV RNUDMRYêPLSRGPtQNDPL
=iNODGQtWHUPtQ\0.3
x .RQHþQêSUYHN
x 8]HO
x %i]RYiIXQNFH
x 7YDURYiIXQNFH
x 'LVNUHWL]DFH
x +XVWRWDVtWČ
x 0DWLFHSRVXYĤWXKRVWLDEi]RYêFKIXQNFt
1
Lze se setkat i s R]QDþHQtP)(0FRåMHDQJOLFNi]NUDWND)LQLW(OHPHQW0HWKRG
268
x
x
x
.RQYHUJHQFH
3URFHQWXiOQtHQHUJHWLFNiFK\ED
,]RSDUDPHWULFNêSUYHN
3RVWXSSĜLSHYQRVWQtDQDOê]H0.3Y SURJUDPX$XWRGHVN,QYHQWRU
9\WYRĜHQtSOQČSDUDPHWULFNpKRYLUWXiOQtKRPRGHOXY PČĜtWNX
3ĜLĜD]HQt YKRGQpKR PDWHULiOX N Y\WYRĜHQpPX PRGHOX /]H QDVWDYLW MDNêNROLY
PDWHULiODHGLWRYDWGOHSRWĜHELPH]SHYQRVWLDPH]NOX]X
=YROHQtYD]HEDXNRWYHQtPRGHOXVRXþiVWLWDNMDNEXGHXNRWYHQDYHVNXWHþQRVWL
=YROHQtW\SX]DWtåHQtMHMtKRSĤVRELãWČVPČUXDYHOLNRVWL9 WRPWRNURNXO]HPRGHO
]DWtåLWLJUDYLWDFt
9êSRþHWGRW\NĤ3ĜLYêSRþWXMHGLQpVRXþiVWN\QHKUDMtUROLVYRX~ORKX]DþtQDMtSOQLW
SĜLSHYQRVWQtDQDOê]HVRXVWDY\WČOHV3URLOXVWUDFLVLSĜHGVWDYPHLGHiOQtãURXERYê
VSRM2EU NWHUêVSRMXMHPDWHULiO\$QDOê]D0.3SĜtDQDOê]HVHVWDYQHSRþtWi
ãURXERYêVSRMWDNMDNEXGHY SUD[L]DWtåHQDOHY PtVWČVW\NXRERXVRXþiVWtY\WYRĜt
LGHiOQtYD]EXLGHiOQtVSRM– SRGREQČMDNRE\FKRPPDWHULiO\N VREČVYDĜLOL.G\E\
E\OR SRWĜHED ]NRQWURORYDW ãURXERYê VSRM SHYQRVWQČ O]H GtN\ 0.3 VQDGQR ]MLVWLW
]DWtåHQt NDåGp VRXþiVWN\ D SRGOH QČKR SURYpVW NRQWUROX ãURXERYpKR VSRMH
3URJUDP ViP Y NRQVWUXNþQt þiVWL GRNiåH SĜL QDVWDYHQt YVWXSQtFK SRGPtQHN
Y\JHQHURYDWYKRGQRXYHOLNRVWãURXERYpKRVSRMH
9êSRþHWSRKOHGXVtWČ)(0DQDOê]DSRVWXSXMHWDNåHUR]GČOtWČOHVRQDMHGQRWOLYp
SUYN\NRQHþQpNWHUpVDPRVWDWQČ]DWČåXMH7tP]tVNiUR]ViKORXVRXVWDYXURYQLF
NWHURX QiVOHGQČ Y\ĜHãt >@ 9HOLNRVW VtWČ 2EU VH ORNiOQČ PČQt SRGOH WYDURYp
GLVSR]LFH VRXþiVWN\ 9\FKi]t WR ] QiURþQRVWL )(0 DQDOê]\ QD +: SRþtWDþH >@
ýtP MVRX SUYN\ PHQãt WtP MH YêSRþHW SĜHVQČMãt DOH ]iURYHĖ QiURþQČMãt 1D
REUi]NX 2EU 'HWDLO $ MH GREĜH SDWUQi GHWDLOQČMãt VtĢ SUR SĜHVQČMãt YêSRþHW
YUXEXNGHVHQDSČWtNRQFHQWUXMHPQRKHPYtFHQHåQDRVWDWQtFKþiVWHFKVRXþiVWL
EH]YUXEX7DWRVRXþiVWNDMHXNRWYHQDFHORXKRUQtSORFKRXD]DWtåHQDVLORX
1 YH VPČUX ãLSN\ ýtP WYDURYČ VORåLWČMãt VRXþiVWND D GHWDLOQČMãt VtĢ WtP YČWãt
QiURN\ QD +: YêSRþHWQtFK ]DĜt]HQt 1D 2EU MH ]REUD]HQD ]iYLVORVW PQRåVWYt
MHGQRWOLYêFKSUYNĤVtWČDMHMLFKSĜHPtVWČQtQDSĜHVQRVWLYêSRþWX0.31DJUDIXMH
SDWUQp åH V Y\ããtP PQRåVWYtP SUYNĤ VtWČ VH ]tVNi SĜHVQČMãt ĜHãHQt 'pOND
YêSRþWRYpKR þDVX 0.3 DQDOê]\ Y $XWRGHVN ,QYHQWRUX VH SRK\EXMH RG QČNROLND
PLQXWDåSRGHVtWN\KRGLQDåGQĤ
3RVSUiYQpPSURYHGHQtERGX– SURJUDPXPRåQtSURYpVWILQiOQtYêSRþHW0.3
3URJUDP ]REUD]t FHORX ĜDGX YêVOHGNĤ MDNR MH QDSČWt Y MHGQRWOLYêFK PtVWHFK
VRXþiVWL QDSČWt 9RQ 0LVHV YHOLNRVW GHIRUPDFH SĜL QDVWDYHQpP ]DWtåHQt QDSČWt
Y MHGQRWOLYêFKRViFKVRXþLQLWHOEH]SHþQRVWLDPQRKRGDOãtFKKRGQRW
1D ]iYČU O]H ]REUD]LW SURWRNRO PČĜHQt NWHUê VHH[SRUWXMH QDSĜ GRIRUPiWX KWPO
QHERUWIGtN\þHPXåVHV QDPČĜHQêPLGDW\GiOHOHKFHSUDFXMH
2EU– âURXERYêVSRM
– SUYQtPDWHULiO– GUXKêPDWHULiO– SUĤFKR]tãURXEV SRGORåNRXDPDWLFt
269
2EU– 9êSRþHWSRKOHGXVtWČ
2EU– *UDI]iYLVORVWLSRþWXSUYNĤVtWČQDMHMLFKSĜHPtVWČQt] SĤYRGQtSRORK\
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
1DYUåHQpĜHãHQt
2ĜH]iYDFtPHFKDQL]PXVMHXPtVWČQQDSRK\EOLYpPQRVLþLNWHUê]DMLVWtGRVWDWHþQê
SRK\E RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH WDN DE\ XPRåQLO SURMtåGČW VWURMHP FKPHORYêP PH]LĜDGtP
YåG\ YH VWHMQêFK NROHMRYêFK ĜiGFtFK = WRKR GĤYRGX VH MHYt MDNR QHMYKRGQČMãt
PH]LQiSUDYRYê QRVLþ RG ILUP\ 5HLWK 651 NWHUê MH SURWR SRXåLW Y WRPWR QiYUKX
PHFKDQLFNpKRRĜH]iYDþH
3UR]DEUiQČQtNRQWDNWXPH]LQiSUDYRYpKRQRVLþHVY\EDYHQtPQt]NpNRQVWUXNFHMH
SRWĜHEDSURGORXåLWUDPHQRQDNWHUpPMHSĜLSHYQČQURWRUV RĜH]iYDFtPNRWRXþHP= WRKR
GĤYRGXMHSRXåLWRSHYQpSURGOXåRYDFtUDPHQR] QRUPDOL]RYDQpKRSURILOX8%ý61
– – 1DWRWRSURGOXåRYDFtUDPHQRMHSĜLSRMHQURWRURĜH]iYDþHV
KĜtGHOt D RĜH]iYDFtP NRWRXþHP 5RWRU RĜH]iYDþH REVDKXMH GYČ MHGQRĜDGi NXOLþNRYi
ORåLVND ý61 /RåLVND ]DMLãĢXMt SRK\E KĜtGHOH R SUĤPČUX PP NWHUi Pi QD
MHGQRPNRQFLGUiåNRYêRWYRUSURSĜLSRMHQtN K\GURPRWRUXDQDGUXKpP]iYLW0[SUR
SĜLSRMHQtRĜH]iYDFtKRNRWRXþH$[LiOQtSRK\EMH]DPH]HQ NUXKRYRXPDWLFtVH]iĜH]\ý61
V SRMLVWQRX SRGORåNRX ý61 +\GURPRWRU MH SĜLSRMHQ N KĜtGHOL GtN\
GUiåNRYpPX NRQFL R SUĤPČUX PP . ]DEUiQČQt YQLNiQt QHþLVWRW GR SURVWRUX V ORåLVN\
VORXåt WČVQČQt *XIHUR ý61 =XERYp þHUSDGOR MH V ORåLVNRYRX VNĜtQt VSRMHQR
GYČPD SUĤFKR]tPL ãURXE\ 0[[ VH ãHVWLKUDQQRX KODYRX ,62 – 3UR
SRKRQ RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH MH SRXåLW ]XERYê K\GURPRWRU Y\UREHQê ILUPRX '$1)266
PRGHO&*0)UHNYHQFHRWiþHQtYĜHWHQHMHPLQ-
9 QDYUåHQpP ĜHãHQt MH URWRU PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH 2EU VSRMHQ V
XQDãHþHP RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH SRPRFt SUDYpKR ]iYLWX 0 [ 8QDãHþ Pi SUĤPČU
270
PPQDVSRGQtVWUDQČNRWRXþHMH PPRVD]HQtRSUĤPČUXPP'RWRKRWRRVD]HQt
VHXPLVĢXMHRĜH]iYDFtNRWRXþNWHUê MHN XQDãHþLSĜLSRMHQþW\ĜPLãURXE\0[3RXåLWê
RĜH]iYDFt NRWRXþ Pi SUĤPČU PP MH KODGNê EH] ĜH]QêFK ]XEĤ R WORXãĢFH PP
%ĜLWRĜH]iYDFtKRNRWRXþHMH]EURXãHQSRG~KOHP
2EU5RWRUPHFKDQLFNpKRRĜH]iYDþH
– ]iYČVURWRUXPHFKDQLFNpKRRĜH]iYDþH– WČOHVRURWRUX– MHGQRĜDGpNXOLþNRYpORåLVNR–
URWRURĜH]iYDFtKRNRWRXþH– NUXKRYiPDWLFH– SRMLVWQiSRGORåND– YORåHQpY\PH]RYDFt
NURXåN\– WČVQČQt*XIHUR
5RWRU PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH V RĜH]iYDFtP NRWRXþHP MH SĜL XUþLWp IUHNYHQFL
RWiþHQtQDPiKiQ]QDþQêPNPLWiQtP7pWRIUHNYHQFLRWiþHQtVHĜtNiNULWLFNiDO]HKRYRĜLW
SĜLEOLåQČ R UĤ]QêFK KODGLQiFK NULWLFNp IUHNYHQFH RWiþHQt 9 QDãHP SĜtSDGČ MH
QHMSRGVWDWQČMãtNULWLFNiIUHNYHQFHRWiþHQtĜiGX'DOãtNULWLFNpIUHNYHQFHRWiþHQtQHMVRX
SUR QiV WROLN GĤOHåLWp SURWRåH IUHNYHQFH RWiþHQt RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH MH UHODWLYQČ Qt]Ni
.G\E\RĜH]iYDFtNRWRXþSUDFRYDOSĜLIUHNYHQFLRWiþHQtĜiGXGHOãtGREXGRãORE\NMHKR
SRãNR]HQt
9 WHFKQLFNp SUD[L MH QXWQp VH WpWR NULWLFNp IUHNYHQFL RWiþHQt Y\YDURYDW D U\FKOH ML
SĜHNRQDWQHERMLDQLQHGRViKQRXW
7RWR MH GĤYRG SURþ MVPH RĜH]iYDFt NRWRXþ V URWRUHP SRGURELOL H[SHULPHQWiOQtPX
SHYQRVWQtPXYêSRþWX0.3]DSRPRFLPRGiOQtDQDOê]\
3HYQRVWQtDQDOê]D
5RWRU PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH D RĜH]iYDFt NRWRXþ E\O\ SĜL YêSRþWX ]DWtåHQ\
JUDYLWDþQtVLORXDXYDåRYDQiIUHNYHQFHRWiþHQtVHSRK\ERYDODY UR]PH]t+]– +]
3ĜHGVSXãWČQtPYêSRþWXE\ORQXWQpQDVWDYLWYKRGQpRNUDMRYpSRGPtQN\YêSRþWX1HMGĜtYH
VH QDVWDYLO SRXåLWê PDWHULiO VH VSUiYQRX KXVWRWRX 9 WRPWR SĜtSDGČ MH ]YROHQD
Qt]NROHJRYDQi RFHO V Y\VRNRX SHYQRVWt KXVWRWD NJP- 'DOãtP NURNHP MH
QDVWDYHQt YD]HE 9D]E\ XUþXMt NGH MVRX MHGQRWOLYp GtO\ Y VHVWDYČ XPtVWČQ\ 9D]E\ GiOH
RGVWUDĖXMtVWXSQČYROQRVWLDWtPRPH]XMtSRK\EVRXþiVWtYĤþLVREČ=GHMVRXYD]E\PtVWD
YH NWHUêFK MH KĜtGHO XSHYQČQD Y URWRUX SRPRFt ORåLVHN 6SUiYQČ ]YROHQi YD]ED D MHMt
XPtVWČQt MH QHVPtUQČ GĤOHåLWp SUR VSUiYQê YêSRþHW )(0 DQDOê]\ 3R YORåHQt YãHFK
RNUDMRYêFKSRGPtQHNGRMGHNHVSXãWČQtDQDOê]\DN ]REUD]HQtYêVOHGNĤ
271
2EU3RVXQMHGQRWOLYêFKSUYNĤSĜL)(0DQDOê]H+]
/HYi EDUHYQi VWXSQLFH 2EU VWDQRYXMH YHOLNRVW SRVXQXWt MHGQRWOLYêFK ERGĤ
0RGUi EDUYD ]Qi]RUĖXMH QXORYê SRVXQ þHUYHQi EDUYD ]DVH PD[LPiOQt 'YČ NĜLYN\
]Qi]RUĖXMt SĤYRGQt WYDU RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH ýHUQi VtĢ MH WYRĜHQiMHGQRWOLYêPL SUYN\ QD
VRXþiVWL =EDUYHQt MHGQRWOLYêFK SUYNĤ ]Qi]RUĖXMH YHOLNRVW SRVXQXWt RG MHMLFK SĤYRGQt
SRORK\SĜLIUHNYHQFLRWiþHQt+]
2EU3RVXQMHGQRWOLYêFKSUYNĤSĜL)(0DQDOê]H+]
3UR LOXVWUDFL MH ]Qi]RUQČQD GHIRUPDFH 2EU RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH SĜL NULWLFNp
IUHNYHQFL RWiþHQt ĜiGX )UHNYHQFH RWiþHQt SĜL NWHUp GRMGH N WDNRYpWR GHIRUPDFL MH
+] V- /]H SĜHGSRNOiGDW åH E\ SĜL SĜLEOtåHQt VH WpWR IUHNYHQFL RWiþHQt
GRãORN SRãNR]HQtRĜH]iYDFtKRNRWRXþH
=È9ċ5
3RDQDOê]HYêVOHGNĤ] SHYQRVWQtDQDOê]\)(0E\OR]MLãWČQRåHNULWLFNiIUHNYHQFH
RWiþHQt MH +] V- 3ĜL WpWR IUHNYHQFL RWiþHQt GRMGH NH NULWLFNpPX UR]NPLWiQt
RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH 2EU 6NXWHþQi IUHNYHQFH RWiþHQt RĜH]iYDFtKR NRWRXþH
PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH MH +] 7DWR IUHNYHQFH RWiþHQt MH YêUD]QČ PHQãt QHå
IUHNYHQFH NULWLFNi 1DYUåHQp ĜHãHQt SURWR Y\KRYXMH ] KOHGLVND GHIRUPDþQt YDULDQW\ )(0
DQDOê]\
272
&HONRYêQiYUKPHFKDQLFNpKRRĜH]iYDþH
&HONRYi VHVWDYD RĜH]iYDFtKR PHFKDQL]PX PH]LQiSUDYRYpKR QRVLþH D
NRStURYDFtKR NROD MH QD 2EU 2ĜH]iYDFt PHFKDQL]PXV MH XPtVWČQ QD SHYQpP
SURGOXåRYDFtP UDPHQL NWHUp MH SĜLSHYQČQR SRPRFt SDWLFH ]iYČVX N PH]LQiSUDYRYpPX
QRVLþL5HLWK. PH]LQiSUDYRYpPXQRVLþLMHWDNpSĜLSHYQČQRWHOHVNRSLFNpNRStURYDFtNROR
MHåQDVWDYXMHYêãNXRĜH]iYDFtKRNRWRXþH
2EU&HONRYiVHVWDYDRĜH]iYDFtKRPHFKDQL]PX
– PH]LQiSUDYRYêQRVLþ5HLWK– NRStURYDFtNROR– RĜH]iYDFtPHFKDQL]PXV
1DYUåHQp ĜHãHQt PHFKDQLFNpKR RĜH]iYDþH MH VWiOH YH Ii]L Yê]NXPX D ]SĤVRE
SĜLSRMHQt RĜH]iYDFtKR PHFKDQL]PX QHQt RYČĜHQ Y SUD[L 3RXåLWt VpULRYČ Y\UiEČQpKR
PH]LQiSUDYRYpKRQRVLþHE\XOHKþLORNRQVWUXNþQtSUiFHQDPHFKDQLFNpPRĜH]iYDþL1HQt
RYãHP Y\ORXþHQR åH VH PH]LQiSUDYRYê QRVLþ 5HLWK XNiåH EČKHP H[SHULPHQWiOQtKR
PČĜHQtMDNRQHYKRGQê7RE\YHGORN QiYUKXQRYpKR]SĤVREXXPtVWČQt=YDåRYDORE\VHL
SĜtSDGQp SRXåLWt ]DGQtKR WĜtERGRYpKR ]iYČVX D SĜtSDGQČ L MLQê ]SĤVRE SRKRQX
RĜH]iYDFtKRNRWRXþH
3RXåtYiQt SDUDPHWULFNêFK PRGHOĤ VH GORXKRGREČ XND]XMH MDNR YHOPL SURGXNWLYQt
PHWRGD SĜL QiYUKX MDNpKRNROLY VWURMQtKR ]DĜt]HQt %ČKHP QiYUKX ]DĜt]HQt
Y SDUDPHWULFNêFK NUHVOtFtFK SURJUDPHFK VH NRQVWUXNWpU PĤåH VRXVWĜHGLW SULPiUQČ QD
ĜHãHQt GDQpKR WHFKQLFNpKR SUREOpPX D QH QD VW\O Y\NUHVOHQt þDU MDN WRPX E\OR X
]iNODGQtFK &$' V\VWpPĤ 2EURYVNRX þDVRYRX ~VSRUX O]H ]tVNDW L SURYi]DQRVWt
MHGQRWOLYêFK VRXþiVWHN VHVWDYNWHUp MVRXW]Y DGDSWLYQt 7R ]QDPHQi åH SRNXG ]PČQtWH
QDSĜ YHOLNRVW RWYRUX Y SUYQt VRXþiVWFH 2EU DXWRPDWLFN\ VH ]PČQt L YHOLNRVW RWYRUX
GUXKp VRXþiVWN\ 3RNXG SUYQt L GUXKi VRXþiVWND 2EU PDMt MLå Y\WYRĜHQp YêNUHV\
]PČQt VH UR]PČU RWYRUX L Y QLFK 3ĜHV ĜDGX YêKRG NODGH WHQWR V\VWpP YČWãt QiURN\ QD
NRQVWUXNWpUDNWHUêMHQXFHQSĜHGYtGDWW\WRHGLWDFHDSRþtWDWV QLPLSĜLWYRUEČPRGHOX
'tN\YHVWDYČQpPXPRGXOX0.3O]HVQDGQR]MLVWLW]GDQDYUåHQpĜHãHQtMHYKRGQČ
QDYUåHQpWDNDE\SĜHGSRNOiGDQp]DWtåHQtY\GUåHOR7DWRQHGHVWUXNWLYQtPHWRGDXU\FKOXMH
þDV D SHQt]H NWHUp E\ E\OR QXWQR Y\GiYDW ]D WYRUEX H[SHULPHQWiOQtFK PRGHOĤ
9 VRXþDVQp GREČ WHQWR V\VWpP QiYUKX SRXåtYDMt L QDSĜ VYČWRYp DXWRPRELON\ NWHUp WDN
SURYiGČMtLYLUWXiOQtFDVKWHVW\
3ĜHVQRVW D PRåQRVWL DQDOê]\ 0.3 Y $XWRGHVN ,QYHQWRUX VH QHXVWiOH ]OHSãXMH
s NDåGRXQRYRXYHU]tDWDN]tVNiYiPHVWiOHVLOQČMãtKRSRPRFQtNDSURQiYUK]DĜt]HQt
273
Literatura:
â75$1& 3 â75$1& - -85ýÈ. - â75$1& ' 3È=/(5 % ěH] FKPHOH
3UDJXHý=8Y3UD]HVWU -,6%1----
â75$1& 3 â75$1& - -85ýÈ. - ěH] FKPHOH RGUĤG\ äDWHFNê SRORUDQê
þHUYHĖiNYSRGPtQNiFKý5ý=8Y3UD]H)$33=
+2))0$11 ' 5<%.$ $ 7HFKQLFDO SURMHFW IRU KRS FXWWLQJ HTXLSPHQW LQ ORZ WUHOOLV
V\VWHP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO VWXGHQW VFLHQWLILF FRQIHUHQFH - 5HFHQW DGYDQFHV LQ DJULFXOWXUH
PHFKDQLFDOHQJLQHHULQJDQGZDVWH SROLF\– 1LWUDVWU-
52-Ëý(. - 2SDNRYiQt ]iNODGQtFK ]QDORVWt ] SULåQRVWL D SHYQRVWL FYLþHQt 2VWUDYD 9â% VWU - >RQOLQH@ >@ 'RVWXSQp ]
KWWSZZZYVEF]3')33(2SDNRY&$Q&$'B]&$NODGQ&$'FKB]QDORVW&$'B]BSUX&
%(QRVWLBDBSHYQRVWLSGI
),1.0ě(=1Ëý(./)(00.3- =iNODG\SRXåLWtPHWRG\NRQHþQêFKSUYNĤSUR
WHFKQLFNp YêSRþW\ Y SURJUDPX $XWRGHVN ,QYHQWRU 3URIHVVLRQDO 7UXWQRY VWU -
>RQOLQH@ >@ 'RVWXSQp ] KWWSZZZVSVWUXWQRYF]R-VNROHSURMHNW\WHFKQLFNHY\SRFW\VNULSWD-IHP-PNSSGI
:,.,3(',$
)LQLWH HOHPHQW PHWKRG >RQOLQH@ >@ 'RVWXSQp ]
KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL)LQLWHBHOHPHQWBPHWKRG
.$%(/(31HOLQHiUQtDQDOê]DPDWHULDODNRQVWUXNFtPHWRGDNRQHþQêFKSUYNĤ
>RQOLQH@ >@ 'RVWXSQp ] KWWSSHRSOHIVYFYXWF]aSNDEHOH<1$.<1$.SUSGI
7HQWRþOiQHN E\OQDSViQ VSĜLVSČQtP 0LQLVWHUVWYD ãNROVWYt POiGHåHDWČORYêFKRY\ ýHVNpUHSXEOLN\
MDNR VRXþiVW Yê]NXPQpKR SURMHNWX 060 D ]D SRGSRU\ JUDQWX ,*$ 7) ý=8
.RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ'DYLG+RIIPDQQ
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY 3UD]H.DPêFNi3UDKD- 6XFKGRO
274
9/+.È%,20$6$$.2='52-7(3(/1(-(1(5*,(
)UDQWLãHN$GDPRYVNê– -DQ3LV]F]DOND
6ORYHQVNiSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY 1LWUH
6~KUQ
9OKNê ELRPDWHULiO QLH MHYKRGQêP SDOLYRP SUH EHåQp NRWO\ ~VWUHGQpKRN~UHQLD QD
WXKpSDOLYR3RYDåXMHVD]DĢDåNRVSiOLWHĐQêDåQHVSiOLWHĐQê(QHUJHWLFNpNRWO\PRGHUQHM
NRQãWUXNFLH Y\XåtYDM~ S\URO\WLFNê UR]NODG ELRPDV\ N ]YêãHQLX HQHUJHWLFNHM ~þLQQRVWL
VSDĐRYDQLD 1D WDNRPWR NRWOH Y ODERUDWyUQRP PHUDFRP SUDFRYLVNX EROD Y VSDĐRYDQi
VXFKi D QiVOHGQH PRNUi GUHYQi ELRPDVD 'RVDKRYDQi ~þLQQRVĢ VSDĐRYDFLHKR SURFHVX
EROD Y KUDQLFLDFK - 3DUDPHWUH VSDOtQ EROL PHUDQp DQDO\]iWRURP VSDOtQ 7(672
//D SRNXVQHERODSRXåLWiDMWHUPRNDPHUD
6pULDIRWRJUDILt ]KRWRYHQêFK WHUPRNDPHURX D YêVOHGN\ PHUDQLD SRWYUG]XM~ SRNOHV
WHSORW\Y N~UHQLVNXNRWODD HQHUJHWLFNHM~þLQQRVWLVSDĐRYDFLHKRSURFHVX(QHUJHWLFNpNRWO\
XUþHQp QD XWLOL]iFLX YOKNHM ELRPDV\ PDM~ RGOLãQ~ NRQãWUXNFLX LQê WHFKQRORJLFNê SURFHV
D SUDFXM~ QD SULQFtSH VSO\QRYDQLD DOHER S\UROê]\ 1DVWDQH ~SOQp VSiOHQLH Y]QLNQXWpKR
S\URO\]iWX +ODYQi HQHUJLD SRFKiG]D ]R VSiOHQLD YRGtND + D R[LGX XKRĐQDWpKR &2
=DWêFKWRSRGPLHQRNNRWO\QHSURGXNXM~HPLVLHQHRKUR]XM~åLYRWQpSURVWUHGLHD GRVDKXM~
HQHUJHWLFN~~þLQQRVĢ-9 NRWORFKMHPRåQpVSDĐRYDĢD HQHUJHWLFN\Y\XåtYDĢYOKNp
GUHYRD YOKN~VODPXYãHWNpKRGUXKX– YUiWDQHNXNXULþQHMVODP\
.Đ~þRYpVORYiYOKNiELRPDVDS\URO\WLFNpVSDĐRYDQLH~þLQQRVĢHQHUJHWLFNpKRSURFHVX
ÚVOD
9\XåtYDQLH GRPiFLFK ]GURMRY 2=( ]Y\ãXMH HQHUJHWLFN~ EH]SHþQRVĢ ãWiWX
GLYHU]LILNiFLX GRGiYRN HQHUJLH D ]QLåXMH ]iYLVORVĢ HNRQRPLN\ QD QHVWDELOQêFK FHQiFK
URS\D ]HPQpKRSO\QX9\VRNi]iYLVORVĢ6ORYHQVNDQDGRYR]HSULPiUQ\FKHQHUJHWLFNêFK
]GURMRY ]R ]DKUDQLþLD VL Xå GiYQR Y\åDGXMH ~þLQQ~ SRGSRUX Y\XåtYDQLD GRPiFLFK
REQRYLWHĐQêFK]GURMRYHQHUJLH
6SRPHG]L REQRYLWHĐQêFK HQHUJLt VD YHĐNpPX ]iXMPX WHãt ELRPDVD YKRGQi SUH
SRXåLWLH QD HQHUJHWLFNp ~þHO\ = S{GRKRVSRGiUVNHM ELRPDV\ YKRGQHM QD YêUREX WHSOD
QDMYlþãt SRGLHO SULSDGi QD VODPX þL Xå RELOQ~ DOHER UHSNRY~ D DNR DM QD ]UQR RELOQtQ
=iXMHP R GHQGURPDVX Y SRGREH GUHYQêFK SHOLHW SUHMDYXM~ QDMPl GUREQt VSRWUHELWHOLD –
GRPiFQRVWLPHQãLHSUHYiG]N\D SRG3UREOpPRPMHYOKNiELRPDVDNWRUiVDSRYDåXMH]D
ĢDåNR VSiOLWHĐQ~ Då QHVSiOLWHĐQ~ -HM VSDĐRYDQLH V~YLVt V Qt]N\P HQHUJHWLFNêP REVDKRP
ELRPDV\ Qt]NRX HQHUJHWLFNRX ~þLQQRVĢRX VSDĐRYDFLHKR SURFHVX SUREOpPDPL SUL
SUHYiG]NH EHåQpKR HQHUJHWLFNpKR NRWOD D Y QHSRVOHGQHM PLHUH DM V QHDNFHSWRYDQtP ]R
VWUDQ\ PLHVWQHKR RE\YDWHĐVWYD KODYQH Y SUtSDGH VSDĐRYQt NRPXQiOQHKR RUJDQLFNpKR
RGSDGX
7iWR SUiFD VD ]DREHUi VSDĐRYDQtP YOKNHM ELRPDV\ Y NRWOH ~VWUHGQpKR N~UHQLD
XUþHQRP QD VSDĐRYDQLH VXFKpKR GUHYD 3UiFD SRXND]XMH DM QD PRåQRVĢ Y\XåLWLD YOKNHM
ELRPDV\ Y HQHUJHWLFNRP NRWOH V RGOLãQRX NRQãWUXNFLRX D S\URO\WLFNêP VS{VRERP
VSDĐRYDQLDELRPDV\
0$7(5,È/$ METÓDY
0HUDFLHSUDFRYLVNRY/DERUDWyULXWXKHMELRPDV\REUY]QLNORYćDNDVSROXSUiFL
.DWHGU\ YêUREQHM WHFKQLN\ D .DWHGU\ VWURMRY D YêUREQêFK V\VWpPRY 7HFKQLFNHM IDNXOW\
638Y 1LWUH7YRUtKRãWDQGDUGQêWHSORYRGQêNRWRO52-(.P VPHQRYLWêPYêNRQRP
N: XUþHQê QD VSDĐRYDQLH VXFKHM WXKHM ELRPDV\ þHUVWYêFK SLOtQ D YOKNêFK ãWLHSRN ,GH
R QRYêW\SHQHUJHWLFNpKRNRWODV SDWHQWRYDQRXNRQãWUXNFLRXNRPELQRYDQpKRVSDĐRYDQLD
kWRUê Y\XåtYD S\UROLWLFNp VSDĐRYDQLH N ]YêãHQLX HQHUJHWLFNHM ~þLQQRVWL 1D NRWRO V~
SRPRFRX GYRMRNUXKRYpKR V\VWpPX ]DSRMHQp WHSORY]GXãQp YêPHQQtN\ WHSOD
]DEH]SHþXM~FH RGEHU WHSOD V SRåDGRYDQêP WHSORWQêP VSiGRP D ]iVREQtNRYê RKULHYDþ
275
SLWQHM YRG\ 5%& 2EHK YRG\ Y RELGYRFK YHWYiFK MH ]DEH]SHþRYDQê REHKRYêPL
þHUSDGODPL:,/21DU~UHG\PRYRGXSULYêVWXSHVSDOtQ] NRWODV~XPLHVWQHQpWULPHUDFLH
PLHVWDXUþHQpQDPHUDQLHSDUDPHWURYVSDOtQYUiWDQHHPLVLtY VSDOLQiFK
2EU0HUDFLHSUDFRYLVNR
1D XYHGHQp PHUDFLH PLHVWD EROL QDSRMHQp VQtPDþH DQDO\]iWRUD VSDOtQ 7(672
//6OHGRYDQp YHOLþLQ\EROLRQOLQHVS{VRERPPHUDQpD]D]QDPHQiYDQH6OHGRYDQp
EROL KRGQRW\ 12[ HQHUJHWLFNi ~þLQQRVĢ VSDĐRYDQLD WHSORWD VSDOtQ D WHSORWD SODPHĖD
NWRUi VD ]D]QDPHQiYDOD SRPRFRX WHUPRNDPHU\ *XLGH 73 3R UR]N~UHQt NRWOD QD MHKR
SUHYiG]NRY~ WHSORWX WHSORWD YUDWQHM YRG\ & WHSORWD VSDOtQ EROL GR N~UHQLVND
SRVWXSQHYORåHQpY]RUN\GUHYDVR]QiPRXKPRWQRVĢRX3ULNXURYDQLHćDOãRXY]RUNRXVD
URELOR Då SR VSiOHQt SUHGFKiG]DM~FHM D Då VD XVWiOLOL SDUDPHWUH QD XYHGHQ~ ãWDQGDUGQ~
~URYHĖ3ULHEHKVSDĐRYDQLDEROV~þDVQH]D]QDPHQiYDQêWHUPRNDPHURX*XLGH73NHG\
LEDQDQLHNRĐNRVHN~QGEROLRWYRUHQpGYLHUNDN~UHQLVND
2EVDK YRG\ Y SDOLYH ERO VWDQRYHQê JUDYLPHWULFNRX PHWyGRX SRGĐD 671 6SDĐRYDODVDãWLHSNRYDQi]iKUDGQiGHQGURPDVD
9]RUNDþ– RUHFKRYpGUHYRKDOX]LQDREVDKYRG\NJ
9]RUND þ – ]PHV ]iKUDGQHM GHQGURPDV\ KDOX]LQD SR ]LPQHM ~GUåEH GUHYtQ NJ
âWLHSNRYDQLH GHQGURPDV\ EROR XUREHQp WêP LVWêP ãWLHSNRYDþRP EHåQH GRVWXSQêP QD
WUKX 9]RUND þ EROD Y\WYRUHQi Y RNWyEUL D Y]RUND þ Y\WYRUHQi QD MDU 9]RUNDþERODRGREUDWi] YLDFHUêFKPLHVWNRS\ãWLHSRNYRĐQHXVNODGQHQêFKQD]iKUDGH
DVLWêåGQHSRãWLHSNRYDQtREU9]RUN\ SRSUHYR]HGRODERUDWyULDEROLLKQHćVSiOHQp
2EU9]RUNDPRNUHMELRPDV\
276
VÝSLEDKY A ',6.86,$
'UHYR MH YHĐPL GREUêP ELRSDOLYRP SRNLDĐ MHKR PHUQi YOKNRVĢ MH Y KUDQLFLDFK
- 9WHG\ GRVDKXMH YêKUHYQRVĢ - 0-NJ- 6 REVDKRP YRG\ NOHVi MHKR
YêKUHYQRVĢ D SUL - GRVDKXMH Xå LED - 0-NJ- =iURYHĖ YêUD]QH SRNOHVQH
~þLQQRVĢHQHUJHWLFNpKRNRWODþDVWRLEDQD-SUHWRåHþDVĢHQHUJLHVDQHY\KQXWQH
PXVt SRXåLĢ QD RGSDUHQLH YRG\ REVLDKQXWHM Y SDOLYH 3UREOpP SUHGVWDYXM~ DM HPLVLH
Y VSDOLQiFKNWRUpY]QLNDM~SULVSDĐRYDQt PRNUHMELRPDV\DNWRUêFKRGVWUiQHQLHMHYLD]DQp
QD Y\VRNpLQYHVWtFLH– HOHNWURILOWUHDHQHUJHWLFN~QiURþQRVĢLFKSUHYiG]N\2GVWUDĖRYDQLH
HPLVLt]RVSDOtQQHERORSUHGPHWRPULHãHQLD WHMWRSUiFH
9 WHMWR SUiFL MH SUHGVWDYHQp VSDĐRYDQLH Y HQHUJHWLFNRP NRWOH SUDFXM~FRP
S\URO\WLFNêP VS{VRERP NHG\ SUtWRPQRVĢ XUþLWpKR SRGLHOX YRG\ Y ELRSDOLYH QLH MH
SUHNiåNRX 1LHNWRUp YêVOHGN\ ]D]QDPHQDQp SRPRFRX DQDO\]iWRUD VSDOtQ 7(672 //
V~ XYHGHQp Y WDE = SRþtWDþRYpKR ]i]QDPX Y\SOêYD åH SULHEHK VSDĐRYDQLD VXFKHM
ELRPDV\ RUHFKRYp GUHYR V YOKNRVĢRX MH PLHUQH RGOLãQê RG SURFHVX VSDĐRYDQLD
YOKNHMELRPDV\]iKUDGQiGHQGURPDVDVYOKNRVĢRX
7DE1LHNWRUpYêVOHGN\]D]QDPHQDQpSRPRFRXDQDO\]iWRUDVSDOtQ
6XFKiELRPDVD
9OKNiELRPDVD
PRUDGRYp
ÒþLQQRVĢ
þtVOR
ÒþLQQRVĢ
7HSORWD
VSDĐRYDFLHK
7HSORWD
PHUDQLDY
12[SSP VSDĐRYDFLHKR
12[SSP
VSDOtQ&
RSURFHVX
VSDOtQ&
PLQ~WDFK
SURFHVX
510,8
-
-
66,30
-
379,2
73,2
=R VpULH IRWRJUDILt Y]RULHN þ D XUREHQêFK WHUPRNDPHURX MH QLHNRĐNR ] QLFK
XVSRULDGDQêFKSDUDOHOQHQDREUDXND]XM~SULHEHKVSDĐRYDQLDVXFKHMELRPDV\
]iEHU\ YĐDYR D YOKNHM ELRPDV\ REUi]N\ YSUDYR 9 RNDPLKX SULN~UHQLD VXFKRX
ELRPDVRX REU ERG $ GRãORN SRNOHVXPD[LPiOQHMWHSORW\ SODPHĖDR DVL & QD
& DOHVW~SODWHSORWDVSDOtQWDER DVL&QD&ÒþLQQRVĢVSDĐRYDFLHKR
SURFHVX SRNOHVOD ]R QD 3UtþLQRX WRKWR MDYX EROL SUDYGHSRGREQH
RWYRUHQp GYLHUND N~UHQLVND NRWOD D QiKO\ Y]RVWXS NRPtQRYpKR ĢDKX 9 ćDOãRP ~þLQQRVĢ
VW~SDOD QD DVL 3R SULN~UHQt YOKNRX ELRPDVRX REU ERG % GRãOR N SRNOHVX
PD[LPiOQHMWHSORW\SODPHĖDQD&DV~þDVQH SRNOHVODWHSORWDVSDOtQR&]R
& QD & (QHUJHWLFNi ~þLQQRVĢ PDOD SRþDV FHOpKR VSDĐRYDFLHKR SURFHVX
SULEOLåQHNRQãWDQWQHVW~SDM~FXWHQGHQFLX] DVLQD
277
3UH Y]QLN 12[ SRþDV VSDĐRYDFLHKR SURFHVX V~ UR]KRGXM~FH SUtWRPQRVĢ
YRQNDMãLHKRY]GXFKXSUHWRåHY]GXFKREVDKXMHDå1DWHSORWDSODPHĖDNWRUi
E\ QHPDOD SUHNURþLĢ & 3RþDV QiãKR PHUDQLD N SUHNURþHQLX XYHGHQHM WHSORW\
QHGRãOR 2EVDK 12[ Y VSDOLQiFK ERO SRþDV VSDĐRYDQLD PRNUHM ELRPDV\ SULEOLåQH
NRQãWDQWQêD PDOKRGQRWXDVLSSP3ULVXFKHMELRPDVHREVDK12[QHXVWiOHNOHVDO]R
SSP QD SSP 3UtþLQ\ WRKWR MDYX QLH V~ QiP ]QiPH 9 SUtSDGH HQHUJHWLFNêFK
NRWORYSODWtSUH6ORYHQVNRSRGĐDSTN 490103:1998 HPLVQêOLPLWPJ1QDP
7HUPtQNHG\ERODGRN~UHQLVNDNRWODYORåHQiQRYiY]RUNDSDOLYDEROGDQêQDãRX
SRåLDGDYNRX QD SULEOLåQH XVWiOHQp NRQãWDQWQp SDUDPHWUH ãWDQGDUGQHM ~URYQL –
SUHYiG]NRYHMWHSORW\YUDWQHMYRG\&NWRUiWRYHOLþLQDPDOiGOK~þDVRY~]RWUYDþQRVĢD
WHSORW\ VSDOtQ 2ELGYD VOHGRYDQp SDUDPHWUH PDOL Y\VRNR VXEMHNWtYQ\ FKDUDNWHU D ] WRKWR
G{YRGXWUYDOSULHEHK]i]QDPXVSDĐRYDQLDVXFKHMELRPDV\PLQ~WD PRNUHMELRPDV\
PLQ~W3UHEXG~FLYêVNXPMHSRWUHEQpSRRSUDYLĢWHQWRERGPHWRGLFNpKRSRVWXSXPHUDQLD
5RYQDNR MH SRWUHEQp YKRGQH VWDQRYLĢ þDV ]i]QDPX WHUPRNDPHU\ D ]ODGLĢ V þDVRP
]i]QDPX SRþtWDþD ,GH R GRVLDKQXWLH NYDOLWQêFK WHUPRVQtPRN D SULWRP PLQLPiOQH
RYSO\YQLĢVSDĐRYDFtSURFHVþDVRWYRUHQLDGYLHURNSUHIRWRJUDIRYDQLH
$ 0D[7HPS & 0LQ7HPS & % 0D[7HPS & 0LQ7HPS &
þDV þDV $ 0D[7HPS & 0LQ7HPS & % 0D[7HPS & 0LQ7HPS &
þDV þDV 278
$ 0D[ 7HPS & 0LQ 7HPS &
þDV % 0D[ 7HPS & 0LQ 7HPS &
þDV 2EU=iEHU\] WHUPRNDPHU\GRN~UHQLVNDHQHUJHWLFNpKRNRWODSRþDVVSDĐRYDQLD$– VXFKHMD%–
PRNUHMELRPDV\
2NUHP GUHYD HQHUJHWLFNê SRWHQFLiO XNUêYD DM VODPD 6ORYHQVNR Y HQHUJHWLFNRP
Y\XåLWt VODP\ ]DRVWiYD ]D ~URYĖRX RVWDWQêFK – QDMPl VWDUêFK þOHQVNêFK NUDMtQ (Ò
=DRVWiYDWLHå]DPRåQRVĢDPLNWRUpSRQ~NDSRWHQFLiOVXFKHMVODP\D URYQDNRDMSRWHQFLiO
YOKNHM ELRPDV\ GUHYtQ D E\OtQ VODP\ =GURMRP YOKNHM ELRPDV\ MH ]DPRNQXWi VODPD –
YRĐQH XORåHQi D EDOtNRYDQi ]Y\ãN\ VWDUêFK VWRKRY RGUH]N\ D SLOLQ\ SUL VRUWLPHQWiFLL
þHUVWYpKR GUHYD ĢDåREQp ]Y\ãN\ D GUHYR ] RãHWURYDQLD VDGRY YLQRKUDGRY D YHUHMQHM
]HOHQLH 6XãHQLH YOKNHM ELRPDV\ SUH MHM VSiOHQLH Y VXFKRP VWDYH MH SURFHV Y\VRNR
QHUHQWDELOQêD WRDMY SUtSDGHDN]GURMRPWHSODMHYODVWQiVSDĐRYDQiELRPDVD5LHãHQtP
MH HQHUJHWLFNê NRWRO SUH]HQWRYDQê Y þDVWL WRKWR SUtVSHYNX D NRWRO QD XWLOL]iFLX YOKNHM
ELRPDV\– SRPHQRYDQêHNRJHQHUiWRU– REU
2EU(QHUJHWLFNêNRWROQDVSDĐRYDQLHYOKNHMELRPDV\
(NRJHQHUiWRU Y\åDGXMH Y VSDĐRYDQHM WXKHM ELRPDVH SUtWRPQRVĢ ]YêãHQpKR
PQRåVWYDYRG\D SUDFXMHQDSULQFtSHS\UROê]\RUJDQLFNHMKPRW\SULþRPUR]NODGiDMþDVĢ
YRG\REVLDKQXWHMY WHMWRELRPDVH(NRJHQHUiWRUWYRULDGYDSUHQRVQpNRQWDMQHU\9 SUYRP
VD QDFKiG]D HQHUJHWLFNê NRWRO D Y GUXKRP YêPHQQtN WHSOD 6~þDVĢRX HNRJHQHUiWRUD MH
YHQWLOiWRU NWRUê Y\WYiUD SRGWODN 9ćDND QHPX XWLOL]iFLD YOKNHM ELRPDV\ SUHELHKD
S\URO\WLFNêP VS{VRERP D V~þDVQH ]D SRGWODNX D MHGQRWOLYp HWDS\ V~ RG VHED
Y]GLDOHQRVWQHRGGHOHQp
279
9SO\YRP WHSOD VD RGSDUXMH YRGD D ]D PLQLPiOQHKR PQRåVWYR SULYiG]DQpKR
Y]GXFKX VD ELRPDVD VSO\QXMH 1DVWiYD UR]NODG RUJDQLFNêFK ]O~þHQtQ ]D Y]QLNX
GUHYRSO\QX– R[LGXXKRĐQDWpKR&2D YRGtND+
=D SUtYRGX YRQNDMãLHKR Y]GXFKX VD XVNXWRþĖXMH VSDĐRYDQLH &2 QD R[LG XKOLþLWê
&2 .ODGQi HQHUJHWLFNi ELODQFLD WHMWR UHDNFLH VS{VREXMH Y]RVWXS SURFHVQpKR
WHSODVSDĐRYDQLDQD -&þR]DSUtþLĖXMHUR]NODGYRG\D YODVWQHXåOHQ
SDU\ REVLDKQXWHM Y ELRPDVH QD N\VOtN 2 D YRGtN + ,GH R QDMG{OHåLWHMãLX
UHDNFLXFHOpKRSURFHVX
9 ćDOãHMHWDSHY]QLNQXWêYRGtNR[LGXMHQDYRGXD NHćåHUHDNFLDMHRSlĢELODQþQH
HQHUJHWLFN\NODGQiY]QLNiHQHUJHWLFNê]LVNSULþRPVSDĐRYDFLDWHSORWDVW~SDDåQD
- &
2GSDUHQLH YRG\ ] SDOLYD D MHM UR]NODG QD YRGtN D N\VOtN Y\åDGXMH HQHUJLX 7i MH
SRVN\WRYDQi ]R VSDĐRYDQHM ELRPDV\ (QHUJHWLFNê ]LVN ] R[LGiFLH YRGtND DM XKOtND NU\MH
W~WR VWUDWX HQHUJLH GR WDNHM PLHU\ åH FHONRYi ~þLQQRVĢ VSDĐRYDFLHKR SURFHVX GRVDKXMH
~URYHĖ-
9\VRNi WHSORWD VSDĐRYDQLD VS{VREXMH GRNRQDOê S\URO\W\FNê UR]NODG YãHWNêFK
]ORåLHNSDOLYD– YUiWDQHGLR[LQRY– QDMHGQRGXFKpHOHPHQWiUQp]ORåN\-HGQRWOLYpSUYN\
V~QHXWUDOL]RYDQpGRþDVWRVWDYHQHMSRGRE\DY]QLNQXWêSRSRONOHViGRSRSROQtND
3UtWRPQRVĢ N\VOtND Y SDOLYH ELRPDVD REVDKXMH Då - 2 D LED PDOp PQRåVWYR
YRQNDMãLHKRY]GXFKXNWRUêREVDKXM~FHKRGXVtN]QDPHQiåHHPLVLH12[V~Qt]NH
N: NRWRO SRþDV VN~ãRN SRGĐD 31-0- SUL VSDĐRYDQt þHUVWYêFK GUHYQêFK SLOtQ VR
VSDĐRYDFtP WHSORP 0-NJ- Y\ND]RYDO HPLVLH 12[ SSP 3UH 6ORYHQVNR
Y SUtSDGHHQHUJHWLFNêFKNRWORYSODWtHPLVQêOLPLWPJ1QDP
9ćDNDRULJLQDOLWHULHãHQLDHQHUJHWLFNpKRNRWODVDGiXWLOL]RYDþYOKNiVODPDPRNUp
SLOLQ\ D þHUVWYi GUHYQi KPRWD ] QiOHWX D RãHWURYDQLD GUHYtQ SRþDV FHOpKR URND 'i VD
HQHUJHWLFN\ YêKRGQH Y\XåLĢ RGSDGRYi RUJDQLFNi ELRPDVD ]KURPDåGHQi RG RE\YDWHĐRY
REFH – KDOX]LQ\ SQH WUiYD 9 NRWOH PRåQR VSDĐRYDĢ ]DPRNQXW~ OLVRYDQ~ VODPQDW~
ELRPDVX YãHWNêFK VWHEHOQDWêFK SORGtQ YUiWDQH NXNXULþQHM VODP\ NWRUi Y SRGPLHQNDFK
6ORYHQVND REVDKXMH ]QDþQê SRGLHO YRG\ 3\UROêWLFNê VS{VRE VSDĐRYDQLD XPRåĖXMH
VSDĐRYDĢ SODVW\ QHVSRWUHERYDQp D VWDUp SHVWLFtG\ D WLHå SQHXPDWLN\ – EH] RKUR]HQLD
åLYRWQpKR SURVWUHGLD 'i VD OLNYLGRYDĢ VWDUp PlVR NRVWQi P~þND SRMDWRþQp ]Y\ãN\ –
QDMPlSHULHNUYD þUHYi8YHGHQpELRPDWHULiO\V~LQDþĢDåNRD QiNODGQHOLNYLGRYDWHĐQp
(QHUJHWLFNê NRWRO VD Gi Y\XåLĢ QD VSDĐRYDQLH YOKNHM ELRPDV\ SHVWRYDQHM QD
NRQWDPLQRYDQHMS{GHV FLHĐRPMHMGHNRQWDPLQiFLH9êKRGRXMHåHSORGLQDR]GUDYXMH S{GX
D DNR NRQWDPLQRYDQ~ UDVWOLQQ~ ELRPDVX PRåQR MX XWLOL]RYDĢ D HQHUJHWLFN\ Y\XåLĢ EH]
SRWUHE\ MHM VXãHQLD 2GSDGRYê SURGXNW – SRSRO REVDKXMH U{]QH SROXWDQW\ ĢDåNp NRY\
D SRGOLHKDRGERUQHMOLNYLGiFLL
(NRJHQHUiWRU VSDĐXM~F YOKN~ ELRPDVX DM PRNU~ SRPLHãDQ~ VR VXFKRX Y\UiED
WHSHOQ~HQHUJLX7iWRVDGiSRXåLĢQDYêUREXWHSOHMD KRUXFHMYRG\SDU\QDY\NXURYDQLH
REMHNWRYQDVXãHQLH]UQDD GUHYDQDYêUREXSUHKULDWHMSDU\SUHSRKRQHOHNWURJHQHUiWRUD
D SRG
-
=È9(5
9OKNêELRPDWHULiOMHQHYKRGQH]YROHQêPSDOLYRPSUHEHåQpHQHUJHWLFNpNRWO\DVD
SRYDåXMH]DĢDåNRVSiOLWHĐQêDåQHVSiOLWHĐQêDNRWO\SULSUHYiG]NHY\ND]XM~Qt]NX~þLQQRVĢ
WHFKQRORJLFNpKR SURFHVX VSDĐRYDQLD SULþRP LFK SUHYiG]NRYp QiNODG\ VW~SDM~ .RWO\
PRGHUQHM NRQãWUXNFLH Y\XåtYDM~ S\UROLWLFNp VSDĐRYDQLH N ]YêãHQLX HQHUJHWLFNHM ~þLQQRVWL
3UHGPHWRP PHUDQLD ERO WDNêWR NRWRO SUL VSDĐRYDQt VXFKHM D YOKNHM GHQGURPDV\
'RVDKRYDQi ~þLQQRVĢ VSDĐRYDFLHKR SURFHVX EROD Y KUDQLFLDFK - ,ãOR R YVWXSQp
PHUDQLDSDUDPHWURYVSDOtQD SRNXVQHERODSRXåLWiDMWHUPRNDPHUD
(NRJHQHUiWRU XUþHQê QD VSDĐRYDQLH YOKNHM ELRPDV\ Pi RGOLãQ~ NRQãWUXNFLX LQê
WHFKQRORJLFNêSURFHVD SUDFXM~QDSULQFtSHSRGWODNRYpKRVSO\QRYDQLDS\UROê]\ELRPDV\
.RQãWUXNFLD D WHFKQROyJLD SUiFH NRWOD XPRåĖXMH ~SOQp VSiOHQLH Y]QLNQXWpKR S\URO\]iWX
=DWêFKWRSRGPLHQRNNRWROQHSURGXNXM~HPLVLHQHRKUR]XM~åLYRWQpSURVWUHGLHD GRVDKXM~
280
HQHUJHWLFN~~þLQQRVĢ-+ODYQiHQHUJLDSRFKiG]D]RVSiOHQLHR[LGXXKRĐQDWpKR D
YRGtND NWRUê þLDVWRþQH SRFKiG]D ] YRG\ REVLDKQXWHM Y ELRPDVH 9 NRWORFK MH PRåQp
VSDĐRYDĢ YOKNp SLOLQ\ D RGUH]N\ ] GUHYD D YOKN~ VODPX YãHWNpKR GUXKX – YUiWDQH
NXNXULþQHMVODP\
ýOiQRNY]QLNROV SRGSRURXDJHQW~U\9(*$
- þ(NRORJLFNpD HQHUJHWLFNpDVSHNW\Y\XåLWLDELRPDV\
- þ9êVNXP~þLQNRYWHFKQROyJLtDWHFKQLN\SUHREUiEDQLHS{G\VRKĐDGRPQDLQWHQ]LWX
XYRĐĖRYDQLDHPLVLt&2 GRDWPRVIpU\
/LWHUDW~UD
%$-86 0DUWLQ %LRIXHOV VHFRQG JHQHUDWLRQ %LRSDOLYi GUXKHM JHQHUiFLH ,Q
ZZZYXUXSVNSF
%5(6729,ý7RPiã6WDQRYHQLHWHSHOQpKRREVDKXQLHNWRUêFK]ORåLHNELRPDV\,Q
1RYXV VFLHQWLD FHORãWiWQD NRQIHUHQFLD GRNWRUDQGRY WHFKQLFNêFK XQLYHU]tW D
Y\VRNêFKãN{O.RãLFH=ERUQtNUHIHUiWRY.RãLFH78V-,6%1--
'DUPRZDHQHUJLD,QZZZGDUPRZD-HQHUJLDHNRRUJSOSOLNLHNRDXWRZRGDKWPO
-$1'$ý.$ -R]HI – 0DOFKR 0LODQ %LRPDVD DNR ]GURM HQHUJLH ,Q
KWWSZZZELRPDVD-LQIRVNGRFV3ULUXFND%LRPDVD=GURM(QHUJLHSGI ,6%1 ---
./(129ý$129È$OH[DQGUD- %5(6729,ý7RPiã- &$35âW~GLXPWHSHOQpKR
REVDKX Y\EUDQêFK GUXKRY ELRPDV\ D RGSDGRY ,Q $FWD 0HWDOOXUJLFD 6ORYDFD URþ PLPRULDGQHþV-,661-
.2&+5(,1+$5' 0RGHOO *VVLQJ ,Q KWWSZZZHHH-LQIRQHWFPV
0$*$-XUDMD NRO=HOHQiHQHUJLD– ULHãHQLHSUHEXG~FQRVĢ2GENQLKDY\G
1LWUD6ORYHQVNiSRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY1LWUHV,6%1–––
-
0$*$ -XUDM - 3LV]F]DOND -DQ - 3HSLFK âWHIDQ 9\XåLWLH UDVWOLQQHM D GUHYQHM
ELRPDV\ QD YêUREX WHSOD 9HGHFNi PRQRJUDILD Y\G 1LWUD 6ORYHQVNi
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNDXQLYHU]LWDY1LWUHV,6%1–––-
0$-&+5=$.-HU]\(NRJHQHUiWRU*UXSD0DMFKU]DND,QZZZHNRJHQHUDWRUSO
0,.2/$- 'XãDQ - .$ä,0Ë529È 9LHUD 6NUiWHQp PHUDQLH HPLVQêFK SDUDPHWURY
VSDĐRYDQLDY\EUDQêFKGUXKRYELRPDV\,Q$JURELRHQHUJLD5RYLQND$%(]GUXåHQLHSUH
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNXELRPDVXURþþV-,661-
0RGHOUHJLyQX*VVLQJ,Q
ZZZHHH-LQIRQHWFPVQHWDXWRUQDSURZUDSSHUPHGLDSKS"LG
23È7+ 5XGROI - +25%$- 3HWHU )\WRSDOLYR ] RUQHM S{G\ ,Q 0RGHUQi
PHFKDQL]iFLDY SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVWYHþV-,661-
23È7+ 5XGROI - %5(6729,ý 7RPiã - +25%$- 3HWHU - .$ä,0Ë529È 9LHUD +RUĐDYLQD D SRSRO Y\EUDQêFK ELRSDOtY ,Q $JURELRHQHUJLD 5RYLQND $%( ]GUXåHQLH SUH
SRĐQRKRVSRGiUVNXELRPDVXURþþV-,661-
23È7+ 5XGROI - %5(6729,ý 7RPiã - .$ä,0Ë529È 9LHUD - +25%$- 3HWHU 8UþHQLH YOKNRVWL KRUĐDYLQ\ D SRSROD YR Y\EUDQêFK ELRSDOLYiFK ,Q 7HFKQLND Y DJURSRWUDYLQiĜVNpP D RGSDGRYpP KRVSRGiĜVWYt =ERUQtN UHIHUiWRY ] PHG]LQiURGQHM YHGHFNHM
NRQIHUDQFLH >=ERUQtNQD&'520@ 3UDKDý=8Y 3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWDV,6%1----
3(75Èâ 3DYHO 3O\QQpELRSDOLYi- ELRSO\Q ,Q
KWWSZZZ]GUX]HQLHSFRODRUJYLHZSKS"FLVORFODQNX 671'UHYR– ]LVĢRYDQLHYOKNRVWLSULI\]LNiOQ\FKDPHFKDQLFNêFKVN~ãNDFK
.RQWDNWQiDGUHVD
IUDQWLVHNDGDPRYVN\#XQLDJVN MDQSLV]F]DOND#XQLDJVN
281
&$3$&,7,9(7+528*+38T SENSOR ,17+(5($/-),(/'&21',7,216
'(1,63521,76<1-$526/$9352&+$=.$)5$17,6(. .80+$/$
&]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV3UDJXH)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQWRI
$JULFXOWXUDO0DFKLQHV
Abstract:
&UHDWLQJWKH \LHOG PDSV SOD\ DQ LPSRUWDQWUROH LQ SUHFLVLRQ DJULFXOWXUH)RU WKHVH
SXUSRVHV D FDSDFLWLYH WKURXJKSXW VHQVRU IRU SODQW PDWHULDO KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG DQG
WHVWHG7KHDLPRIWKLVSDSHULVWRUHSRUWWKHILUVWUHVXOWVRIXVLQJWKHVHQVRUPRXQWHGRQD
GLJJHU IRU KDUYHVWLQJ SRWDWRHV LQ UHDO ILHOG FRQGLWLRQV ,Q WKH VWXG\ WKH FRUUHODWLRQ
FRHIILFLHQW EHWZHHQ PHDVXUHG FDSDFLWLYH VHQVRU RXWSXW YROWDJH DQG WKH DPRXQW RI
KDUYHVWHG SRWDWRHV KDV UHDFKHG WKH YDOXH 5 7KLV LV D JRRG UHVXOW WDNLQJ LQ
DFFRXQWWKHVLPSOLFLW\RIWKHSRWDWRGLJJHUXVHGLQWKLVH[SHULPHQW)XUWKHUUHVHDUFKXVLQJ
DFDSDFLWLYHWKURXJKSXWVHQVRUZLWKD VHOI-SURSHOOHGKDUYHVWLQJPDFKLQHZLOOEHKHOG
.H\ZRUGV&DSDFLWLYHWKURXJKSXWPHDVXULQJ\LHOGPDSSLQJ
,1752'8&7,21
'XULQJKDUYHVWLQJLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRDFTXLUHLQIRUPDWLRQ DERXWWKHH[DFWDPRXQWRI
DJULFXOWXUDO FURS WKDW FRPHV WR WKH EXQNHU RI D KDUYHVWLQJ PDFKLQH 7KLV LQIRUPDWLRQ LV
YLWDO IRU GLUHFW WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ WR D FRQVXPHU RQFH D FURS KDV MXVW EHHQ KDUYHVWHG ,W ZLOO
HVVHQWLDOO\ UHGXFH H[SHQVHV IRU WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ DQG VWRUDJH RI D SURGXFW IRU D SURGXFHU
7KXV ERWK WKH VXSSOLHU DQG WKH FXVWRPHU SRVVHVV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WUDQVSRUWHG
SURGXFW DQG KDYH WKH DELOLW\ WR VXSHUYLVH LW RQ DQ\ VLWH IURP D SODFH RI KDUYHVWLQJ WR D
SODFHRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ 7KHLQIRUPDWLRQIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQRIPDSVRISURGXFWLYLW\LVDOVRDQ
LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ ZKLFK FUHDWLRQ RI D VLPLODU GHYLFH WRJHWKHU ZLWK D QDYLJDWLRQ V\VWHP
FDQ EHFRPH DQ LUUHSODFHDEOH DVVLVWDQW 7KHVH PDSV JLYH SRVVLELOLW\ WR GHILQH WKH ORZ\LHOGLQJVHFWRUVGHPDQGLQJDGGLWLRQDOUHVHDUFKIRUILQGLQJ-RXWRIWKHUHDVRQV
&DSDFLWLYH VHQVRU IRU WKH FRQWDFWOHVV GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI PDVV IORZ KDV EHHQ
GHYHORSHG DW WKH )DFXOW\ RI (QJLQHHULQJ RI WKH &]HFK 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /LIH 6FLHQFHV 7he
GHYLFH KDV EHHQ WHVWHGLQ D ODERUDWRU\ .XPKDOD HW DO XVLQJ SRWDWRHV DQG VXJDU
EHHW $OVR WKH VHQVRU KDV EHHQ XVHG IRU ODERUDWRU\ PHDVXUHPHQWV ZLWK FKRSSHG FRUQ
.XPKDODHWDO&RHIILFLHQWRIGHWHUPLQDWLRQLQWKHILUVWWHVWKDVUHDFKHG R 2 098 2
099 7KLVDOORZHGEHJLQQLQJWHVWLQJWKHVHQVRULQWKHILHOGZLWK
LQWKHVHFRQGLWZDV R
WKHLQVWDOODWLRQDWSRWDWR GLJJHU
7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV ZRUN LV WKH HIILFLHQF\ HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH GHYHORSHG FDSDFLWLYH
WKURXJKSXWVHQVRUXQGHUWKHUHDO-ILHOGFRQGLWLRQV
0$7(5,$/$1' 0(7+2'2/2*<
:H KDYH SHUIRUPHG WZR PHDVXUHPHQWV LQ UHDO-ILHOG FRQGLWLRQV 7KH ILUVW
H[SHULPHQW KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW LQ WKH VXPPHU -XO\ WK DW WKH H[SHULPHQWDO
VWDWLRQRIWKH&]HFK$JULFXOWXUDO8QLYHUVLW\ 6LPLODUO\WRWKHILUVWWHVW WKHVHFRQGRQH KDV
EHHQ FRQGXFWHG RQ WKH VDPH ILHOG RQ 2FWREHU WK XVLQJ WKH VDPH PDWHULDOV DQG
GHYLFHV
8VLQJ VSHFLDO WRROV ZH LQVWDOOHG WKH VHQVRU RQ DQ LQGXVWULDO SRWDWR GLJJHU $.3,/
%8/:$7KH WUDFWRU=HWRU - ZDV XVHG DV WKH WRZLQJ YHKLFOH ,Q WKH WUDFWRU¶V FDE
ZH SXW WKH ODSWRS ZKLFK UHFHLYHG D VLJQDO IURP WKH RXWSXW FLUFXLWU\ RI WKH FDSDFLWLYH
VHQVRU'LJLWDOVFDOHVDWDSHDQGER[HVIRUVWRUDJHRIKDUYHVWHGSRWDWRHVZHUHSUHSDUHG
IRU WKHH[SHULPHQW%HIRUHEHJLQQLQJZHFOHDQHGURZVIURPZHHGSODQWVWRSUHYHQWWKHLU
LQIOXHQFH RQ WKH PHDVXUHPHQW UHVXOWV $IWHU WKDW ZH KDUYHVWHG WKH SRWDWR IURP WKH IRXU
URZV+DUYHVWLQJZDVFRQGXFWHGDWWKHILUVWUHWDUGHGVSHHGRIWKHWUDFWRU$UHJLVWHUHGDLU
282
WHPSHUDWXUHZDV& 'XULQJWKHH[SHULPHQWWKHFRPSXWHUUHFRUGHGWKHRXWSXWVLJQDO
FRQWLQXRXVO\ FRPLQJLQWRLWIURPWKHVHQVRU¶VFLUFXLWU\
'XULQJWKHH[SHULPHQWZHIDFHGZLWKWKHSDVVDJHRISRWDWRWXEHUVE\SDVVLQJ WKH
VHQVRU7KLVVKRUWFRPLQJZDVHOLPLQDWHGE\LQVWDOODWLRQRIDVSHFLDOYDOYHLQWKHGLJJHU¶V
UHDUSDUW$IWHUWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIKDUYHVWLQJSRWDWRHVZHGLYLGHGDQGPDUNHGHDFKURZLQ
WKHPHWHUVORQJSORWVZLWKWKHKHOSRIPHDVXULQJWDSH ,QWKHILUVWVWDJHLWZDVGHFLGHGWR
FROOHFW SRWDWRHV PDQXDOO\ DORQJ ZLWK FORGV RI VRLO ZLWK GLPHQVLRQV RI D SRWDWR WXEHU
&ROOHFWLRQRIVRLOFORGVZDVQHFHVVDU\LQRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZWKHLUSUHVHQFHDIIHFWV
WKHPHDVXUHPHQWUHVXOWV&ROOHFWHGIURPHDFKSORWDPRXQWRISRWDWRHVZLWKFORGVRIVRLO
ZHUHSODFHGLQVHSDUDWHER[HVDQGZHLJKHG$IWHUWKDWZHPDQXDOO\VRUWHGSRWDWRWXEHUV
IURPWKHFORGVDQGZHLJKHGLWVHSDUDWHO\
'DWDREWDLQHGGXULQJWKHPDQXDOPHDVXUHPHQWVDVZHOODVLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHRXWSXWRI
WKHVHQVRU¶VFLUFXLWU\UHFRUGHGE\WKHODSWRSZHUHSODFHGLQWKHFKDUWV
$OO GDWD KDYH EHHQ SURFHVVHG XVLQJ WKH FRPPHUFLDO VSUHDGVKHHW DSSOLFDWLRQ
0LFURVRIW([FHO)RUDQDO\]LQJWKHUHVXOWVDW\SHRIILQLWHLPSXOVHUHVSRQVHILOWHU FDOOHGD
“PRYLQJ DYHUDJH´ ZDV DSSOLHG $ORQJ ZLWK WKLV ILOWHU ZH XVHG D PHWKRG RI PDWKHPDWLFDO
VWDWLVWLFV FDOOHG D FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW WR H[SORUH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH
PHDVXUHGSKHQRPHQD
2Q WKH EDVLV RI WKH REWDLQHG GDWD WKUHH JUDSKV KDYH EHHQ EXLOW 7KHVH JUDSKV
DOORZYLVXDOL]LQJ WKHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHRXWSXWYROWDJH RIWKHFDSDFLWDQFHVHQVRUDQG
WKHDPRXQWRIWKHPDWHULDOSDVVLQJWKURXJKWKHVHQVRU¶V SODWHs
,Q WKH VHFRQG H[SHULPHQW LW ZDV GHFLGHG QRW WR FROOHFW WKH VRLO¶V FORGV EXW RQO\ SRWDWR
WXEHUV
25
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
20
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
Distance covered, m
Measured output voltage, V
Potatoes mass including the soil's clods, kg
)LJXUH- FRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQVHQVRU
VRXWSXWYROWDJHDQGSODQWPDWHULDO
PDVVSDVVHGWKURXJKWKHVHQVRU
VSODWHVLQWKHVWH[SHULPHQW
283
Potatoes mass, kg
Electronic circuit output voltage, V
5(68/76$1'',6&866,ON
7KH PDLQ SXUSRVH RI WKH H[SHULPHQW ZDV WR GHWHUPLQH FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH
RXWSXWYROWDJH RIWKH FDSDFLWLYH VHQVRUDQGWKHDPRXQWRIWKHPDWHULDOSDVVLQJWKURXJKLW
SODWHV 7KHFXUYHVEXLOWRQWKHEDVHRIGHULYHGGDWD DUHVKRZQJUDSKLFDOO\LQILJXUHV-
3UHVHQWHG RQ ILJXUH WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH ILUVW PHDVXUHPHQW FOHDUO\ VKRZ WKH FKDQJH RI
WKHVHWZRSDUDPHWHUVRYHUWKHLQYHVWLJDWHGDUHD ,WLVSRVVLEOHWRWUDFHKRZWKHSRWDWR¶V
PDVVDQGRXWSXWYROWDJHDUHFKDQJLQJDORQJ WKHZKROHFRYHUHGGLVWDQFH
7KHJUDSKVKRZVWKDWWKHYROWDJHYDOXHVREWDLQHGIURP WKHRXWSXW FLUFXLWU\RIWKH
VHQVRU PRUH FRUUHODWH ZLWK WKH YDOXHV RI WKH SRWDWR¶V PDVV LQFOXGLQJ WKH FORGV RI VRLO
UDWKHU WKDQ ZLWK SXUH SRWDWRes 7KLV VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH SUHVHQFH RI VRLO¶V FORGV SDVVLQJ
WKURXJK WKH VHQVRU VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFWV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV DQG DV IDU DV
SRVVLEOHVKRXOGEHH[FOXGHGLQIXUWKHUH[SHULPHQWV
2EWDLQHG E\ GHWDLOHG WUHDWPHQW FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWV DOVR FRQILUP WKLV IDFW )RU
H[DPSOH LQ WKH ILUVW H[SHULPHQW WKH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH VHQVRU RXWSXW YDOXHV DQG
SRWDWRHV ZLWK FORGV ZDV 5 ZKLOH ZLWK SXUH SRWDWRHV 5 7KHVH FRUUHODWLRQ
YDOXHVZHUHREWDLQHGIURPWKHSDWKPHWHUVORQJ7KHSHUFHQWDJHRISXUHSRWDWRHVIURP
WKHZKROHPDVVSDVVHGWKURXJKWKHVHQVRULQWKLVH[SHULPHQWZDVZKHQWKHDPRXQW
RIFOHDQVRLOZDVHTXDOWRILJXUH 27%
73%
Pure potatoes mass, %
Soil's clods, %
)LJXUH- SHUFHQWDJHRISRWDWRHVDQGVRLO¶VFORGVRQWKH
WRWDOZHLJKWSDVVHGWKURXJKWKHVHQVRU¶VSODWHVLQWKH
VWPHDVXUHPHQW
,Q WKH VHFRQG H[SHULPHQW FRQGXFWHG RQ 2FWREHU WK WKH ODFN RI ORRVLQJ
SRWDWRHV EHVLGH VHQVRU¶V SODWHs ZDV UHPRYHG 5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH PHDVXUHG
VHQVRU RXWSXW YROWDJH DQG WKH PDVV RI SRWDWRHV SDVVHG WKURXJK LWV SODWHs ZDV PRUH
HYLGHQW 7KLVFDQEHVHHQLQILJXUH
284
6,00
2,5
5,00
2,0
4,00
1,5
3,00
1,0
2,00
0,5
1,00
0,0
0,00
0
5
10
15
20
Potatoes mass, kg
Electronic circuit output voltage, V
3,0
25
Distance covered, m
Measured output voltage, V
Pure potatoes mass, kg
ϭϰWƌŽĐĞŶƚŽŬůŽƵǌĂǀĠŚŽƉƌƽŵĢƌƵ;DĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŽƵƚƉƵƚǀŽůƚĂŐĞ͕sͿ
)LJXUH- FRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQVHQVRU
VRXWSXWYROWDJHDQGSODQWPDWHULDO
QG
PDVVSDVVHGWKURXJKWKHVHQVRU
VSODWHVLQWKH H[SHULPHQW
7KH FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW LQ WKLV FDVH KDV UHDFKHG WKH YDOXH 5 7KH
GLVWDQFH RI WKH SDWK ZDV PHWHUV TKDW FRQILUPV WKH SUHVHQFH RI D SURSRUWLRQDO
UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH PHDVXUHG YDOXHV $FFRUGLQJ WR DXWKRUV RSLQLRQV WKH REWDLQHG
FRUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVZHUHVDWLVIDFWRU\LQERWKH[SHULPHQWVJLYHQWKHVKRUWFRPLQJVRID
GLJJHUEXWFHUWDLQO\WKHIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKLVQHHGHGLQWKLVDUHD
&21&/86,21
IQ RXU H[SHULPHQWV ZH VHW XS WKH FDSDFLWLYH WKURXJKSXW VHQVRU RQ D UHODWLYHO\
VLPSOHGLJJHU7KLVW\SHRIGLJJHUGRHVQRWFOHDQXSWKHSRWDWRHVIURPWKHVRLOFORGVIDLUO\
ZHOO,QYLHZRIWKLVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWUHVXOWVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVVXFFHVVIXO
,W ZDV SODQQHG WR XVH WKH VHQVRU LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK D VHOI-SURSHOOHG KDUYHVWLQJ
PDFKLQHLQWKHQH[WVHDVRQ,WZLOOSURYLGHKLJKHUSHUIRUPDQFHDQGUHGXFHWKH LPSDFWRI
VXFKDQHJDWLYHIDFWRU DVWKHSUHVHQFHRIVRLO¶V FORGV
References:
.80+$/$)3526(.9%/$+29(&- &DSDFLWLYHWKURXJKSXWVHQVRUIRUVXJDU
EHHWVDQGSRWDWRHV%LRV\VWHPVHQJLQHHULQJ– .80+$/$ ) 3526(. 9 .528/,. 0 &DSDFLWLYH VHQVRU IRU FKRSSHG PDL]H
WKURXJKSXWPHDVXUHPHQW&RPSXWHUVDQGHOHFWURQLFVLQDJULFXOWXUH-
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW
7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVVXSRUWHGE\UHVHDUFKSURMHFW1R060
&RQWDFWDGGUHVV
,QJ'HQLV3URQLWV\Q
&]HFK8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV3UDJXH
)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ.DP\FND3UDJXH6XFKGRO
285
+2'12&(1,.9$/,7<35È&(6(&Ë+26752-(3ě, 5ģ=1ÝCH =3ģ62%ECH
=35$&29È1Ë3ģ'<$=$/2ä(1Ë3252678
3$9(/352&+È=.$-26()+ģ/$3$9(/.29$ěËý(.-,ěË0$â(.
/8.Èâ 67$1ċ.
Abstract:
7KH DLP RI WKLV DUWLFOH LV WKH HYDOXDWLRQ VHHGLQJ PDFKLQH ZRUNLQJ TXDOLW\ IRU
GLIIHUHQW VRLO WLOODJH EHIRUH VHHGLQJ 7KH PDL]H JURZWK ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG RQ H[SHULPHQWDO
ILHOGV 7KH H[SHULPHQW YDULDQWV DUH GHILQHG E\ GLIIHUHQW VRLO WLOODJH EHIRUH VHHGLQJ
FRQYHQWLRQDO WLOODJH ZLWK SORXJKLQJ VKDOORZ QRQ-LQYHUVLRQ WLOODJH GLUHFW GULOOLQJ 7KH
VHHGLQJZDVSHUIRUPHGE\VDPHVHHGLQJPDFKLQHIRUDOOH[SHULPHQWV )RUDOOH[SHULPHQW
YDULDQWV ZHUH DOVR REVHUYHG WKH LQGLFDWRUV RIJURZWK VWDJH E\ WKHJURXQG UHVHDUFK DIWHU
FRPH XS 7KH IROORZLQJ GDWD ZHUH REVHUYHG WKH UHDO GHSWK RI VHHGLQJ WKH GLVWDQFH RI
SODQWV DQG WKHQXPEHURIFRPHXSSODQWVLQPHWHUVHJPHQWV
.H\ZRUGV: WKHVRLOWLOODJHWKHTXDOLW\RIVHHGLQJWKHPDL]HJURZWK
ÚVOD
.H]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\D ]DNOiGiQtSRURVWĤSORGLQ O]HSĜLVWXSRYDWQČNROLND]SĤVRE\
-HGQRWOLYp V\VWpP\ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ D SČVWRYiQt URVWOLQ VH RG VHEH RGOLãXMt UĤ]QRX
KORXENRX LQWHQ]LWRX SRXåLWtP UĤ]QêFK QiVWURMĤ 'DOãtP GĤOHåLWêP ]QDNHP NWHUêP VH
MHGQRWOLYpV\VWpP\RGOLãXMtMH]SĤVRE]DFKi]HQtV URVWOLQQêPL]E\WN\DVFKRSQRVWRFKUDQ\
SRYUFKXSĤG\SĜHGHUR]t.|OOHU UR]GČOXMHV\VWpP\]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\QDQiVOHGXMtFt
]SĤVRE\ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ .RQYHQþQt ]SĤVRE\ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ QD]êYDQp Wpå LQWHQVLYQt
]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ – ]DKUQXMH YãHFKQ\ W\S\ ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ NWHUp SRQHFKiYDMt SR ]DVHWt
PpQČ QHå URVWOLQQêFK ]E\WNĤ QD SRYUFKX SĤG\ WHQWR ]SĤVRE ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\
]DKUQXMH RUEX QHER LQWHQ]LYQt N\SĜHQt SĤG\ .RQ]HUYDþQt SĤGRRFKUDQQp ]SUDFRYiQt
SĤG\]DKUQXMHWDNRYpV\VWpP\]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\DSČVWHEQtWHFKQRORJLHSĜLNWHUêFKMHSR
]DORåHQt SRURVWX YtFH QHå SRYUFKX SĤG\ SRNU\WR URVWOLQQêPL ]E\WN\ .YDOLWRX SUiFH
VHFtFKVWURMĤSURSĜHVQpVHWtVH]DEêYDOL)LQGXUDD3iOWLN 6OHGRYiQtKORXEN\VHWt
UĤ]QêPLVHFtPL ERWNDPLSURYiGČO/LQNH
0$7(5,È/$0(72'<
3ROQtSRNXVE\OXPtVWČQQDSR]HPNX=HPČGČOVNpKRGUXåVWYD.ODSê66=RGREFH
.ODSê D VLWXRYiQ GR PtVWD NGH VH VNORQ SR]HPNX SRK\EXMH Y UR]PH]t – 1DGPRĜVNi YêãND VWDQRYLãWČ MH P SĤGQt W\S MH þHUQR]HP SĤGD MH MtORYLWRKOLQLWi
YêUREQt REODVW ĜHSDĜVNi ,, 1D XYHGHQpP PtVWČ E\O\ Y\PČĜHQ\ SRNXVQp SDUFHO\
R UR]PČUHFK[PWMNUDWãtVWUDQDYHVPČUXYUVWHYQLFGHOãtSRVYDKX3DUFHO\E\O\
RG VHEH RGGČOHQ\ RSHUDþQtPL PH]LSiV\ R ãtĜL P NWHUp VORXåt SUR SRMH]G WHFKQLN\
]DMLãĢXMtFtRãHWĜRYiQtSRURVWĤEČKHPYHJHWDFH
1D NDåGp ]H WĜt XYHGHQêFK SDUFHO E\OD XPtVWČQD YDULDQWD ]DORåHQt SRURVWX
FKDUDNWHUL]RYDQi UĤ]QRX LQWHQ]LWRX D KORXENRX ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ D UĤ]QêP Y\XåLWtP
RUJDQLFNpKPRW\
A - 9DULDQWD PČONp N\SĜHQt SĤG\ - SĜL ]DNOiGiQt SRURVWX E\OD XSODWQČQD DJURWHFKQLND
PLQLPiOQtKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ VH ]DSUDYHQtP GUFHQp VOiP\ D SRVNOL]ĖRYêFK ]E\WNĤ
SĜHGSORGLQ\ V Y\XåLWtP UDGOLþNRYpKR N\SĜLþH 3ĜL SRYUFKRYpP ]DSUDYHQt VOiP\ RELOQLQ VH
DSOLNXMHGiYNDGXVtNXSUR~SUDYX&1YHYêãLNJ1QDNJVOiP\0ČONpN\SĜHQtE\OR
SURYHGHQRSRVNOL]QLSĜHGSORGLQ\Y ĜtMQXUDGOLþNRYêPN\SĜLþHPGRKORXEN\– PP3RWpE\O]DORåHQSRURVWVWUQLVNRYpPH]LSORGLQ\KRĜþLFHSĜLþHPåVHSĜHGVHWtPE\OR
DSOLNRYiQR3D. KQRMLYRSURQiVOHGQRXKODYQt SORGLQX3RURVWVHQHFKDOSĜHV]LPXNG\
286
GRãOR N MHKR XPUWYHQt PUD]HP 1iVOHGQi SORGLQD E\OD Y\VHWD SĜtPR GR PXOþH
Y\WYRĜHQpKR]H]E\WNĤELRPDV\PH]LSORGLQ\
% - 9DULDQWD SĜtPp VHWt - SĜL ]DNOiGiQt SRURVWX E\OD XSODWQČQD DJURWHFKQLND QXORYpKR
]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\1DMDĜHSĜHGVHWtPE\ORSURYHGHQRXPUWYHQtSOHYHOĤDY]HãOpKRYêGUROX
SĜHGSORGLQ\ QHVHOHNWLYQtP KHUELFLGHP JO\SKRVDW KQRMHQt NDSDOQêP PLQHUiOQtP
KQRMLYHP
&- 9DULDQWDNRQYHQþQt - SĜL]DNOiGiQtSRURVWX MHGQRWOLYêFKSORGLQE\ODXSODWQČQDNODVLFNi
DJURWHFKQLND WM SRGPtWND SR VNOL]QL SĜHGSORGLQ\ UDGOLþNRYê N\SĜLþ Y ĜtMQX SURYHGHQDRUEDGRKORXEN\ PPQDMDĜH]iNODGQtKQRMHQt3ĜHGVHĢRYiSĜtSUDYDSĤG\
E\ODSURYHGHQD GRKORXEN\ PP
1D YãHFK SRNXVQêFK YDULDQWiFK E\OR SURYHGHQR VHWt NXNXĜLFH VHFtP
VWURMHP.LQ]HY]GiOHQRVWĜiGNĤE\OD PPQDVWDYHQiKORXENDVHWtE\OD mm
D YêVHYHNE\O MHGLQFĤQD KD
3UR YãHFKQ\ YDULDQW\ SRNXVX E\O\ ]MLãWČQ\ QiVOHGXMtFt XND]DWHOe VWDYX SRURVWX
SR Y]HMLWtSRþHWURVWOLQQD~VHNX PY]GiOHQRVWURVWOLQDVNXWHþQiKORXENDVHWt]MLãWČQi
SR Y]HMLWt SRURVWX &HONRYê SRKOHG QD YDULDQW\ PČĜHQt MH ]Qi]RUQČQ QD
REUi]NX
2EU&HONRYêSRKOHGQDYDULDQW\PČĜHQt]OHYDYDULDQWD$– PČONpN\SĜHQtSĤG\%– SĜtPpVHWt
D&– NRQYHQþQt]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\SOXKHP
9é6/('.<$',6.8=(
6NXWHþQi KORXEND VHWt ]MLãWČQi SR Y]HMLWt SUR MHGQRWOLYp YDULDQW\ PČĜHQt MH
Y\MiGĜHQD QD REUi]NX = JUDIX MH SDWUQp åH QHMPHQãt VNXWHþQi KORXEND VHWt E\OD X
YDULDQW\$– PČONpKRN\SĜHQtSĤG\QHMYČWãtKORXENDVHWtE\ODSR]RURYiQDXYDULDQW\&–
NRQYHQþQtKR]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\= JUDIXMHGiOH]ĜHMPpåHXYDULDQW\%- SĜtPpVHWtE\OR]H
VOHGRYDQêFK YDULDQW QHMPHQãt NROtViQt VNXWHþQp KORXEN\ XORåHQt RVLYD 3ĜL VWDWLVWLFNpP
SRURYQiQt WČFKWR KRGQRW E\O QHMGĜtYH SURYHGHQ &RFKUDQ-%DUWOHWĤY WHVW KRPRJHQLW\
UR]SW\OX MHQå SURNi]DO VWHMQRUR]SW\ORYRVW GDW D PRKOD EêW SURYHGHQD DQDOê]D UR]SW\OX
7XNH\KR WHVWHP E\O\ SURNi]iQ\ VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp UR]GtO\ QD ]YROHQp KODGLQČ
Yê]QDPQRVWL Į PH]L MHGQRWOLYêPL YDULDQWDPL 6WDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQČ VH OLãLOD YDULDQWD
&NRQYHQþQt]SUDFRYiQtSĤG\RGRVWDWQtFKYDULDQWWDE
287
2EU+ORXENDVHWtSURMHGQRWOLYpYDULDQW\PČĜHQt]MLãWČQiSRY]HMLWtSRURVWX
7DE6WDWLVWLFNp]SUDFRYiQtKORXEN\VHWt- 7XNH\KRWHVW
9DULDQWD
A
%
&
A
%
&
9DULDQWD
A
%
&
3UĤPČUQiKORXENDVHWt
>PP@
6KRGQp
VNXSLQ\
2EU 9]GiOHQRVWURVWOLQSURMHGQRWOLYpYDULDQW\PČĜHQt]MLãWČQiSRY]HMLWtSRURVWX
288
*UDILFNp ]Qi]RUQČQt Y]GiOHQRVWL URVWOLQ SUR MHGQRWOLYp YDULDQW\ PČĜHQt MH QD
REUi]NX 3ĜHG SURYHGHQtP DQDOê]\ UR]SW\OX E\O SURYHGHQ WHVW QRUPDOLW\ GDW NWHUê ML
SRWYUGLO 3URYHGHQê &RFKUDQ %DUWOHWWĤY WHVW KRPRJHQLW\ UR]SW\OX QD ]YROHQp KODGLQČ
Yê]QDPQRVWL D SRWYUGLO VWHMQRUR]SW\ORYRVW GDW )LVFKHURYêP WHVWHP E\O\ SRWYU]HQ\
VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp UR]GtO\ PH]L Y]GiOHQRVWPL URVWOLQ QD ]YROHQp KODGLQČ Yê]QDPQRVWL
WDE 6WDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQČ VH RGOLãRYDOD YDULDQWD & – NRQYHQþQt ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ RG
RVWDWQtFKYDULDQW
7DEYêVOHGN\)LVFKHURYDWHVWXYê]QDPQRVWLUR]GtOĤSUĤPČUQpY]GiOHQRVWLURVWOLQ
9DULDQWD
A
A
%
&
%
&
9DULDQWD
A
%
&
3UĤPČUQiY]GiOHQRVW
URVWOLQ>PP@
6KRGQp
VNXSLQ\
=H VOHGRYiQt SRþWX URVWOLQ QD ~VHNX P ]MLãWČQR SR Y]HMLWt SRURVWX REU MH
SDWUQp åH QHMYČWãtKR SRþWX URVWOLQ E\OR GRVDåHQR X YDULDQW\ $ PČONp N\SĜHQt SĤG\ D
QHMPHQãt SRþHW URVWOLQ E\O ]MLãWČQ X YDULDQW\ & NRQYHQþQt ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\
Ze VWDWLVWLFNpKR Y\KRGQRFHQt SRþWĤ URVWOLQ QD P QHE\O\ ]MLãWČQ\ VWDWLVWLFN\ Yê]QDPQp
UR]GtO\
2EU3RþHWURVWOLQQDPY\MiGĜHQêSURMHGQRWOLYpYDULDQW\PČĜHQt]MLãWČQRSRY]HMLWtSRURVWX
=È9ċ5
Z KRGQRFHQt NYDOLW\ SUiFH VHFtKR VWURMH .LQ]H SĜL VHWt NXNXĜLFH Y\SOêYDMt
QiVOHGXMtFt ]iYČU\ SĜL KRGQRFHQt KORXEN\ XORåHQt RVLYD E\OD ]D]QDPHQiQD QHMYČWãt
KORXEND X YDULDQW\ & WM NRQYHQþQtKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ FRå PRKOR EêW ]SĤVREHQR
LQWHQ]LYQČMãtP]SUDFRYiQtPSĤG\RUEDSĜHGVHĢRYiSĜtSUDYDSĤG\= KOHGLVNDKRGQRFHQt
Y]GiOHQRVWL URVWOLQ VH YDULDQWD NRQYHþQtKR ]SUDFRYiQt SĤG\ Wpå RGOLãRYDOD D WR YČWãt
Y]GiOHQRVWt YH VURYQiQt V RVWDWQtPL YDULDQWDPL = KRGQRFHQt SRþWX URVWOLQ QD ~VHNX P
QHE\O\ VKOHGiQ\VWDWLVWLFN\Yê]QDPQp UR]GtO\
289
Literatura:
),1'85$ 3 3È/7,. - +RGQRWHQLH NYDOLW\ VHME\ FXNURYHM UHS\ ] SRKĐDGX
KĎENRYpKR XNODGDQLD VHPLHQ GR S{G\ ,Q /LVW\ FXNURYDUQtFNH D ĜHSDĜVNp URþ þ S- .g//(5 . 7HFKQLTXHV RI 6RLO 7LOODJH ,Q 6RLO 7LOODJH LQ $JURHFRV\VWHPV &5&
SUHVVWKH86$V– /,1.( &+ 'LUHNWVDDW – HLQH %HVWDQGVDXIQDKPH XQWHU EHVRQGHUHU
%HUFNVLFKWLJXQJ WHFKQLVFKHU DJURQRPLVFKHU XQG |NRQRPLVFKHU $VSHNWH 'LVVHUWDWLRQ
8QLYHUVLWlW+RKHQKHLPV – .RQWDNWQtDGUHVD
,QJ3DYHO3URFKi]ND3K'
ýHVNi]HPČGČOVNiXQLYHU]LWDY3UD]H7HFKQLFNiIDNXOWD .DWHGUD]HPČGČOVNêFKVWURMĤ
.DPêFNi3UDKD– 6XFKGRO 7HO SURFKD]NDS#WIF]XF]
290
75$',&(=-,ýË1$
&+0(/$ě679ËGUXåVWYRäDWHF]iYRG0(&+$1,=$&(
PHFKDQL]DFH#FKPHODUVWYLF]WHOID[ZZZFKPHODUVWYLF]
je komplex VWURMQtFKGtOHQ s GORXKROHWRXYêUREQtDPRQWiåQtWUDGLFtXQiVLY ]DKUDQLþt9êUREQt
SURJUDPMH]DPČĜHQSĜHGHYãtPQDREODVWVWURMQtFK]DĜt]HQt, ]HPČGČOVNRXPHFKDQL]DFLDQDvýzkum
DYêYRMWHFKQRORJLtSURSČVWLWHOHFKPHOH6SROHþQRVWPiFHUWLILNRYiQV\VWpPĜt]HQtMDNRVWLD(06GOH
norem,62,62
=iYRG0(&+$1,=$&(MHYêUREFHPþHVDFtFKOLQHNQDFKPHO3737, moELOQtFK
þHVDFtFKVWURMĤ+81-SURQt]NpFKPHOQLFH DKUDQRORYêFKOLVĤ QDFKPHO HL 0
9HãNHUpQDEt]HQpYêUREN\X]SĤVREXMHNRQNUpWQtPSRWĜHEiPDSĜiQtP]iND]QtND
.RQVWUXNþQtQiYUK\]SUDFRYiYiY SURJUDPX9DUL&$' D62/,':25.662/,'&$0
6OXåE\:

SUiFH]iPHþQLFNpVYiĜHþVNpVRXVWUXåQLFNp a
IUp]DĜVNp,

&1&VRXVWUXåHQt

ODNRYiQtYODNRYDFtPER[XEURXãHQtQiVWURMĤ

VWĜtKiQtRKêEiQtDVNUXåRYiQtSOHFKĤ

VOXåE\SURFKPHODĜHYLQDĜHDVDGDĜH
9êURED:

GUiWČQpSiV\ SR]LQNRYpDQHUH]SURVXãiUQ\FKPHOHE\OLQD]HOHQLQ\
VWURMH RĜH]iYDþ FKPHOH ERþQt QRVLþ QiĜDGt GLVNRYê SRGPtWDþ N\SĜLþ SOHþND SOXK EUiQ\ a GDOãt VSHFLDOL]RYDQp
YêUREN\SURFKPHODĜH
RFHORYpNRQVWUXNFHYUDWDPĜtåH]iEUDGOt,
NRYRYpDPDQLSXODþQtSDOHW\ DM
SOQČDXWRPDWLFNêPRELOQtKUDQRORYêOLVQDFKPHO+/081,+23– XQLYHU]iOQtERþQtQRVLþQiĜDGt
3URGHMDVHUYLV:

þHUSDGODDWODNRYpP\þN\&20(7;
URVLþHDSRWĜLNRYDþH8QLJUHHQ;

KRĜiN\VSDORYDFtNRPRU\DWHSHOQpYêPČQtN\SURVXãiUQ\FKPHOH
VWUKiYDþHDQiYČVSURVYR]FKPHORYêFKUpY6ROOHU
352'(-1Ë$6(59,61Ë=$67283(1Ë
=$+5$1,ý1Ë&+632/(ý1267Ë

Mechanizace zemědělství - Katedra zemědělských strojů

Transkript

Podobné dokumenty

sazbu ve formátu pdf

GAK 715 TELE

Stáhnout aktuální číslo Valašského chemika.

Zpravodaj 09

Staňkovsko 52_září/2004

dwdorj surgxnwĥ